List of the most distant astronomical objects
This article documents the most distant astronomical objects so far discovered, and the time periods in which they were so classified.
Distances to remote objects, other than those in nearby galaxies, are nearly always inferred by measuring the cosmological redshift of their light. By their nature, very distant objects tend to be very faint, and these distance determinations are difficult and subject to errors. An important distinction is whether the distance is determined via spectroscopy or using a photometric redshift technique. The former is generally both more precise and also more reliable, in the sense that photometric redshifts are more prone to being wrong due to confusion with lower redshift sources that have unusual spectra. For that reason, a spectroscopic redshift is conventionally regarded as being necessary for an object's distance to be considered definitely known, whereas photometrically determined redshifts identify "candidate" very distant sources. Here, this distinction is indicated by a "p" subscript for photometric redshifts.
Notably distant objects
1 Gly = 1 billion light-years.
Name | Redshift (z) |
Light travel distance§ (Gly)[1] |
Type | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
GN-z11 | z = 11.09 | 13.39 | Galaxy | Confirmed galaxy[2] |
EGSY8p7 | z = 8.68 | 13.23 | Galaxy | Confirmed galaxy[3] |
GRB 090423 | z = 8.2 | 13.18 | Gamma-ray burst | [4][5] |
EGS-zs8-1 | z = 7.73 | 13.13 | Galaxy | Confirmed galaxy[6] |
z7 GSD 3811 | z = 7.66 | 13.11 | Galaxy | galaxy[7] |
z8 GND 5296 | z = 7.51 | 13.10 | Galaxy | Confirmed galaxy[8][9] |
A1689-zD1 | z = 7.5 | 13.10 | Galaxy | Galaxy[10] |
SXDF-NB1006-2 | z = 7.215 | 13.07 | Galaxy | Galaxy[11][12] |
GN-108036 | z = 7.213 | 13.07 | Galaxy | Galaxy[12][13] |
BDF-3299 | z = 7.109 | 13.05 | Galaxy | [14] |
ULAS J1120+0641 | z = 7.085 | 13.05 | Quasar | [15] |
A1703 zD6 | z = 7.045 | 13.04 | Galaxy | [12] |
BDF-521 | z = 7.008 | 13.04 | Galaxy | [14] |
G2-1408 | z = 6.972 | 13.03 | Galaxy | [12][16] |
IOK-1 | z = 6.964 | 13.03 | Galaxy | [12][17] Lyman-alpha emitter[18] |
LAE J095950.99+021219.1 | z = 6.944 | 13.03 | Galaxy | Lyman-alpha emitter — Faint galaxy[19] |
§ The tabulated distance is the light travel distance, which has no direct physical significance. See discussion at distance measures and Observable Universe |
As of 2012, there were about 50 possible objects z = 8 or farther, and another 100 z = 7 candidates, based on photometric redshift estimates released by the Hubble eXtreme Deep Field (XDF) project from observations made between mid-2002 and December 2012.[20] Not everything is included here.[20]
Name | Redshift (z) |
Light travel distance§ (Gly) |
Type | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
UDFj-39546284 | zp≅11.9? | 13.37 | Protogalaxy | This is a candidate protogalaxy,[21][22][23][24] although recent analyses have suggested it is likely to be a lower redshift source.[25][26] |
MACS0647-JD | zp≅10.7 | 13.3 | Galaxy | Candidate most distant galaxy, which benefits by being magnified by the gravitational lensing effect of an intervening cluster of galaxies.[27][28] |
A2744-JD | zp≅9.8 | 13.2 | Galaxy | Galaxy is being magnified and lensed into three multiple images, geometrically supporting its redshift. Faintest known galaxy at z~10.[29][30] |
MACS1149-JD | zp≅9.6 | 13.2[31] | Candidate galaxy or protogalaxy | [32] |
GRB 090429B | zp≅9.4 | 13.14[33] | Gamma-ray burst | [34] The photometric redshift in this instance has quite large uncertainty, with the lower limit for the redshift being z>7. |
