List of participating nations at the Winter Olympic Games

Flagbearers for each of the participating nations at the I Olympic Winter Games (1924) recite the athlete's oath.

This is a list of nations, as represented by National Olympic Committees (NOCs), that have participated in the Winter Olympic Games between 1924 and 2014. The Winter Olympic Games have been held every four years (once during each Olympiad) since 1924, except for the cancelled Games of 1940 and 1944, and in 1994 when the Winter Games were moved to the middle of the Olympiad, two years after the previous Games. 119 NOCs (110 of the current 206 NOCs and 9 obsolete NOCs) have participated in at least one Winter Games, and twelve nations (Austria, Canada, Finland, France, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States) have participated in all twenty-two Winter Games to date. Including continuity from Czechoslovakia, the Czech Republic and Slovakia have also been represented in every edition.

History

Origin and early Games

The first winter sport to be contested at the modern Olympic Games was figure skating at the 1908 Games in London. A total of 21 skaters from six countries (Argentina, Germany, Great Britain, Sweden, Russia, and the United States) competed in four events on October 28–29.^[1] Skating was not in the program of the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, but returned for the 1920 Games in Antwerp. Ice hockey was also part of the 1920 program of events, with seven teams competing.^[2]

The first Winter Games were held in 1924, in Chamonix, France. They were originally called International Winter Sports Week and held in association with the 1924 Summer Olympics, but were in retrospect designated by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) as the I Olympic Winter Games.^[3] Sixteen nations participated in these Games: fourteen from Europe and two from North America.^[4] Four years later, 25 nations were represented at the 1928 Winter Olympics, in St. Moritz, Switzerland, including Argentina (the first nation from the Southern Hemisphere), Japan (the first Asian nation), and Mexico.^[5] Participation in the 1932 Games, held in Lake Placid, United States, during the Great Depression, was reduced to 17 nations.^[6] The 1936 Winter Games, in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, had 28 participating nations, the largest number to that date.^[7] These would be the last Winter Games for twelve years, as the planned 1940 Games and 1944 Games were cancelled due to World War II.^[8]

Post-war years and Cold War era

After the war, 28 nations would return to St. Moritz for the 1948 Winter Olympics, but not Germany or Japan, who were not invited because of their roles in the war.^[9] The 1952 Winter Games in Oslo, Norway, featured 30 participating nations.^[10] The 1956 Games in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, marked the Winter Games debut of the Soviet Union, along with 31 other nations.^[11] The NOCs of East Germany and West Germany would be represented by a single German team, an arrangement that would continue until 1964.^[12] Thirty nations would participate at the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, United States,^[13] including South Africa, the first African nation to participate in the Winter Games. Thirty-six nations were represented in Innsbruck, Austria, in 1964.^[14]

The 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, France, marked the first time that East Germany and West Germany competed as independent teams, two of the 37 nations that took part.^[15] The Games of 1972 were held in Sapporo, Japan, the first time the Winter Games were held outside of Europe or the United States. A total of 35 nations were represented, including the Philippines, the first appearance by a southeast Asian nation.^[16] The Winter Games returned to Innsbruck, in 1976, with 37 participating nations.^[17]

Lake Placid was once again the site of the Winter Games, in 1980, with 37 competing nations.^[18] The People's Republic of China made their Olympic debut but, in response, the Republic of China boycotted the Games, after participating in 1972 and 1976. Sarajevo, SFR Yugoslavia was host to the 1984 Winter Olympics, which welcomed 49 nations.^[19] Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands were the first two Caribbean NOCs to compete in the Winter Games. Several more tropical nations would participate at the 1988 Winter Olympics, in Calgary, Canada, including the famed Jamaican Bobsled Team.^[20]

Recent Games

The post-Cold War events of the early 1990s led to a large increase in participating nations at the Olympics. At the 1992 Games, in Albertville, France, a total of 64 NOCs were represented, including a single Germany team—following the German reunification in 1990—and a Unified Team composed of six of the ex-republics of the Soviet Union.^[21] The Baltic states competed independently for the first time since 1936, and some of the ex-Yugoslav nations started to compete independently in 1992.

