Lithuanian accentuation

In the Lithuanian language, heavy syllables (those with stress) may be pronounced in one of two prosodically distinct ways that are determined by accent and pitch.[1][2] One way is the acute or falling accent. It may be described as sudden, sharp or rough. The phrase, tvirtaprãdė príegaidė has the literal meaning, "firm-start accent". The second way is the circumflex or rising accent. It may be described as continued, mild or smooth. The word tvirtagãlė has the literal meaning, "firm-end". Short (or light) syllables may have stress without the differentiation of an accent.

Heavy syllables distinguished by an accent

Heavy syllables distinguished by an accent include:[3]

In mixed acute diphthongs beginning with i or u, the acute mark is replaced by a grave; this reflects the fact that, in the standard language (but not in some dialects), the first part of the diphthong is short. In complex diphthongs, the acute accent is marked by an acute ( ´ ) diacritic over the first letter and the circumflex by a tilde ( ~ ) over the second letter. This indicates a perception that the letter is stronger in some way. For example, a higher pitch or a longer or louder sound, depending on the dialect and speaker. Stressed short vowels are marked by a grave diacritic ( ` ).

Stress

Stress is free and can occur on any syllable of the word. However, it rarely occurs more than four syllables before the end of the word. Some nouns and adjectives have fixed stress, that is, an accent remains on the same stem syllable in all the inflections. Other nouns and adjectives have mobile stress where the accent moves from place to place, particularly between stem and ending. In each declension of the noun or adjective, there are four accent classes, one fixed and three mobile, all with different patterns of movement.

Stress is a complex of various acoustic features, particularly loudness (strength and intensity).[4](pp52, 142, 149, 154, 167) Other features such as duration, spectrum and pitch, are of lesser importance in normal speech.

The frequency of syllables stressed at various positions from the ends of words varies: the last syllable is stressed 28.67% of the time; the second last, 53.22% of the time (most commonly); the third last, 16.10%, the fourth last, 1.86% and the fifth last, 0.15% (least commonly).[5] The most distant syllable that can be stressed is the sixth.

Nouns stressed in this way are declined in the same manner as other polysyllabic nouns. For example,

Polysyllabic compound words and prefixed words, usually have one or sometimes two secondary, (or weaker) stresses.[6] The further the secondary stress is from the main stress, the stronger it is. For example,

In international words, which consist of three poorly inter-flowing parts, two secondary stresses may occur. For example,

Long syllables, that is, those containing a long vowel, a diphthong, or a mixed diphthong which ends in a sonorant, may have one of two types of accents: the acute or the circumflex. In an unstressed position, the opposition of the two accents is neutralized and reflected by a circumflex accent.[4]

In dialects, there are cases when words may be differentiated only by the use of accents on unstressed syllables. One example is where an accent determines the declensional case,

In standard language, such a difference would not be emphasized. The m might have an increased emphasis in the case of an ending -e drop in sg. locative.

Syllable nucleus

Mixed and simple diphthongs are present only when they are followed by consonants or when they occur at the end of a word. When they are followed by a vowel, the diphthong is split into two syllables. For instance,

Diphthongs are distinguished from monophthongs (simple vowels) by the fact that they do not have short equivalents. Complex diphthongs differ from the others in that the second component is a vowel rather than a consonant, that is, a semivowel or sonorant and, they are not split into two syllables. For example,

Complex diphthongs also differ from monophthongs in that their rise is variable; they are longer than long vowels and, in comparison to au, ai, ei, an accent does not lengthen their parts.[8]

When foreign words are adopted, and there are simple (eu, oi, ou) or mixed diphthongs (o or e with l, m, n, or r), the sounds of the o and the e are not lengthened. One exception is the mixed diphthong, or which is found in old, nativized foreign words like morkà, carrot, and, gõrčius (meaning, measure near to three litres). In this case, the o is long and marked by a circumflex when stressed or written ò when short. (Both variants are used).

Mixed diphthongs with long vowels can be found in compound words. For example,

They compare to other mixed diphthongs where the long vowel is not present such as,

Differentiating between accents

Heavy syllables and diphthongs (simple, complex or mixed) may have two accents. The presence of minimal pairs, where an accent has a distinctive purpose, is a reason to differentiate between the way the two accents are pronounce. For example,

An accent represents a complex of acoustic features such as, sound quality (timbre), quantity, strength (intensity), fundamental frequency (pitch), and degree of pitch separation.[9] These features may be varied in order to produce dialect and in order to differentiate between two accents when they are present.