UDFy-33436598 | zp≅8.6 | 13.1 | Candidate galaxy or protogalaxy | [35] |
UDFy-38135539 | zp≅8.6 | 13.1 | Candidate galaxy or protogalaxy | A spectroscopic redshift of z = 8.55 was claimed for this source in 2010,[36] but has subsequently been shown to be mistaken.[37] |
BoRG-58 | zp≅8 | 13 | Cluster or protocluster | Protocluster candidate[38] |
§ The tabulated distance is the light travel distance, which has no direct physical significance. See discussion at distance measures and Observable Universe |
List of most distant objects by type
Type | Object | Redshift | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Any astronomical object, no matter what type | GN-z11 | z = 11.09 | With an estimated distance of about 32 billion light-years, astronomers announced it as the most distant astronomical galaxy known.[39] |
Galaxy or protogalaxy | GN-z11 | z = 11.09 | Announced March 2016.[39] See also: List of galaxies |
Galaxy cluster | CL J1001+0220 | z≅2.506 | As of 2016[40] See also: List of galaxy clusters |
Galaxy supercluster | See also: List of superclusters | ||
Quasar | ULAS J1120+0641 | z = 7.085 | [15] See also: List of quasars |
Black hole | ULAS J1120+0641 | z = 7.085 | [15] |
Star or protostar or post-stellar corpse (detected by an event) |
Progenitor of GRB 090423 | z = 8.2 | [4][5] Note, GRB 090429B has a photometric redshift zp≅9.4,[41] and so is most likely more distant than GRB 090423, but is lacking spectroscopic confirmation. See also: List of gamma-ray bursts |
Star or protostar or post-stellar corpse (detected as a star) |
SDSS J1229+1122 | 55 Mly (17 Mpc) | The blue supergiant is illuminating a nebula in the tidal tail of galaxy IC 3418.[42] |
Star cluster | |||
System of star clusters | Globular cluster system in elliptical galaxy behind NGC 6397 | 1.2Gly | [43][44][45][46][47] |
X-ray jet | GB 1428+4217 nearside quasar jet | z = 4.72 12.4Gly |
The previous recordholder was at 12.2Gly.[48] |
Microquasar | XMMU J004243.6+412519 | 2.5 Mly | First extragalactic microquasar discovered[49][50][51] |
Planet | SWEEPS-11 / SWEEPS-04 | 27,710ly | [52]
|
Type | Event | Redshift | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Gamma-ray burst | GRB 090423 | z = 8.2 | [4][5] Note, GRB 090429B has a photometric redshift zp≅9.4,[41] and so is most likely more distant than GRB 090423, but is lacking spectroscopic confirmation. See also: List of gamma-ray bursts |
Core collapse supernova | SN 1000+0216 | z = 3.8993 | [56]
See also: List of most distant supernovae |
Type Ia supernova | SN UDS10Wil | z = 1.914 | [57]
See also: List of supernovae |
Type Ia supernova | SN SCP-0401 (Mingus) |
z = 1.71 | First observed in 2004, it was not until 2013 that it could be identified as a Type-Ia SN.[58][59]
See also: List of supernovae |
Cosmic Decoupling | Cosmic Background Radiation creation | z~1000 to 1089 | [60][61] |
Timeline of most distant astronomical object recordholders
Objects in this list were found to be the most distant object at the time of determination of their distance. This is frequently not the same as the date of their discovery.
Distances to astronomical objects may be determined through parallax measurements, use of standard references such as cepheid variables or Type Ia supernovas, or redshift measurement. Spectroscopic redshift measurement is preferred, while photometric redshift measurement is also used to identify candidate high redshift sources. The symbol z represents redshift.