In October 1986, the IOC had voted to hold the Olympic Winter Games halfway through the four-year Olympiad, rather than in the same year as the summer Games,^[22] and this change started with the XVIIth Olympic Winter Games in 1994 in Lillehammer, Norway. A total of 67 nations took part, including the Czech Republic and Slovakia as independent teams, and each of the ex-Soviet nations.^[23]

The Winter Games have continued to grow in the recent past, with 72 nations at the 1998 Winter Olympics, in Nagano, Japan,^[24] 77 nations at the 2002 Winter Olympics, in Salt Lake City, United States,^[25] 80 nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics, in Turin, Italy,^[26] 82 nations at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, Canada,^[27] and a record 88 nations at the 2014 Games in Sochi, Russia.^[28]

List of nations

Description

This list includes 119 NOCs (110 of the current 206 NOCs and 9 obsolete NOCs),^[29] arranged alphabetically. The three-letter country code is also listed for each NOC. Since the 1960s, these codes have been frequently used by the IOC and each Games organizing committee to identify NOCs, such as within the official report of each Games.^[30]

Several nations have changed during their Olympic history. Name changes due to geographical renaming are explained by footnotes after the nation's name, and other changes are explained by footnotes links within the table itself.

Obsolete nations

Obsolete nations are included in the table to more clearly illustrate past Olympic appearances for their successor nations.

TCH. Czechoslovakia (TCH) participated in 1920–1992, from 1994 represented by two successor NOCs of Czech Republic (CZE) and Slovakia (SVK).
EUA, FRG, GDR. For the Games of 1956–1964, Germany participated as a Unified Team (EUA), representing the National Olympic Committees of both West Germany and East Germany.^[12] Retrospectively, the IOC uses the country code EUA for this team.^[31] After the NOC for the German Democratic Republic was granted full recognition by the IOC in 1968, East Germany (GDR) and West Germany (FRG) participated as two distinct teams at the Games of 1968-1988.^[32]
AHO. The NOC of the Netherlands Antilles (AHO) was recognized by the IOC from 1950 until 2011 upon the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles.^[33]
URS, EUN. Soviet Union (URS) participated at the Games of 1956–1988. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, nine of the fifteen ex-republics of the Soviet Union were represented at the 1992 Winter Olympics. Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania participated as independent teams, and Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan participated as a combined Unified Team (EUN).^[21] Since 1994 ex-republics of the Soviet Union are represented by fifteen successor NOCs, fourteen of which have participated in the Winter Games.
YUG, SCG. The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (officially the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes until 1929) participated as Yugoslavia (YUG) in three Games before the Second World War. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia also participated using the Yugoslavia designation, for all but one Games between 1948–1992, and hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo.^[19] The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (later State Union of Serbia and Montenegro), consisting of the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro, participated at the Games of 1998^[24] and the Games of 2002^[25] as Yugoslavia (YUG) and at the Games of 2006^[26] as Serbia and Montenegro (SCG). Now ex-republics and ex-province of the Yugoslavia represented by seven successor NOCs, of which all but one have participated in the Winter Games.

Table legend

24		In the table headings, indicates the Games year, from 1924 through 2014
•		Participated in the specified Games
H		Host nation for the specified Games
^[A]		Additional explanatory comments at the linked footnote
		The planned Games of 1940 and 1944 were cancelled due to World War II
		NOC superseded or preceded by other NOC(s) during these years