The differentiation between two accents present in monophthongs and complex diphthongs is clearest in the Samogitian dialect. It is less so in western Aukštaitian and more assimilated in the eastern and southern Aukštaitian dialects.[4] In the standard language, accents in monophthongs differ with longer circumflex vowels both in diapason (tonal grouping) and intensity.[9] In practice, however, these distinctions are minor. Similarly, in complex diphthongs (ie and uo), and mixed diphthongs beginning with i and u, the first element of these diphthongs does not lengthen when stressed. On the other hand, simple and mixed diphthongs starting in a and e are clearly differentiated in the standard language. The first part of the diphthong becomes longer and more tense under the acute accent. In eastern and southern Aukštaitian, diphthongs starting in i and u lengthen similarly to those in a and e, and thus the accents can be easily differentiated.

In the Samogitian and western Aukštaitian dialects, variation of pitch and tone is an important way to differentiate accents. For instance, accents may differ in where they appear in time relative to the peak of the pitch and the peak of the diapason.[4] In particular, the acute accent, when depicted as a graph, has a curve with pitch similar to the circumflex, but more sudden. The rise lasts for a shorter time and falls more rapidly. It starts when the pitch is higher and then, after a slight and quick rise, it falls. In comparison, the circumflex accent, when depicted as a graph, has a curve in which the rise lasts longer and falls less rapidly. It begins when the pitch is a little lower than that of the acute, rises slightly to a peak that is later than the acute and then falls at a similar rate but to a lesser extent. The Samogitian dialect also uses the "laužtinė priegaidė", a variant of the acute accent. It is similar to the Latvian broken tone and the Danish stød.

Choice of intonation is used in Lithuanian and other Indo-European languages to determine meaning. The other Indo-European languages include Latvian, Serbo-Croatian and Ancient Greek. Swedish and Norwegian also have tonal distinctions, but they're not Proto-Germanic in origin. Rather, they are a Scandinavian innovation where tonal differences have arisen when old monosyllabic words receive an additional vowel, but keep their original tonal characteristics.

Pronunciation

Kuršaitis, in his "Grammar of Lithuanian language" (Grammatik der littauischen Sprache, 1876) called the two accents "sudden" (gestossene Betonung) and "continued" (geschliffene Betonung). He described them as different variations (rise and fall) of tone and illustrated them with notes. The circumflex tone is described as a rise of a minor third interval and for the mixed diphthongs as a rise of a perfect fourth interval. The acute tone is described as a fall of a perfect fifth interval.[3]

Jaunius describes strength of voice (more than tone) as an element differentiating between the two accents. The acute accent, tvirtapradė priegaidė changes from stronger and higher to weaker and lower. The circumflex accent, tvirtagalė changes from weaker and lower to stronger and higher.[7]

Pronunciation of the two accents by speakers of dialects have minor differences. Vaitkevičiūtė studied the pronunciation of four words by speakers of dialects.[6] The words were the singular vocatives: rýte (morning), rỹti (the male name), sū́ri (cheese) and, sū̃ri (saltiness). The dialect speakers were from western Aukštaitians (Marijampolė, Vilkaviškis, Kazlų Rūda, Garliava), Veliuona, and Dzūkian.

Western Aukštaitia

In this region, the acute accent is more intense and has a higher pitch; the threshold of pitch between the accented syllable and the following syllable nucleus is larger, (56 Hz versus 51 Hz), and the length of the nuclei of the syllables is shorter (rýte, where y = 394 ms and e = 163 ms versus rỹte where y = 433 ms and e = 194 ms). Vowels with an acute are significantly shorter and less intense that vowels with a circumflex (rýte, where y length = 190 ms and e length = 102 ms versus rỹte where y length = 286 ms and e length = 80 ms).[6]

Veliuona

In this region, the acute accent is pronounced with a higher starting pitch, a shorter length and a similar intensity to the circumflex and the two accents are most easily distinguished (sū́ri, where ū length = 341 ms and i length = 170 ms versus sū̃ri where ū length = 526 ms and i length = 186 ms).

Dzūkia

In this area, the acute accent over a vowel is shorter and the threshold of pitch between the stressed syllable and the following syllable is smaller than with the circumflex. In rýte and rỹte, the fundamental frequency of the next, unstressed syllable was 78 Hz after an acute accent, and by 88 Hz after a circumflex. The length in rýte, where y = 164 ms; and e = 125 ms versus rỹte where y = 255 ms e = 124 ms.