Object | Type | Date | Distance (z = Redshift) |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
GN-z11 | Galaxy | 2016— | z = 11.09 | [62] |
EGSY8p7 | Galaxy | 2015 − 2016 | z = 8.68 | [62][63][64][65] |
Progenitor of GRB 090423 / Remnant of GRB 090423 | Gamma-ray burst progenitor / Gamma-ray burst remnant | 2009 − 2015 | z = 8.2 | [5][66] |
IOK-1 | Galaxy | 2006 − 2009 | z = 6.96 | [66][67][68][69] |
SDF J132522.3+273520 | Galaxy | 2005 − 2006 | z = 6.597 | [69][70] |
SDF J132418.3+271455 | Galaxy | 2003 − 2005 | z = 6.578 | [70][71][72][73] |
HCM-6A | Galaxy | 2002 − 2003 | z = 6.56 | The galaxy is lensed by galaxy cluster Abell 370. This was the first non-quasar galaxy found to exceed redshift 6. It exceeded the redshift of quasar SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0 of z = 6.28[71][72][74][75][76][77] |
SDSS J1030+0524 (SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0) |
Quasar | 2001 − 2002 | z = 6.28 | [78][79][80][81][82][83] |
SDSS 1044-0125 (SDSSp J104433.04-012502.2) |
Quasar | 2000 − 2001 | z = 5.82 | [84][85][82][83][86][87][88] |
SSA22-HCM1 | Galaxy | 1999 − 2000 | z>=5.74 | [89][90] |
HDF 4-473.0 | Galaxy | 1998 − 1999 | z = 5.60 | [90] |
RD1 (0140+326 RD1) | Galaxy | 1998 | z = 5.34 | [91][92][93][90][94] |
CL 1358+62 G1 & CL 1358+62 G2 | Galaxies | 1997 − 1998 | z = 4.92 | These were the most remote objects discovered at the time. The pair of galaxies were found lensed by galaxy cluster CL1358+62 (z = 0.33). This was the first time since 1964 that something other than a quasar held the record for being the most distant object in the universe.[92][95][96][93][90][97] |
PC 1247-3406 | Quasar | 1991 − 1997 | z = 4.897 | [84][98][99][100][101] |
PC 1158+4635 | Quasar | 1989 − 1991 | z = 4.73 | [84][101][102][103][104][105] |
Q0051-279 | Quasar | 1987 − 1989 | z = 4.43 | [106][102][105][107][108][109] |
Q0000-26 (QSO B0000-26) |
Quasar | 1987 | z = 4.11 | [106][102][110] |
PC 0910+5625 (QSO B0910+5625) |
Quasar | 1987 | z = 4.04 | This was the second quasar discovered with a redshift over 4.[84][102][111][112] |
Q0046–293 (QSO J0048-2903) |
Quasar | 1987 | z = 4.01 | [106][102][111][113][114] |
Q1208+1011 (QSO B1208+1011) |
Quasar | 1986 − 1987 | z = 3.80 | This is a gravitationally-lensed double-image quasar, and at the time of discovery to 1991, had the least angular separation between images, 0.45 ″.[111][115][116] |
PKS 2000-330 (QSO J2003-3251, Q2000-330) |
Quasar | 1982 − 1986 | z = 3.78 | [111][117][118]' |
OQ172 (QSO B1442+101) |
Quasar | 1974 − 1982 | z = 3.53 | [119][120][121] |
OH471 (QSO B0642+449) |
Quasar | 1973 − 1974 | z = 3.408 | Nickname was "the blaze marking the edge of the universe".[119][121][122][123][124] |
4C 05.34 | Quasar | 1970 − 1973 | z = 2.877 | Its redshift was so much greater than the previous record that it was believed to be erroneous, or spurious.[121][125][126][127] |
5C 02.56 (7C 105517.75+495540.95) |
Quasar | 1968 − 1970 | z = 2.399 | [97][127][128] |
4C 25.05 (4C 25.5) |
Quasar | 1968 | z = 2.358 | [97][127][129] |
PKS 0237-23 (QSO B0237-2321) |
Quasar | 1967 − 1968 | z = 2.225 | [125][129][130][131][132] |
4C 12.39 (Q1116+12, PKS 1116+12) |
Quasar | 1966 − 1967 | z = 2.1291 | [97][132][133][134] |
4C 01.02 (Q0106+01, PKS 0106+1) |
Quasar | 1965 − 1966 | z = 2.0990 | [97][132][133][135] |
3C 9 | Quasar | 1965 | z = 2.018 | [132][136][137][138]<ref>Schmidt, Maarten (1965). "Large Redshifts of Five Quasi-Stellar Sources". Astrophysical Journal. 141: 1295. Bibcode:1965ApJ...141.1295S. doi:10.1086/148217.</ref>[139] |
3C 147 | Quasar | 1964 − 1965 | z = 0.545 | [140][141][142][143] |
3C 295 | Radio galaxy | 1960 − 1964 | z = 0.461 | [90][97][144][145][146] |
LEDA 25177 (MCG+01-23-008) | Brightest cluster galaxy | 1951 − 1960 | z = 0.2 (V = 61000 km/s) |
This galaxy lies in the Hydra Supercluster. It is located at B1950.0 08h 55m 4s +03° 21′ and is the BCG of the fainter Hydra Cluster Cl 0855+0321 (ACO 732).[90][146][147][148][149][150][151] |