Alphabetical list

Contents:		A B C D E F G H I J K L M N P R S T U V Y Z Total

A	Code	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
Albania	ALB																						•	•	•	3
Algeria	ALG																		•				•	•		3
American Samoa	ASA																			•						1
Andorra	AND														•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	11
Argentina	ARG		•					•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	18
Armenia	ARM	Soviet Union																	^EUN	•	•	•	•	•	•	6
Australia	AUS				•				•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	18
Austria	AUT	•	•	•	•			•	•	•	•	H	•	•	H	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	22
Azerbaijan	AZE	Soviet Union																			•	•	•	•	•	5
B	Code	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
Belarus	BLR	Soviet Union																	^EUN	•	•	•	•	•	•	6
Belgium	BEL	•	•	•	•			•	•	•		•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	20
Bermuda	BER																		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	7
Bolivia	BOL									•						•	•	•	•							5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	BIH	Yugoslavia																		•	•	•	•	•	•	6
Brazil	BRA																		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	7
British Virgin Islands	IVB																•								•	2
Bulgaria	BUL				•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	19
C	Code	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
Cameroon	CMR																					•				1
Canada	CAN	•	•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	H	•	•	•	•	•	H	•	22
Cayman Islands	CAY																							•	•	2
Chile	CHI							•	•	•	•	•	•		•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	16
China, People's Republic of	CHN															•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	10
Chinese Taipei^TPE[›]	TPE													•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	11
Colombia	COL																							•		1
Costa Rica	CRC															•	•	•	•			•^[B]	•			6
Croatia	CRO	Yugoslavia																	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	7
Cyprus	CYP															•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	10
Czech Republic	CZE	Czechoslovakia																		•	•	•	•	•	•	6
Czechoslovakia ^{[^]}	TCH	•	•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•							16
D	Code	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
Denmark	DEN							•	•		•	•	•					•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	13
Dominica	DMA																								•	1
E	Code	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
Egypt	EGY																•									1
Estonia	EST	^[A]	•		•			Soviet Union											•	•	•	•	•	•	•	9
Ethiopia	ETH																						•	•		2
F	Code	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
Fiji	FIJ																	•		•		•				3
Finland	FIN	•	•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	22
France	FRA	H	•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	H	•	•	•	•	•	H	•	•	•	•	•	•	22
G	Code	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
Georgia	GEO	Soviet Union																		•	•	•	•	•	•	6
Germany	GER		•	•	H				•										•	•	•	•	•	•	•	11
East Germany ^{[^]}	GDR									EUA			•	•	•	•	•	•								6
West Germany ^{[^]}	FRG									EUA			•	•	•	•	•	•								6
United Team of Germany ^{[^]}	EUA									•	•	•														3
Ghana	GHA																							•		1
Great Britain	GBR	•	•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	22
Greece	GRE				•			•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	18
Guam	GUM																	•								1
Guatemala	GUA																	•								1
H	Code	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
Honduras	HON																		•							1
Hong Kong	HKG																					•	•	•	•	4
Hungary	HUN	•	•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	22
I	Code	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
Iceland	ISL							•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	17
India	IND											•	•					•	•		•	•	•	•	•^[D]	9
Iran	IRI									•		•	•	•	•						•	•	•	•	•	10
Ireland	IRL																		•		•	•	•	•	•	6
Israel	ISR																			•	•	•	•	•	•	6
Italy	ITA	•	•	•	•			•	•	H	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	H	•	•	22
J	Code	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
Jamaica	JAM																	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	7
Japan	JPN		•	•	•				•	•	•	•	•	H	•	•	•	•	•	•	H	•	•	•	•	20
K	Code	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
Kazakhstan	KAZ	Soviet Union																	^EUN	•	•	•	•	•	•	6
Kenya	KEN																				•	•	•			3
North Korea	PRK											•		•			•	•	•		•		•	•		8
South Korea	KOR							•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	17
Kyrgyzstan	KGZ	Soviet Union																		•	•	•	•	•	•	6
L	Code	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
Latvia	LAT	•	•		•			Soviet Union											•	•	•	•	•	•	•	10
Lebanon	LIB							•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•			•	•	•	•	16
Liechtenstein	LIE				•			•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	18
Lithuania	LTU		•					Soviet Union											•	•	•	•	•	•	•	8
Luxembourg	LUX		•		•													•	•	•	•		•		•	8
M	Code	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
Macedonia	MKD	Yugoslavia																			•	•	•	•	•	5
Madagascar	MAD																						•			1
Malta	MLT																								•	1
Mexico	MEX		•														•	•	•	•		•		•	•	8
Moldova	MDA	Romania						Soviet Union												•	•	•	•	•	•	6
Monaco	MON																•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	9
Mongolia	MGL											•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	13
Montenegro	MNE	Yugoslavia																		SCG				•	•	2
Morocco	MAR												•				•	•	•					•	•	6
N	Code	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
Nepal	NEP																					•	•	•	•	4
Netherlands	NED		•		•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	20
Netherlands Antilles ^{[^]}	AHO																	•	•							2
New Zealand	NZL								•		•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	15
Norway	NOR	•	•	•	•			•	H	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	H	•	•	•	•	•	22
P	Code	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
Pakistan	PAK																							•	•	2
Paraguay	PAR																								•	1
Peru	PER																							•	•	2
Philippines	PHI													•				•	•						•	4
Poland	POL	•	•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	22
Portugal	POR								•									•		•	•		•	•	•	7
Puerto Rico	PUR																•	•	•	•	•	•				6
R	Code	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
Romania	ROU		•	•	•			•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	20
Russia	RUS	Soviet Union																	^EUN	•	•	•	•	•	H	6
Unified Team ^{[^]}	EUN																		•							1
Soviet Union ^{[^]}	URS									•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	^EUN							9
S	Code	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
San Marino	SMR														•		•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	9
Senegal	SEN																•		•	•			•	•		5
Serbia	SRB	Yugoslavia																		SCG				•	•	2
Serbia and Montenegro^SCG[›] ^{[^]}	SCG	Yugoslavia																			•	•	•			3
Yugoslavia ^{[^]}	YUG	•	•		•			•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	H	•	•							14
Slovakia	SVK	Czechoslovakia																		•	•	•	•	•	•	6
Slovenia	SLO	Yugoslavia																	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	7
South Africa	RSA										•									•	•	•	•	•		6
Spain	ESP				•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	19
Swaziland	SWZ																		•							1
Sweden	SWE	•	•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	22
Switzerland	SUI	•	H	•	•			H	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	22
T	Code	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
Tajikistan	TJK	Soviet Union																				•	•	•	•	4
Thailand	THA																					•	•		•	3
Timor-Leste	TLS																								•	1
Togo	TOG																								•	1
Tonga	TGA																								•	1
Trinidad and Tobago	TRI																			•	•	•				3
Turkey	TUR				•			•		•	•	•	•		•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	16
U	Code	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
Ukraine	UKR	Soviet Union																	^EUN	•	•	•	•	•	•	6
United States	USA	•	•	H	•			•	•	•	H	•	•	•	•	H	•	•	•	•	•	H	•	•	•	22
Uruguay	URU																				•					1
Uzbekistan	UZB	Soviet Union																	^EUN	•	•	•	•	•	•	6
V	Code	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
Venezuela	VEN																				•	•	•		•	4
Virgin Islands	ISV																	•	•	•	•	•	•^[C]		•	7
Z	Code	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	94	98	02	06	10	14	Total
Zimbabwe	ZIM																								•	1
Total NOCs number		16	25	17	28			28	30	32	30	36	37	35	37	37	49	57	64	67	72	78	80	82	88	1025