Articulation and length

When a vowel with an acute is articulated, articulators in mouth tense, the resonance of the epiglottis decreases and the larynx rises. When a vowel with a circumflex accent is articulates, the articulators are less tense, the resonance of the epiglottis increases and the larynx moves down.[6]

Possibilities for accentuation

Vowels

Diphthongs

The length of long vowels to complex diphthongs to simple diphthongs with different kinds of accentuation occurs in ratios of 1 : 1.12 : 1.25 with acute accentuation; 1 : 1.02 : 1.08 with circumflex accentuation; and, 1 : 1.09 : 1.15 with no accentuation.[4]

When accentuated short vowels, such as ã or ẽ occur in a non-desinential syllable (one that does end in an inflection), either open or closed, they lengthen and always have a circumflex intonation. Their lengthening is not to the extent of a long vowel. Similarly, in this form, they may constitute the first part of a simple or mixed diphthong. For example,

In pronominal forms (they have two endings) there is one case, masculine singular dative, where a stressed letter a, being not on the last ending, is acute, for example, a sg. dat. of gerasis – the good: ger-á-jam (< *ger-ám-jam) of indefinite ger-ám.

There are some cases where these two sounds do not lengthen. In verbs, for example: mèsti (< *met-ti) – to throw, mèstas (or mẽstas) – thrown (but mẽtamas - being thrown). In foreign words: tèmai (dative) – theme, subject (nominative is temà 2). The rule of these two root-lengthening sounds does also not fit for sounds stressed in the ending: spalvà 4 – color (instrumental is spalvà); galvà 3 – head (instrumental is gálva); sodè loc. – in a garden (nominative sõdas 2).

Lengthened vowels a, e (and ą, ę, which were nasal in earlier times) are of the quality [a:], [ae:]. Historically, there were long vowels ā, ē ([a:], [ae:]), which today are the narrower o, ė.

Lengthening diphthongs

The contrast between the accents in diphthongs starting in a, e (au, ai, ei; a, e + l, m, n, r) is based on the quantity and quality. In acute accented cases, the first element is emphasized: it lengthens, is more tensed, open than the respective element in the circumflex cases. The second element of acute simple diphthongs is more open and less tensed than the respective element of the circumflex diphthongs.[11][12]

In the circumflex cases the second element is emphasized and lengthened.[12] But for the mixed diphthongs, the circumflex variant can also be pronounced without an emphasis and be understood only as shortness of a first element of a diphthong (in contrast to the acute, where the first element lengthens) in a standard language. In some cases, like in a word oppositional to várna 'crow': var̃nas 'raven', the r would occur more likely emphasized, than not. But in some, for example, var̃das 'name', it can occur either emphasized, or not (so that it would be understood by some as vàrdas in the latter case). Such pronunciation and understanding of a circumflex diphthong being more some like without emphasis of any of its two elements, but some like a shortness of a first element, could also fit for aũ, aĩ, eĩ diphthongs, but an emphasis of the second element (similarly to the acute case, where the first element is emphasized) is characteristic for them too. The first element of circumflex cases is similar to a short unstressed vowel – not tensed, more closed. In an aũ case a vowel a receives a slight o shade (becomes narrower).[12]

Not lengthening diphthongs

In the acute cases of the diphthongs starting in i, u (i, u + l, m, n, r; ui), the first element does not lengthen and tense in a standard language, but an emphasis remains.[12] Since it does not lengthen, the acute accent is marked by a grave. The first element of acute mixed diphthongs e, o + l, m, n, r of a foreign origin, does not lengthen as well: hèrbas – coat of arms, spòrtas – sport.

In eastern and southern Aukštaitian, dialects these acute diphthongs are lengthened similarly to a, e starting diphthongs.

In the circumflex cases, articulation is like in a, e starting diphthongs: the second element is emphasized and lengthened.[12]

Long vowels, complex diphthongs

In acute complex diphthongs (i.e., uo), the first element is more tensed and closed and the second element more closed, but less tensed than in the circumflex cases, but the two elements do not differ much.[11]

The acute long vowels, similarly, are much more closed and more tensed than the circumflex, but the contrast is lesser than in the complex diphthongs.[11]

Assimilation

The contrast between the two accents in vowels and complex diphthongs is disappearing, because the opposition between the two accents is not present in all the dialects. The base dialects of a standard language (western Aukštaitian) cover a smaller area.[11] The standard language is being affected by different dialects, where speakers pronounce the two accents differently.[11]