LEDA 51975 (MCG+05-34-069) | Brightest cluster galaxy | 1936 - | z = 0.13 (V = 39000 km/s) |
The brightest cluster galaxy of the Bootes Cluster (ACO 1930), an elliptical galaxy at B1950.0 14h 30m 6s +31° 46′ apparent magnitude 17.8, was found by Milton L. Humason in 1936 to have a 40,000 km/s recessional redshift velocity.[150][152][153] |
LEDA 20221 (MCG+06-16-021) | Brightest cluster galaxy | 1932 - | z = 0.075 (V = 23000 km/s) |
This is the BCG of the Gemini Cluster (ACO 568) and was located at B1950.0 07h 05m 0s +35° 04′[152][154] |
BCG of WMH Christie's Leo Cluster | Brightest cluster galaxy | 1931 − 1932 | z = (V = 19700 km/s) |
[154][155][156][157] |
BCG of Baede's Ursa Major Cluster | Brightest cluster galaxy | 1930 − 1931 | z = (V = 11700 km/s) |
[157][158] |
NGC 4860 | Galaxy | 1929 − 1930 | z = 0.026 (V = 7800 km/s) |
[158][159][160] |
NGC 7619 | Galaxy | 1929 | z = 0.012 (V = 3779 km/s) |
Using redshift measurements, NGC 7619 was the highest at the time of measurement. At the time of announcement, it was not yet accepted as a general guide to distance, however, later in the year, Edwin Hubble described redshift in relation to distance, which became accepted widely as an inferred distance.[159][161][162] |
NGC 584 (Dreyer nebula 584) |
Galaxy | 1921 − 1929 | z = 0.006 (V = 1800 km/s) |
At the time, nebula had yet to be accepted as independent galaxies. However, in 1923, galaxies were generally recognized as external to the Milky Way.[150][159][161][163][164][165][166] |
M104 (NGC 4594) | Galaxy | 1913 − 1921 | z = 0.004 (V = 1180 km/s) |
This was the second galaxy whose redshift was determined; the first being Andromeda – which is approaching us and thus cannot have its redshift used to infer distance. Both were measured by Vesto Melvin Slipher. At this time, nebula had yet to be accepted as independent galaxies. NGC 4594 was measured originally as 1000 km/s, then refined to 1100, and then to 1180 in 1916.[159][163][166] |
Arcturus (Alpha Bootis) |
Star | 1891 − 1910 | 160 ly (18 mas) (this is very inaccurate, true=37 ly) |
This number is wrong; originally announced in 1891, the figure was corrected in 1910 to 40 ly (60 mas). From 1891 to 1910, it had been thought this was the star with the smallest known parallax, hence the most distant star whose distance was known. Prior to 1891, Arcturus had previously been recorded of having a parallax of 127 mas.[167][168][169][170] |
Capella (Alpha Aurigae) |
Star | 1849 - | 72 ly (46 mas) |
[171][172][173] |
Polaris (Alpha Ursae Minoris) |
Star | 1847 - 1849 | 50 ly (80 mas) (this is very inaccurate, true=~375 ly) |
[174][175] |
Vega (Alpha Lyrae) |
Star (part of a double star pair) | 1839 - 1847 | 7.77 pc (125 mas) |
[174] |
61 Cygni | Binary star | 1838 − 1839 | 3.48 pc (313.6 mas) |
This was the first star other than the Sun to have its distance measured.[174][176][177] |
Uranus | Planet of the Solar System | 1781 − 1838 | 18 AU | This was the last planet discovered before the first successful measurement of stellar parallax. It had been determined that the stars were much farther away than the planets. |
Saturn | Planet of the Solar System | 1619 − 1781 | 10 AU | From Kepler's Third Law, it was finally determined that Saturn is indeed the outermost of the classical planets, and its distance derived. It had only previously been conjectured to be the outermost, due to it having the longest orbital period, and slowest orbital motion. It had been determined that the stars were much farther away than the planets. |
Mars | Planet of the Solar System | 1609 − 1619 | 2.6 AU when Mars is diametrically opposed to Earth | Kepler correctly characterized Mars and Earth's orbits in the publication Astronomia nova. It had been conjectured that the fixed stars were much farther away than the planets. |
