Makhtesh

Aerial view of Makhtesh Ramon, one of Israel's five makhteshim.

Makhtesh Gadol's southern "Ribs"

The larger Arif makhtesh.

A makhtesh (Hebrew: מַכְתֵּשׁ‎ ([maχˈteʃ]), plural: מַכְתְּשִׁים‎ ([ˈmaχtəˌʃim] – Makhteshim) is a geological landform considered unique to the Negev desert of Israel and the Sinai peninsula of Egypt. A makhtesh has steep walls of resistant rock surrounding a deep closed valley which is usually drained by a single wadi. The valleys have limited vegetation and soil, containing a variety of different colored rocks and diverse fauna and flora. The best known and largest makhtesh is Makhtesh Ramon.

Etymology

Although commonly referred to as "craters," these formations are "erosion cirques" (steephead valleys or box canyons). Craters are formed by the impact of a meteor or volcanic eruption, whereas makhteshim are created by erosion.^[1]

The word makhtesh is the Hebrew word for a mortar grinder (מַכְתֵּשׁ‎). ^[2] The geological landform was given this name, because of its similarity to a grinding bowl.

Geology

The outer wall of Makhtesh Katan

Where a hard outer layer of rock covers softer rocks, erosion removes the softer minerals relatively quickly, and they are washed away from under the harder rock. The harder rocks eventually collapse under their own weight and a crater-like valley structure is formed. In Negev and Sinai makhteshim, the hard rocks are limestone and dolomite, while the inner softer rocks are chalk or sandstone. ^[3]

The center of the Negev is dominated by northeast-southwest anticlinal ridges. The crests of four ridges host five deep valleys surrounded by steep walls. The upper half consists of hard limestone and dolomite and the bottom of friable sandstone. Each valley, known as a makhtesh, is drained by a narrow river bed.^[4]

Negev

The Negev has five makhteshim: Makhtesh Ramon; Makhtesh Gadol; Makhtesh Katan; and two small makhteshim on Mount Arif, south of Makhtesh Ramon.

• Makhtesh Ramon is exceptional as it is drained by two rivers (Nahal Ramon and Nahal Ardon). It is the largest makhtesh at over 40km long, 2–10km wide and over 500m deep. The rocks in this makhtesh contain thousands of ammonite fossils, as well as volcanic and metamorphic rocks.
• Makhtesh Gadol (Large Makhtesh) At the time of naming, Makhtesh Ramon was uncharted and so this was thought to be the largest makhtesh, at 5km by 10km.
• Makhtesh Katan (Small Makhtesh) is the smallest major makhtesh at 5km by 7km and was charted in 1942 by Jewish explorers.

Makhtesh Katan

Sinai

The two makhteshim in Sinai, Egypt, have no names for the basin, but their walls have several names including Jabal al-Manzur or Gebel Maghara.

Gallery

• 
  The walls of the Makhtesh (small Makhtesh)
• 
  Colorful sandstone in Makhtesh Katan
• 
  Makhtesh Katan
• 
  Colorful sandstone in the small Makhtesh
• 
  Acacia tree inside Makhtesh Gadol
• 
  Mist flowing over the northern rim of Makhtesh Gadol
• 
  Ramon Monocline on the southern side of Makhtesh Ramon
• 
  Ramon Fault on the southern side of Makhtesh Ramon

References

1. Desert ecology: Naming
2. Safa-Ivrit Hebrew Dictionary: מכתש (Hebrew)
3. Conservation and the Desert:Rock types
4. Makhteshim Country

Further reading

• Mazor, Emanuel and Krasnov, Boris, editors "The Makhteshim Country - a Laboratory of Nature". Pensoft Publishers, Sofia, 2001, 411 pages. ISBN 954-642-135-9