The mixed diphthongs starting in i, u and a simple diphthong ui are commonly pronounced without noticeable intensifying of one of the appropriate elements in both acute as well as circumflex cases. It is easy to intentionally intensify the second part in the circumflex accent, but it is common too, that it is impossible to extract, hear out them from the standard language, the sounds are pronounced without an attention on emphasizing some accentual oppositions. In a case of the mixed diphthongs starting in a, e the opposition can be understood at least by different quantity of these sounds: lengthened in the acute case, and not lengthen in the circumflex. Such lengthening helps to hold the two accents in the simple diphthongs (au, ai, ei) too (for example, in an ui case, where the first element is short, the opposition between accents is usually lost in a standard language), but in this case the lengthening, emphasis of the second element in the circumflex accentuation (similarly to the emphasis of the first element in the acute accentuation) is characteristic, not unusual.

Among the reasons of unification of accents in, for example, mixed diphthongs, there possibly is the absence of necessity to distinguish between them. For example, in the case of várna 'crow' - var̃nas 'raven', the r would probably usually be emphasized in var̃nas, but in a case of var̃das 'name', where there is no relative acute word, there can be no feeling for a speaker, that he / she should emphasize a sound r. But in these cases the distinction can be understood through quantity of a sound – the acute variant has lengthened a, and the circumflex – not lengthened. So, in diphthongs, the problematic leave i, u starting diphthongs, where a standard language speaker have no means to hear, directly know what type of the accent they should have (if they are stressed).

Word part stress and accent

Prefix

Root

Short vowels a, e in a root of a word lengthen when stressed and have a circumflex accent: ã, ẽ: (sg. nom. - sg. inst.) kẽlias - keliù 'road', rãtas - ratù 'wheel'. But these vowels do not lengthen in foreign words, some forms of disyllabic verbs: temà - tèmos 'theme' (sg. nom. - sg. gen.); mèsti 'to throw', mèstas (or mẽstas) 'thrown (past passive participle)'

Suffix

Some of the suffixes receive acute, some circumflex accents and some – either of the accents. But in the latter case the words having such suffixes have either the different endings, for example: kaimýnas – neighbour, lentýna – shelf and tėvỹnė – fatherland, lenktỹnės pl. – racing. Or the endings are same, but the words still have differences in meaning: viršū́nė – peak, summit, pinnacle, Valiū́nas, Mickū́nas (surnames) and klajū̃nė (f) – wanderer (the suffix has actor's meaning), klajū̃nas – wanderer, malū̃nas – mill.

Ending

Long endings (long vowels and diphthongs), if stressed, are accented in a circumflex accent except a few cases where acute accent occurs – dative singular (unstressed in nouns): gerám (geras - good), pronominal gerájam (< *gerám-jam); gẽrai / gerái f, pronominal gẽrajai; dative plural: geríems, pron. geríesiems; geróms, pron. gerósioms; naktìms (naktis - night). And in pronominal forms, besides datives, there are more acute ending cases – instrumental singular masculine and feminine: gerúoju (indefinite form: gerù), gerą́ja (< *gerán-jan) (indefinite: gerà); pl. acc. masc. and fem.: gerúosius (indefinite: gerùs), gerą́sias (indefinite: geràs).

Historically, some endings which are short today, where acute: gerù 'sg. dat. of geras – good' (< gerúo) : gerúoju (pronominal); keliù 'I am raising; I raise' (< keliúo) : keliúosi 'I am getting up; I get up (reflexive of keliu)'.

In nouns the singular dative and accusative forms are never stressed in the ending. Some of the declensional cases, which in some of the four accentuation patterns are stressed, in other – not stressed, are short: singular feminine nominative -à (stressed in the II, III, IV accentuation patterns), singular instrumental and locative, plural accusative and locative.

Nouns

Lithuanian nominal stems are divided into four accentual classes, usually referred to by their numbers. They are defined by the place and type (acute, circumflex accents of syllable, short stress) of the accent. The accent is either steady in the same syllable in all cases (the first pattern), or moves to the ending in one of the three patterns. Here follows the wording along the data, which is also seen in the tables below:

  1. Fixed (columnar) accent on a non-desinential syllable. If the accent is on a pre-desinential syllable, it carries the acute (acute) tone. For polysyllabic words, when they are stressed in the further from the ending syllable than the pre-desinential one is, the type of an accent can be any of the three. When the syllable stressed is further from the ending than the pre-desinential, it is most usually the first syllable of a noun.
  2. Alternation of stress on a short or circumflex (circumflex) pre-desinential syllable with desinential accentuation in a few cases. Only disyllabic nouns.
  3. Alternation of stress on a non-desinential syllable with desinential accentuation. If the accent is on a pre-desinential syllable, it carries the acute tone. Polysyllabic nouns are accented in a further than the pre-desinential syllable from the ending by any kind of the stress. There are only a marginal number of polysyllabic nouns that have stress on a pre-desinential syllable. Place of a stress is in the ending in certain cases, resembling the fourth pattern. If the intonation is acute the word has a mark 3a, 34a, (35a, 36a) written by in dictionaries, and if a circumflex or short, the mark is 3b, 34b, (35b, 36b); the number three means the number of an accentuation pattern, the letter a means the acute intonation, the letter b is for a circumflex intonation or a short stress; if the accent is in a further than the third syllable from the ending the other digit is added, for instance, 34b means that the stress falls on the fourth from the ending syllable and (b) it is short or of circumflex intonation.
  4. Alternation of stress on short or circumflex pre-desinential syllable with desinential accentuation (among these, all cases in plural number, except some in -a, -ė, -is (gen. -ies), -us types). The number of polysyllabic words of this pattern is marginal, two common nouns and few place names.

Relation between accent type and accentuation pattern (the certain stress places in the cases):

  • The words having circumflex intonation (|__̃|-|__|) or short sound stress (|_̀|-|__|) in the pre-desinential syllable (in the stem accentuation cases; in other cases they have accent on the desinence) are accentuated in the second or the fourth patterns.
  • The words having acute intonation (|_́_|-|__|, |_̀_|-|__|) in the next-to-last syllable (for the first accentuation pattern the accent falls only on the stem, for the third it moves to the ending in certain cases) are accentuated in the first or the third patterns.

Accentuation tables

I II III IV
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Instrumental
Locative
Vocative		 sývas
sývo
sývui
sývą
sývu
sýve
sýve 		ìrklas
ìrklo
ìrklui
ìrklą
ìrklu
ìrkle
ìrkle 		sõdas
sõdo
sõdui
sõdą
sodù
sodè
sõde 		mẽtas
mẽto
mẽtui
mẽtą
metù
metè
mẽte 		iñdas
iñdo
iñdui
iñdą
indù
indè
iñde 		stógas
stógo
stógui
stógą
stógu
stogè
stóge 		krė́slas
krė́slo
krė́slui
krė́slą
krė́slu
krėslè
krė́sle 		strãzdas
strãzdo
strãzdui
strãzdą
strazdù
strazdè
strãzde 		lẽdas
lẽdo
lẽdui
lẽdą
ledù
ledè
lẽde
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Instrumental
Locative		 sývai
sývų
sývams
sývus
sývais
sývuose 		ìrklai
ìrklų
ìrklams
ìrklus
ìrklais
ìrkluose 		sõdai
sõdų
sõdams
sodùs
sõdais
sõduose 		mẽtai
mẽtų
mẽtams
metùs
mẽtais
mẽtuose 		iñdai
iñdų
iñdams
indùs
iñdais
iñduose 		stogaĩ
stogų̃
stogáms
stógus
stogaĩs
stoguosè 		krėslaĩ
krėslų̃
krėsláms
krė́slus
krėslaĩs
krėsluosè 		strazdaĩ
strazdų̃
strazdáms
strazdùs
strazdaĩs
strazduosè 		ledaĩ
ledų̃
ledáms
ledùs
ledaĩs
leduosè

spùrga
spùrgos
spùrgai
spùrgą
spùrga
spùrgoje
spùrga 		rankà
rañkos
rañkai
rañką
rankà
rañkoje
rañka 		galvà
galvõs
gálvai
gálvą
gálva
galvojè
gálva 		dainà
dainõs
daĩnai
daĩną
dainà
dainojè
daĩna
spùrgos
spùrgų
spùrgoms
spùrgas
spùrgomis
spùrgose 		rañkos
rañkų
rañkoms
rankàs
rañkomis
rañkose 		gálvos
galvų̃
galvóms
gálvas
galvomìs
galvosè 		daĩnos
dainų̃
dainóms
dainàs
dainomìs
dainosè
brólis
brólio
bróliui
brólį
bróliu
brólyje
bróli 		mẽdis
mẽdžio
mẽdžiui
mẽdį
medžiù
mẽdyje
mẽdi 		arklỹs
árklio
árkliui
árklį
árkliu
arklyjè
arklỹ 		vélnias
vélnio
vélniui
vélnią
vélniu
velnyjè
vélniau 		kepsnỹs
kẽpsnio
kẽpsniui
kẽpsnį
kepsniù
kepsnyjè
kepsnỹ 		kẽlias
kẽlio
kẽliui
kẽlią
keliù
kelyjè
kelỹ
bróliai
brólių
bróliams
brólius
bróliais
bróliuose 		mẽdžiai
mẽdžių
mẽdžiams
medžiùs
mẽdžiais
mẽdžiuose 		arkliaĩ
arklių̃
arkliáms
árklius
arkliaĩs
arkliuosè 		velniaĩ
velnių̃
velniáms
vélnius
velniaĩs
velniuosè 		kepsniaĩ
kepsnių̃
kepsniáms
kepsniùs
kepsniaĩs
kepsniuosè 		keliaĩ
kelių̃
keliáms
keliùs
keliaĩs
keliuosè