Sun | Star | 3rd century BC — 1609 | 380 Earth radii (very inaccurate, true=16000 Earth radii) | Aristarchus of Samos made a measurement of the distance of the Sun from the Earth in relation to the distance of the Moon from the Earth. The distance to the Moon was described in Earth radii (20, also inaccurate). The diameter of the Earth had been calculated previously. At the time, it was assumed that some of the planets were further away, but their distances could not be measured. The order of the planets was conjecture until Kepler determined the distances of the four true planets from the Sun that were not Earth. It had been conjectured that the fixed stars were much farther away than the planets. |
Moon | Moon of a planet | 3rd century BC | 20 Earth radii (very inaccurate, true=64 Earth radii) | Aristarchus of Samos made a measurement of the distance between the Earth and the Moon. The diameter of the Earth had been calculated previously. At the time, it was assumed that some of the planets were further away, but their distances could not be measured. The order of the planets was conjecture until Kepler determined the distances of the four true planets from the Sun that were not Earth. It had been conjectured that the fixed stars were much farther away than the planets. |
List of objects by year of discovery that turned out to be most distant
This list contains a list of most distant objects by year of discovery of the object, not the determination of its distance. Objects may have been discovered without distance determination, and were found subsequently to be the most distant known at that time. However, object must have been named or described. An object like OJ 287 is ignored even though it was detected as early as 1891 using photographic plates, but ignored until the advent of radiotelescopes.
Year of record | Modern light travel distance (Mly) | Object | Type | Detected using | First record by (1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
964 | 2.5[178] | Andromeda Galaxy | Spiral galaxy | naked eye | Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi[179] |
1654 | 3 | Triangulum Galaxy | Spiral galaxy | refracting telescope | Giovanni Battista Hodierna[180] |
1779 | 68[181] | Messier 58 | Barred spiral galaxy | refracting telescope | Charles Messier[182] |
1785 | 76.4[183] | NGC 584 | Galaxy | William Herschel | |
1880s | 206 ± 29[184] | NGC 1 | Spiral galaxy | Dreyer, Herschel | |
1959 | 2,400[185] | 3C 273 | Quasar | Parkes Radio Telescope | Maarten Schmidt, Bev Oke[186] |
1960 | 5,000[187] | 3C 295 | Radio galaxy | Palomar Observatory | Rudolph Minkowski |
| |||||
2009 | 13,000[188] | GRB 090423 | Gamma-ray burst progenitor | Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission | Krimm, H. et al.[189] |
See also
References
- ↑ Light travel distance was calculated from redshift value using cosmological calculator, with parameters values as of 2015: H0=67.74 and OmegaM=0.3089 (see table in Lambda-CDM model article).
- ↑ P. A. Oesch, G. Brammer, P. G. van Dokkum, G. D. Illingworth, R. J. Bouwens, I. Labbe, M. Franx, I. Momcheva, M. L. N. Ashby, G. G. Fazio, V. Gonzalez, B. Holden, D. Magee, R. E. Skelton, R. Smit, L. R. Spitler, M. Trenti, S. P. Willner (2016). "A Remarkably Luminous Galaxy at z = 11.1 Measured with Hubble Space Telescope Grism Spectroscopy". The Astrophysical Journal. 819 (2): 129. arXiv:1603.00461. Bibcode:2016ApJ...819..129O. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/819/2/129.
- ↑ Adi Zitrin, Ivo Labbe, Sirio Belli, Rychard Bouwens, Richard S. Ellis, Guido Roberts-Borsani, Daniel P. Stark, Pascal A. Oesch, Renske Smit (2015). "Lyman-alpha Emission from a Luminous z = 8.68 Galaxy: Implications for Galaxies as Tracers of Cosmic Reionization". The Astrophysical Journal. 810: L12. arXiv:1507.02679. Bibcode:2015ApJ...810L..12Z. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/810/1/L12.