Nations that have never competed

96 of the 206 active NOCs have yet to compete in a Winter Olympics.^[34]

Nation	Code
Afghanistan	AFG
Angola	ANG
Antigua and Barbuda	ANT
Aruba	ARU
Bahamas	BAH
Bahrain	BRN
Bangladesh	BAN
Barbados	BAR
Belize	BIZ
Benin	BEN
Bhutan	BHU
Botswana	BOT
Brunei	BRU
Burkina Faso	BUR
Burundi	BDI
Cambodia	CAM
Cape Verde	CPV
Central African Republic	CAF
Chad	CHA
Comoros	COM
Congo	CGO
Cook Islands	COK
Cuba	CUB
Djibouti	DJI
Dominican Republic	DOM
DR Congo	COD
Ecuador	ECU
El Salvador	ESA
Equatorial Guinea	GEQ
Eritrea	ERI
Micronesia	FSM
Gabon	GAB
The Gambia	GAM
Grenada	GRN
Guinea	GUI
Guinea-Bissau	GBS
Guyana	GUY
Haiti	HAI
Indonesia	INA
Iraq	IRQ
Ivory Coast	CIV
Jordan	JOR
Kiribati	KIR
Kosovo	KOS
Kuwait	KUW
Laos	LAO
Lesotho	LES
Liberia	LBR
Libya	LBA
Malawi	MAW
Malaysia	MAS
Maldives	MDV
Mali	MLI
Marshall Islands	MHL
Mauritania	MTN
Mauritius	MRI
Mozambique	MOZ
Myanmar	MYA
Namibia	NAM
Nauru	NRU
Nicaragua	NCA
Niger	NIG
Nigeria	NGR
Oman	OMA
Palau	PLW
Palestine	PLE
Panama	PAN
Papua New Guinea	PNG
Qatar	QAT
Rwanda	RWA
Saint Kitts and Nevis	SKN
Saint Lucia	LCA
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	VIN
Samoa	SAM
São Tomé and Príncipe	STP
Saudi Arabia	KSA
Seychelles	SEY
Sierra Leone	SLE
Singapore	SIN
Solomon Islands	SOL
Somalia	SOM
South Sudan	SSD
Sri Lanka	SRI
Sudan	SUD
Suriname	SUR
Syria	SYR
Tanzania	TAN
Tunisia	TUN
Turkmenistan	TKM
Tuvalu	TUV
Uganda	UGA
United Arab Emirates	UAE
Vanuatu	VAN
Vietnam	VIE
Yemen	YEM
Zambia	ZAM