dróbė
dróbės
dróbei
dróbę
dróbe
dróbėje
dróbe 		brãškė
brãškės
brãškei
brãškę
braškè
brãškėje
brãške 		varškė̃
varškė̃s
várškei
várškę
várške
varškėjè
várške 		erdvė̃
erdvė̃s
er̃dvei
er̃dvę
erdvè
erdvėjè
er̃dve
dróbės
dróbių
dróbėms
dróbes
dróbėmis
dróbėse 		brãškės
brãškių
brãškėms
braškès
brãškėmis
brãškėse 		várškės
varškių̃
varškė́ms
várškes
varškėmìs
varškėsè 		er̃dvės
erdvių̃
erdvė́ms
erdvès
erdvėmìs
erdvėsè
tóšis
tóšies
tóšiai
tóšį
tóšimi
tóšyje
tóšie 		slìstis
slìsties
slìsčiai
slìstį
slìstimi
slìstyje
slìstie 		širdìs
širdiẽs
šìrdžiai
šìrdį
širdimì
širdyjè
širdiẽ 		naktìs
naktiẽs
nãkčiai
nãktį
naktimì
naktyjè
naktiẽ 		šuõ
šuñs
šùniui
šùnį
šunimì
šunyjè
šuniẽ
tóšys
tóšių
tóšims
tóšis
tóšimis
tóšyse 		slìstys
slìsčių
slìstims
slistìs
slìstimis
slìstyse 		šìrdys
širdžių̃
širdìms
šìrdis
širdimìs
širdysè 		nãktys
naktų̃
naktìms
naktìs
naktimìs
naktysè 		šùnys
šunų̃
šunìms
šunìs
šunimìs
šunysè

ámžius
ámžiaus
ámžiui
ámžių
ámžiumi
ámžiuje
ámžiau 		tur̃gus
tur̃gaus
tur̃gui
tur̃gų
tur̃gumi
tur̃guje
tur̃gau 		sõdžius
sõdžiaus
sõdžiui
sõdžių
sõdžiumi
sõdžiuje
sõdžiau 		sūnỹs
sūnaũs
sū́nui
sū́nų
sūnumì
sūnujè
sūnaũ 		viršùs
viršaũs
vir̃šui
vir̃šų
viršumì
viršujè
viršaũ
ámžiai
ámžių
ámžiams
ámžius
ámžiais
ámžiuose 		tur̃gūs
tur̃gų
tur̃gums
turgùs
tur̃gumis
tur̃guose 		sõdžiai
sõdžių
sõdžiams
sodžiùs
sõdžiais
sõdžiuose 		sū́nūs
sūnų̃
sūnùms
sū́nus
sūnumìs
sūnuosè 		vir̃šūs
viršų̃
viršùms
viršùs
viršumìs
viršuosè

II
dalỹkas
dalỹko
dalỹkui
dalỹką
dalykù
dalykè
dalỹke 		vaikìnas
vaikìno
vaikìnui
vaikìną
vaikinỹ
vaikinè
vaikìne 		merginà
mergìnos
mergìnai
mergìną
merginà
mergìnoje
mergìna 		sveikatà
sveikãtos
sveikãtą
sveikãtai
sveikatà
sveikãtoje
sveikãta 		balañdis
balañdžio
balañdžiui
balañdį
balandžiù
balañdyje
balañdis 		jaunuõlis
jaunuõlio
jaunuõliui
jaunuõlį
jaunuoliù
jaunuõlyje
jaunuõli 		jaunuõlė
jaunuõlės
jaunuõlei
jaunuõlę
jaunuolè
jaunuõlėje
jaunuõle 		kepùrė
kepùrės
kepùrei
kepùrę
kepurè
kepùrėje
kepùre 		pavõjus
pavõjaus
pavõjui
pavõjų
pavõjumi
pavõjuose
pavõjai
dalỹkai
dalỹkų
dalỹkams
dalykùs
dalỹkais
dalỹkuose 		vaikìnai
vaikìnų
vaikìnams
vaikinỹs
vaikìnais
vaikìnuose 		mergìnos
mergìnų
mergìnoms
merginàs
mergìnomis
mergìnose 		sveikãtos
sveikãtų
sveikãtoms
sveikatàs
sveikãtomis
sveikãtose 		balañdžiai
balañdžių
balañdžiams
balandžiùs
balañdžiais
balañdžiuose 		jaunuõliai
jaunuõlių
jaunuõliams
jaunuoliùs
jaunuõliais
jaunuõliuose 		jaunuõlės
jaunuõlių
jaunuõlėms
jaunuolès
jaunuõlėmis
jaunuõlėse 		kepùrės
kepùrių
kepùrėms
kepurès
kepùrėmis
kepùrėse 		pavõjai
pavõjų
pavõjams
pavojùs
pavõjais
pavõjuose