- 1 2 3 NASA, "New Gamma-Ray Burst Smashes Cosmic Distance Record", 28 April 2009
- 1 2 3 4 Tanvir, N. R.; Fox, D. B.; Levan, A. J.; Berger, E.; Wiersema, K.; Fynbo, J. P. U.; Cucchiara, A.; Krühler, T.; Gehrels, N.; Bloom, J. S.; Greiner, J.; Evans, P. A.; Rol, E.; Olivares, F.; Hjorth, J.; Jakobsson, P.; Farihi, J.; Willingale, R.; Starling, R. L. C.; Cenko, S. B.; Perley, D.; Maund, J. R.; Duke, J.; Wijers, R. A. M. J.; Adamson, A. J.; Allan, A.; Bremer, M. N.; Burrows, D. N.; Castro-Tirado, A. J.; et al. (2009). "A gamma-ray burst at a redshift of z~8.2". Nature. 461 (7268): 1254. Bibcode:2009Natur.461.1254T. doi:10.1038/nature08459. PMID 19865165.
- ↑ P. A. Oesch, P. G. van Dokkum, G. D. Illingworth, R. J. Bouwens, I. Momcheva, B. Holden, G. W. Roberts-Borsani, R. Smit, M. Franx, I. Labbe, V. Gonzalez, D. Magee (2015). "A Spectroscopic Redshift Measurement for a Luminous Lyman Break Galaxy at z = 7.730 using Keck/MOSFIRE". The Astrophysical Journal. 804 (2): L30. arXiv:1502.05399. Bibcode:2015ApJ...804L..30O. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/804/2/L30.
- ↑ Song, M.; Finkelstein, S. L.; Livermore, R. C.; Capak, P. L.; Dickinson, M.; Fontana, A. (2016). "Keck/MOSFIRE Spectroscopy of z = 7-8 Galaxies: Lyman-alpha Emission from a Galaxy at z = 7.66". arXiv:1602.02160 [astro-ph.GA].
- ↑ S. L. Finkelstein, C. Papovich, M. Dickinson, M. Song, V. Tilvi, A. M. Koekemoer, K. D. Finkelstein, B. Mobasher, H. C. Ferguson, M. Giavalisco, N. Reddy, M. L. N. Ashby, A. Dekel, G. G. Fazio, A. Fontana, N. A. Grogin, J.-S. Huang, D. Kocevski, M. Rafelski, B. J. Weiner, S. P. Willner (2013). "A galaxy rapidly forming stars 700 million years after the Big Bang at redshift 7.51". Nature. 502 (7472): 524–527. arXiv:1310.6031. Bibcode:2013Natur.502..524F. doi:10.1038/nature12657.
- ↑ Morelle, R. (23 October 2013). "New galaxy 'most distant' yet discovered". BBC News.
- ↑ Watson, Darach; Christensen, Lise; Knudsen, Kirsten Kraiberg; Richard, Johan; Gallazzi, Anna; Michałowski, Michał Jerzy (2015). "A dusty, normal galaxy in the epoch of reionization". Nature. 519 (7543): 327–330. arXiv:1503.00002. Bibcode:2015Natur.519..327W. doi:10.1038/nature14164. PMID 25731171.
- ↑ "SXDF-NB1006-2 – Thirty Meter Telescope".
- 1 2 3 4 5 "Press Release".
- ↑ "NASA – NASA Telescopes Help Find Rare Galaxy at Dawn of Time".
- 1 2 Vanzella; et al. (2011). "Spectroscopic Confirmation of Two Lyman Break Galaxies at Redshift Beyond 7". ApJL. 730 (2): L35. arXiv:1011.5500. Bibcode:2011ApJ...730L..35V. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/730/2/L35.
- 1 2 3 Scientific American, "Brilliant, but Distant: Most Far-Flung Known Quasar Offers Glimpse into Early Universe", John Matson, 29 June 2011
- ↑ Fontana, A.; Vanzella, E.; Pentericci, L.; Castellano, M.; Giavalisco, M.; Grazian, A.; Boutsia, K.; Cristiani, S.; Dickinson, M.; Giallongo, E.; Maiolino, M.; Moorwood, A.; Santini, P. (2010). "The lack of intense Lyman~alpha in ultradeep spectra of z = 7 candidates in GOODS-S: Imprint of reionization?". The Astrophysical Journal. 725 (2): L205. arXiv:1010.2754. Bibcode:2010ApJ...725L.205F. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/725/2/L205.