Notes

Name changes notes

^ TPE: The Chinese Taipei was designated Republic of China (ROC) in 1972^[16] and 1976.^[17] In 1979, the IOC started to use Chinese Taipei to refer to this NOC, a compromise that was acceptable for the People's Republic of China to start participating in the Olympic Games.^[35]^[36]
^ SCG: The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, consisting of the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro, participated at the Games since 1998. It was reconstituted as the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro in 2003. At the 1998^[24] and 2002^[25] Games, the nation was still designated Yugoslavia (YUG). The Serbia and Montenegro (SCG) designation and code were first used at the Winter Games in 2006.^[26]

Participation notes

^{^} A single speed skater from Estonia registered for the 1924 Winter Olympics and carried the flag in the opening ceremonies, but did not compete.^[4]
^{^} Costa Rica did not take part in the Opening Ceremony of the 2002 Winter Olympics, but its athletes did compete; 78 nations participated in the 2002 Games, however the IOC web site states that 77 nations participated, probably erroneously not counting Costa Rica.^[37]
^{^} Anne Abernathy was the lone competitor from the Virgin Islands at the 2006 Winter Olympics, but withdrew from the women's luge event after injuring herself during a practice run.^[38]
^{^} India's athletes originally competed as Independent Olympic Participants and marched under the Olympic Flag during the opening ceremony due to the Indian Olympic Association's suspension. On February 11, the Indian Olympic Association was reinstated and India's athletes were allowed the option to compete under their own flag from that time onward.^[39]