III
víesulas
víesulo
víesului
víesulą
víesulu
viesulè
víesule 		pãdaras
pãdaro
pãdarui
pãdarą
pãdaru
padarè
pãdare 		kìbiras
kìbiro
kìbirui
kìbirą
kìbiru
kibirè
kìbire 		gniùtulas
gniùtulo
gniùtului
gniùtulą
gniùtulu
gniutulè
gniùtule 		gyvulỹs
gývulio
gývuliui
gývulį
gývuliu
gyvulyjè
gyvulỹ 		auksakalỹs
áuksakalio
áuksakaliui
áuksakalį
áuksakaliu
auksakalyjè
auksakalỹ 		švyturỹs
švỹturio
švỹturiui
švỹturį
švỹturiu
švyturyjè
švyturỹ 		vyndarỹs
vỹndario
vỹndariui
vỹndarį
vỹndariu
vyndaryjè
vyndarỹ 		rutulỹs
rùtulio
rùtuliui
rùtulį
rùtuliu
rutulyjè
rutulỹ
viesulaĩ
viesulų̃
viesuláms
víesulus
viesulaĩs
viesuluosè 		padaraĩ
padarų̃
padaráms
pãdarus
padaraĩs
padaruosè 		kibiraĩ
kibirų̃
kibiráms
kìbirus
kibiraĩs
kibiruosè 		gniutulaĩ
gniutulų̃
gniutuláms
gniùtulus
gniutulaĩs
gniutuluosè 		gyvuliaĩ
gyvulių̃
gyvuliáms
gỹvulius
gyvuliaĩs
gyvuliuosè 		auksakaliaĩ
auksakalių̃
auksakaliáms
áuksakalius
auksakaliaĩs
auksakaliuosè 		švyturiaĩ
švyturių̃
švyturiáms
švỹturius
švyturiaĩs
švyturiuosè 		vyndariaĩ
vyndarių̃
vyndariáms
vỹndarius
vyndariaĩs
vyndariuosè 		rutuliaĩ
rutulių̃
rutuliáms
rùtulius
rutuliaĩs
rutuliuosè

III
aukštumà
aukštumõs
áukštumai
áukštumą
áukštuma
aukštumojè
áukštuma 		dykumà
dykumõs
dỹkumai
dỹkumą
dỹkuma
dykumojè
dỹkuma 		pakarpà
pakarpõs
pãkarpai
pãkarpą
pãkarpa
pakarpojè
pãkarpa 		iškilumà
iškilumõs
ìškilumai
ìškilumą
ìškiluma
iškilumojè
ìškiluma 		auksakalė̃
auksakalė̃s
áuksakalei
áuksakalę
áuksakale
auksakalėjè
áuksakale 		vyndarė̃
vyndarė̃s
vỹndarei
vỹndarę
vỹndare
vyndarėjè
vỹndare
áukštumos
aukštumų̃
aukštumóms
áukštumas
aukštumomìs
aukštumosè 		dỹkumos
dykumų̃
dykumóms
dỹkumas
dykumomìs
dykumosè 		pãkarpos
pakarpų̃
pakarpóms
pãkarpas
pakarpomìs
pakarposè 		ìškilumos
iškilumų̃
iškilumóms
ìškilumas
iškilumomìs
iškilumosè 		áuksakalės
auksakalių̃
auksakalė́ms
áuksakales
auksakalėmìs
auksakalėsè 		vỹndarės
vyndarių̃
vyndarė́ms
vỹndares
vyndarėmìs
vyndarėsè

