Ma'alul

Ma'alul

A restored church in Ma'lul in July 2010
Ma'alul
Arabic معلول
Name meaning from personal name[1]
Also spelled Ma'lul, Maalul, Maaloul, Mahlul
Subdistrict Nazareth
Coordinates 32°41′44.12″N 35°14′22.18″E / 32.6955889°N 35.2394944°E / 32.6955889; 35.2394944Coordinates: 32°41′44.12″N 35°14′22.18″E / 32.6955889°N 35.2394944°E / 32.6955889; 35.2394944
Palestine grid 172/233
Population 690 (1945)
Area 4,698 dunams
4.7 km²
Date of depopulation 15 July 1948[2]
Cause(s) of depopulation Military assault by Yishuv forces
Current localities Migdal HaEmek, Kfar HaHoresh, Timrat,[3][4] and an Israeli military base

Ma'alul (Arabic: معلول‎‎) was a village, made up primarily of Palestinian Christians, that was depopulated and destroyed by Israel during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war. Located six kilometers west of the city of Nazareth,[5] many of its inhabitants became internally displaced refugees, after taking refuge in Nazareth[6] and the neighbouring town of Yafa an-Naseriyye.[7] Despite having never left the territory that came to form part of Israel, the majority of the villagers of Maalul, and other Palestinian villages like Andor and Al-Mujidal, were declared "absentees", allowing for the confiscation of their land under the Absentees Property Law.[8]

Today, much of the former village's lands are owned by the Jewish National Fund.[9] All that remains of its former structures are two churches, a mosque and a Roman era mausoleum, known locally as Qasr al-Dayr ("Castle of the monastery").[5]

History

In 1850, Rabbi Joseph Schwartz identified Ma'alul with the Biblical town of Nahalal.[10][11]

Ottoman era

Incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, Ma'alul appeared in the census of 1596, located in the nahiya ("subdistrict") of Tiberias under the liwa' ("district") of Safad with a population of seventy-seven. It paid taxes on a number of crops, including wheat and barley, as well as goats and beehives.[12][13] Pierre Jacotin called the village Matoun on his map from 1799.[14]

Ma'alul, and the neighbouring towns and villages of Nazareth, Mejdal, Yafa, Jebatha and Kneffis paid taxes to the monks of Nazareth, who bought the right to collect these taxes from the Ottoman authorities in 1777 for two hundred dollars. Thirty years later, they again purchased this right, though this time for two thousands five hundred dollars, owing to the rise in the price of cereals and ground rents.[15]

By the late nineteenth century, the village was made of adobe bricks, built on a hill, with an estimated population of 280, who cultivated 42 faddans of land. Just outside the village was a magnificent Roman mausoleum, called Qasr al-Dayr.[16]

British Mandate era

Ma'alul church, in the 1930s

According to the British Mandate's 1922 census of Palestine, Ma'alul had 436 inhabitants; 186 Muslims and 250 Christians,[17] where all the Christians were Orthodox.[18]

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the people of Ma'alul were tenants of the Sursuq family of Beirut, absentee landlords who had acquired the village lands earlier. In 1911 the Sursuqs sold all but 2,000 dunams of Ma'alul's land to the Zionist Palestine Land Development Company.[19] The remaining 2,000 dunums were insufficient to support the village's population, so at the request of the Mandate government, the company agreed to lease an additional 3,000 dunams to the villagers until 1927. The villagers had the option to buy this land before the lease expired.[4]

By the 1931 census the population had decreased to 390; 228 Muslims, and 162 Christians, in a total of 90 houses.[20] In 1945 the population of Ma'alul was 690; 490 Muslims and 200 Christians,[21] with a total of 4,698 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey.[22] Of this, a total of 650 dunams were for plantations and irrigable land, 3,462 for cereals,[23] while 29 dunams were built-up land.[24]

1948, and aftermath

The village was captured by the Israeli army on 15 July 1948 during Operation Dekel. The villagers were forced to leave and the houses destroyed.[4]

In 1949 an Israeli military base was built on village land.[25]

Walid Khalidi describes the remains of Ma'alul in 1992:

The village site is now covered with a pine forest planted by the Jewish National Fund and dedicated to the memory of prominent Jews and some non-Jewish Americans and Europeans. A military base is also on the site. The mosque and two churches still stand, and are used intermittently as cow sheds by the residents of Kibbutz Kefar ha-Choresh. Overlooking Wadi al-Halabi, between the village site and the site of al-Mujaydil, is an Israeli plastics factory. Cactus, olive trees, and fig trees grow on the site, which is strewn with piles of stones. A few tombs in the Muslim cemetery across from the mosque can be seen. The main village site also contains the remains of houses.[26]

Documentary: Ma'loul Celebrates its Destruction

Ma'alul was the object of the 1985 documentary film by Michel Khleifi; Ma'loul Celebrates its Destruction.[27][28]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Palmer, 1881, p. 113
  2. ↑ Morris, 2004, p. xvii, village #138. Also gives cause of depopulation.
  3. ↑ Morris, 2004, p. xx, settlement #12.
  4. 1 2 3 Khalidi, 1992, p. 347
  5. 1 2 Ma'lul, Palestine Remembered, retrieved 2008-03-31
  6. ↑ Rabinowitz, 1997, p. 27
  7. ↑ Nihad Bokae'e (February 2003), Palestinian Internally Displaced Persons inside Israel:Challenging the Solid Structures (PDF), Badil, archived from the original (PDF) on June 14, 2007
  8. ↑ Hal Draper (Winter 1957), "Israel's Arab Minority:The Great Land Robbery", New International, XXIII (1): 7–30, retrieved 2008-03-31
  9. ↑ Merrilee Langenbrunner (December 1, 2002), Mourning the departure of Arab Christians, Catholic New Times, retrieved 2008-03-31
  10. ↑ Keil, 1865, p. 194
  11. ↑ Schwarz, 1850, p. 172
  12. ↑ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 189. Quoted in Khalidi, p. 346.
  13. ↑ Note that Rhode, 1979, p. 6 writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9
  14. ↑ Karmon, 1960, p. 167
  15. ↑ De Haas, 1934, p. 361
  16. ↑ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, pp. 274 - 322-335 Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 347
  17. ↑ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Nazareth, p. 38
  18. ↑ Barron, 1923, Table XVI, p. 50
  19. ↑ a total of 16,000 dunams, with 90 families, according to List of villages sold by Sursocks and their partners to the Zionists since British occupation of Palestine, evidence to the Shaw Commission, 1930
  20. ↑ Mills, 1932, p. 74
  21. ↑ Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 8
  22. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 62
  23. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 109
  24. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 159
  25. ↑ Pappe, 2006, p. 216
  26. ↑ Khalidi, 1992, p. 348
  27. ↑ Dabashi, Hamid, and Said, Edward (preface) (2006): Dreams Of A Nation: On Palestinian Cinema, Verso Books, London, United Kingdom, ISBN 1-84467-088-0, Chapter 4: Bashir Abu-Manneh: Towards Liberation: Michel Khleifi's Ma'loul and Canticle (p. 58-69)
  28. ↑ Gertz, Nurith; Khleifi, George (2008): Palestinian Cinema: Landscape, Trauma, and Memory, Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-22007-6 p.80-81

Bibliography

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External links

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