- ↑ Hogan, Jenny (2006). "Journey to the birth of the Universe". Nature. 443 (7108): 128–129. Bibcode:2006Natur.443..128H. doi:10.1038/443128a. PMID 16971914.
- ↑ Ono, Yoshiaki; Ouchi, Masami; Mobasher, Bahram; Dickinson, Mark; Penner, Kyle; Shimasaku, Kazuhiro; Weiner, Benjamin J.; Kartaltepe, Jeyhan S.; Nakajima, Kimihiko; Nayyeri, Hooshang; Stern, Daniel; Kashikawa, Nobunari; Spinrad, Hyron (2011). "Spectroscopic Confirmation of Three z-Dropout Galaxies at z = 6.844 – 7.213: Demographics of Lyman-Alpha Emission in z ~ 7 Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 744 (2): 83. arXiv:1107.3159. Bibcode:2012ApJ...744...83O. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/744/2/83.
- ↑ Rhoads, James E.; Hibon, Pascale; Malhotra, Sangeeta; Cooper, Michael; Weiner, Benjamin (2012). "A Lyman Alpha Galaxy at Redshift z = 6.944 in the COSMOS Field". The Astrophysical Journal. 752 (2): L28. arXiv:1205.3161. Bibcode:2012ApJ...752L..28R. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/752/2/L28.
- 1 2 Garth Illingworth; Rychard Bouwens; Pascal Oesch; Ivo Labbe; Dan Magee (December 2012). "Our Latest Results". FirstGalaxies. Retrieved March 10, 2016.
- ↑ Wall, Mike (December 12, 2012). "Ancient Galaxy May Be Most Distant Ever Seen". Space.com. Retrieved December 12, 2012.
13.75 Big Bang – 0.38=13.37
- ↑ NASA, "NASA's Hubble Finds Most Distant Galaxy Candidate Ever Seen in Universe", 26 January 2011
- ↑ "Hubble finds a new contender for galaxy distance record". Space Telescope (heic1103 – Science Release). 26 January 2011. Retrieved 2011-01-27.
- ↑ HubbleSite, "NASA's Hubble Finds Most Distant Galaxy Candidate Ever Seen in Universe", STScI-2011-05, 26 January 2011
- ↑ Brammer, Gabriel B.; Van Dokkum, Pieter G.; Illingworth, Garth D.; Bouwens, Rychard J.; Labbé, Ivo; Franx, Marijn; Momcheva, Ivelina; Oesch, Pascal A. (2013). "A Tentative Detection of an Emission Line at 1.6 mum for the z ~ 12 Candidate". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 765: L2. Bibcode:2013ApJ...765L...2B. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/765/1/L2.
- ↑ Bouwens, R. J.; Oesch, P. A.; Illingworth, G. D.; Labbé, I.; Van Dokkum, P. G.; Brammer, G.; Magee, D.; Spitler, L. R.; Franx, M.; Smit, R.; Trenti, M.; Gonzalez, V.; Carollo, C. M. (2013). "Photometric Constraints on the Redshift of z ~ 10 Candidate UDFj-39546284 from D". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 765: L16. Bibcode:2013ApJ...765L..16B. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/765/1/L16.
- ↑ [email protected]. "Hubble spots three magnified views of most distant known galaxy". www.spacetelescope.org.
- ↑ KDE Group, University of Kassel; DMIR Group, University of Würzburg & L3S Research Center. "BibSonomy".
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- ↑ Burnham, Robert Jr (1978). Burnham's Celestial Handbook: Volume Three, Pavo Through Vulpecula. Dover. pp. 2086–2088. ISBN 0-486-23673-0.
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- ↑ "Distance Results for NGC 0001". NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
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- ↑ Variable Star Of The Season Archived January 23, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ Minkowski, R. (1960). "A New Distant Cluster of Galaxies". Astrophysical Journal. 132: 908. Bibcode:1960ApJ...132..908M. doi:10.1086/146994.
- ↑ "Exploding star is oldest object seen in universe". Cnn.com. 2009-04-29. Retrieved 2010-10-22.
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