III
obelìs
obeliẽs
óbeliai
óbelį
obelimì
obelyjè
obeliẽ 		patirtìs
patirtiẽs
pãtirčiai
pãtirtį
patirtimì
patirtyjè
patirtiẽ 		kibirkštìs
kibirkštiẽs
kìbirkščiai
kìbirkštį
kibirkštimì
kibirkštyjè
kibirkštiẽ 		vanduõ
vandeñs
vándeniui
vándenį
vandenimì
vandenyjè
vandeniẽ 		akmuõ
akmeñs
ãkmeniui
ãkmenį
akmenimì
akmenyjè
akmeniẽ
óbelys
obelų̃
obelìms
óbelis
obelimìs
obelysè 		pãtirtys
patirčių̃
patirtìms
pãtirtis
patirtimìs
patirtysè 		kìbirkštys
kibirkščių̃
kibirkštìms
kìbirkštis
kibirkštimìs
kibirkštysè 		vándenys
vandenų̃
vandenìms
vándenis
vandenimìs
vandenysè 		ãkmenys
akmenų̃
akmenìms
ãkmenis
akmenimìs
akmenysè

I
daržóvė
daržóvės
daržóvei
daržóvę
daržóve
daržóvėje
daržóve 		šešė́lis
šešė́lio
šešė́liui
šešė́lį
šešė́liu
šešė́lyje
šešė́li 		pavãsaris
pavãsario
pavãsariui
pavãsarį
pavãsariu
pavãsaryje
pavãsari 		vãsara
vãsaros
vãsarai
vãsarą
vãsara
vãsaroje
vãsara 		liùdytojas
liùdytojo
liùdytojui
liùdytoją
liùdytoju
liùdytojuje
liùdytojau 		sánkaba
sánkabos
sánkabai
sánkabą
sánkaba
sánkaboje
sánkaba
daržóvės
daržóvėms
daržóvių
daržóvėms
daržóves
daržóvėse 		šešė́liai
šešė́lių
šešė́liams
šešė́lius
šešė́liais
šešė́liuose 		pavãsariai
pavãsarių
pavãsariams
pavãsarius
pavãsariais
pavãsariuose 		vãsaros
vãsarų
vãsaroms
vãsaras
vãsaromis
vãsarose 		liùdytoja
liùdytojų
liùdytojams
liùdytojus
liùdytojais
liùdytojuose 		sánkabos
sánkabų
sánkaboms
sánkabas
sánkabomis
sánkabose

References

  1. ↑ Pakerys A. "Lietuvių bendrinės kalbos prozodija." 1982. Priegaidė is translated as an accent.
  2. ↑ Kudirka R. "Acoustic features of pitch in Standard Lithuanian monophthongs." Ceeol.com
  3. 1 2 Girdenis A. "Frydricho Kuršaičio priegaidės (akustinė rekonstrukcija)." Baltistica 2008 XLIII (3) p.381 - 404.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Pakerys A. "Lietuvių bendrinės kalbos prozodija." Mokslas, Vilnius 1982.
  5. ↑ Stundžia B "Lietuvių kalbos kirčiavimas: mokytojo knyga." Baltos lankos, Vilnius 1996, p20.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Vaitkevičiūtė V. "Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos kirčiavimas." Šviesa, Kaunas 2004 p. 15–24.
  7. 1 2 Laigonaitė A. "Literatūrinės lietuvių kalbos kirčiavimas" Vilnius 1959 p. 5, 6 and 17.
  8. ↑ Kazimieras Garšva "Complex diphthongs ie, uo and their phonological interpretation." Žmogus ir žodis 2001 p.23
  9. 1 2 Kudirka R. "Acoustic features of pitch in Standard Lithuanian monophthongs." Acta linguistica Lithuanica 2005 p.4a and 20b. (An analysis of the language of two speakers of standard Lithuanian).
  10. 1 2 Both I-ogonek with acute and I-ogonek with tilde should keep their dot in lowercase, i.e. I-ogonek with dot and acute and I-ogonek with dot and tilde (see Lithuanian Standards Board, Proposal to add Lithuanian accented letters to the UCS, N4191, December 2011). They can properly be encoded as ⟨į̇́⟩ U+012F U+0307 U+0301 and ⟨į̇̃⟩ 012F 0307 0303 (See http://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/NamedSequences.txt).
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Vaitkevičiūtė (2004), Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos kirčiavimas, p. 12
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Stundžia (1996), Lietuvių kalbos kirčiavimas: mokytojo knyga, p. 27

External links

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