References

↑ Cook, Theodore Andrea (May 1909). The Fourth Olympiad London 1908 Official Report (PDF). London: British Olympic Association. pp. 284–295. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
↑ Olympic Games Antwerp 1920 — Official Report (PDF) (in French). Belgian Olympic Committee. 1957. pp. 144, 168–170. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
↑ "Decisions taken by the Technical Congress at Prague" (PDF). Official Bulletin of the International Olympic Committee (PDF). Lausanne: International Olympic Committee (1): 17. January 1926. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
1 2 (ed.) M. Avé, Comité Olympique Français. Les Jeux de la VIII^e Olympiade Paris 1924 - Rapport Officiel (PDF) (in French). Paris: Librairie de France. p. 669. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
↑ Comité Olympique Suisse (1928). Rapport Général du Comité Exécutif des II^mes Jeux Olympiques d'hiver (PDF) (in French). Lausanne: Imprimerie du Léman. p. 7. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
↑ (ed.) George Lattimer (1932). Official Report III Olympic Winter Games Lake Placid 1932 (PDF). pp. 70–72, 270. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
↑ (ed.) Peter von le Fort (1936). IV. Olympische Winterspiele 1936 Amtlicher Bericht (PDF) (in German). Berlin: Reichssportverlag. p. 272. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
↑ (ed.) Carl Diem (January 1940). "The Fifth Olympic Winter Games Will Not Be Held" (PDF). Olympic Review (PDF). Berlin: International Olympic Institute (8): 8–10. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
↑ Comité Olympique Suisse (January 1951). Rapport Général sur les V^es Jeux Olympiques d'hiver St-Moritz 1948 (PDF) (in French). Lausanne: H. Jaunin. p. 11. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
↑ (ed.) Rolf Petersen (1952). The Official Report of the Organising Committee of the VIth Winter Olympic Games 1952 at Oslo (PDF). Oslo. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
↑ VII Olympic Winter Games Cortina d'Ampezzo 1956 Official Report (PDF). Rome: Società Grafica Romana. p. 70. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
1 2 (ed.) Berlioux, Monique (July–August 1975). "The Federal Republic of Germany and Olympism" (PDF). Olympic Review. Lausanne: International Olympic Committee (93–94): 290–306. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
↑ (ed.) Robert Rubin. VIII Olympic Winter Games Squaw Valley California 1960 Final Report (PDF). California Olympic Commission. p. 92. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
↑ (ed.) Friedl Wolfgang and Bertl Neumann (1967). Offizieller Bericht der IX. Olympischen Winterspiele Innsbruck 1964 (PDF) (in German). Vienna, Munich: Österreichischer Bundesverlag für Unterricht, Wissenschaft und Kunst. p. 51. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
↑ Xth Winter Olympic Games Official Report (PDF). Comité d'Organisation des xèmes Jeux Olympiques d'Hiver de Grenoble. 1969. p. 399. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
1 2 The Official Report of XIth Winter Olympic Games, Sapporo 1972 (PDF). The Organizing Committee for the Sapporo Olympic Winter Games. 1973. pp. 228–229. ISBN 0-900315-05-9. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
1 2 (ed.) Bertl Neumann. XII.Olympische Winterspiele Innsbruck 1976 Final Report (PDF). Organizing Committee for the XIIth Winter Olympic Games 1976 at Innsbruck. p. 163. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
↑ Final Report XIII Olympic Winter Games (PDF). Ed Lewi Associates. 1980. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
1 2 Official Report of the Organising Committee of the XlVth Winter Olympic Games 1984 at Sarajevo (PDF). Sarajevo: Oslobodenje. 1984. pp. 89–90. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
↑ (ed.) Rodney Chapman (1988). XV Olympic Winter Games Official Report (PDF). Calgary Olympic Development Association. pp. 621–645. ISBN 0-921060-26-2. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
1 2 (ed.) Claudie Blanc, Jean-Marc Eysseric (1992). "Results". Official Report of the XVI Winter Olympic Games of Albertville and Savoie (PDF). Albertville, France: Comité d'organisation des XVIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver d'Albertville et de la Savoie. p. 3. ISBN 2-9507109-0-5. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
↑ (ed.) Gafner, Raymond (November–December 1986). "Decisions of the 91st IOC Session" (PDF). Olympic Review. Lausanne: International Olympic Committee (229–230): 651. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
↑ "Volume IV". Official Report of the XVII Olympic Winter Games (PDF). 1994. p. 63. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
1 2 3 (ed.) Shinano Mainichi Shimbun (1998). "Volume Three Competition Results and Participants". The XVIII Olympic Winter Games Official Report (PDF). The Organizing Committee for the XVIII Olympic Winter Games, Nagano 1998. p. 12. ISBN 4-7840-9827-5. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
1 2 3 Official Report of the XIX Olympic Winter Games (PDF). Salt Lake Organizing Committee. 2002. ISBN 0-9717961-0-6. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
1 2 3 Torino 2006 - XX Olympic Winter Games (PDF). Retrieved 2014-02-02.
↑ Vancouver 2010 - Staging the Olympic Winter Games Knowledge Report (PDF). Retrieved 2014-02-02.
↑ "Record 88 nations to participate in Winter Games". Global News. Sochi, Russia. Associated Press. 2 February 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
↑ "National Olympic Committees". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
↑ Mallon, Bill; Karlsson, Ove (May 2004). "IOC and OCOG Abbreviations for NOCs" (PDF). Journal of Olympic History. 12 (2): 25–28. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
↑ "Olympic Medal Winners". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
↑ (ed.) Berlioux, Monique (September–October 1975). "The German Democratic Republic and Olympism" (PDF). Olympic Review. Lausanne: International Olympic Committee (95–96): 362–377. Retrieved 2008-03-13.
↑ "Curtain comes down on 123rd IOC Session". Olympic.org.
↑ "Olympic Countries". sports-reference.
↑ (ed.) Berlioux, Monique (August–September 1983). "China and Olympism" (PDF). Olympic Review. Lausanne: International Olympic Committee (190–191): 583–592. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
↑ Chan, Gerald (Autumn 1985). "The "Two-Chinas" Problem and the Olympic Formula". Pacific Affairs. Vancouver: University of British Columbia. 58 (3): 473–490. doi:10.2307/2759241. JSTOR 2759241.
↑ "Salt Lake City 2002 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
↑ "Olympics: 'Grandma Luge' crashes out". CNN.com. 2006-02-13. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
↑ "IOC Executive Board lifts suspension of NOC of India". Retrieved 11 February 2014.

External links

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¹ Israel has been a member of the European Olympic Committees (EOC) since 1994.

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