Marmorkrebs

Marmorkrebs
Adult marmorkrebs
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Crustacea
Class: Malacostraca
Order: Decapoda
Family: Cambaridae
Genus: Procambarus
Species: P. fallax
Form: P. f. f. virginalis
Trinomial name
Procambarus fallix f. virginalis
Martin et al., 2010 [1]

Marmorkrebs, or marbled crayfish, are parthenogenetic crayfish that were discovered in the pet trade in Germany in the 1990s.[2] Procambarus fallax forma virginalis is an informal subspecies designation for marmorkrebs, and some researchers have proposed a new species designation, Procambarus virginalis.[3] Marmorkrebs are closely related to the "slough crayfish", Procambarus fallax.[1] P. fallax is widely distributed across Florida,[4] but no natural populations of marmorkrebs are known. Information provided by one of the original pet traders as to where the marmorkrebs originated was deemed "totally confusing and unreliable".[5] Marmorkrebs is German for "marbled crayfish".

Model organism

Marmorkrebs are the only known decapod crustaceans to reproduce only by parthenogenesis.[2] All individuals are female, and the offspring are genetically identical to the parent.[3][6] Marmorkrebs are triploid animals,[3][7] which may be the main reason for their parthenogenetic reproduction. Marmorkrebs are thus a model for the rapid generation of species.[3]

Because marmorkrebs are genetically identical, easy to care for,[8] and reproduce at high rates, they are a potential model organism, particularly for studying development.[9] A major drawback, however, is the long generation time (several months) compared to other research organisms.[10]

Invasive species

Marmorkrebs have caused concern as a potential invasive species[2] because only a single individual is needed to establish a new population, and they can reproduce at high rates. They have since been introduced into natural ecosystems on three continents. They have been found in the wild in Germany,[5][11][12] Italy,[13] the Netherlands,[14] Sweden,[15] Hungary,[16] Slovakia,[17] Ukraine,[18] Madagascar,[19] and Japan,[20] probably through release or escape from aquaria. Marmorkrebs are one of the most widely distributed species of crayfish in the international pet trade.[21]

While initial reports of marmorkrebs in the wild in Europe consisted of only single individuals,[11] the number of European countries reporting populations of marmorkrebs is rising.[22] The European Union is in the process of instituting "a total ban on the possession, trade, transport, production and release of these species [including Marmorkrebs] in the wild".[23]

The Madagascar population is growing rapidly,[19] causing concern among local authorities.[24]

Although no cases of marmorkrebs have been found in the wild in North America, they are widely distributed among hobbyists in the North American pet trade.[25][26] Due to concerns about the possible damage caused by their introduction, they are prohibited in Missouri [27] and Tennessee.[28]

References

  1. 1 2 Peer Martin, Nathan J. Dorn, Tadashi Kawai, Craig van der Heiden & Gerhard Scholtz (2010). "The enigmatic Marmorkrebs (marbled crayfish) is the parthenogenetic form of Procambarus fallax (Hagen, 1870)" (PDF). Contributions to Zoology. 79 (3): 107–118.
  2. 1 2 3 Gerhard Scholtz, Anke Braband, Laura Tolley, André Reimann, Beate Mittmann, Chris Lukhaup, Frank Steuerwald & Günter Vogt (2003). "Parthenogenesis in an outsider crayfish". Nature. 421 (6925): 806. doi:10.1038/421806a. PMID 12594502.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Vogt, Günter; Falckenhayn, Cassandra; Schrimpf, Anne; Schmid, Katharina; Hanna, Katharina; Panteleit, Jörn; Helm, Mark; Schulz, Ralf; Lyko, Frank (2015). "The marbled crayfish as a paradigm for saltational speciation by autopolyploidy and parthenogenesis in animals". Biology Open. 4 (11): 1583–1594. doi:10.1242/bio.014241. PMC 4728364Freely accessible. PMID 26519519.
  4. ↑ Horton H. Hobbs, Jr. (1942). "The crayfishes of Florida". University of Florida Publication: Biological Series. 3 (2): 1–179.
  5. 1 2 Günter Vogt, Laura Tolley & Gerhard Scholtz (2004). "Life stages and reproductive components of the Marmorkrebs (marbled crayfish), the first parthenogenetic decapod crustacean". Journal of Morphology. 261 (3): 286–311. doi:10.1002/jmor.10250.
  6. ↑ Peer Martin, Klaus Kohlmann & Gerhard Scholtz (2007). "The parthenogenetic Marmorkrebs (marbled crayfish) produces genetically uniform offspring". Naturwissenschaften. 94 (10): 843–846. doi:10.1007/s00114-007-0260-0. PMID 17541537.
  7. ↑ Martin P, Thonagel S, Scholtz G (2015). "The parthenogenetic Marmorkrebs (Malacostraca: Decapoda: Cambaridae) are triploid organisms". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 54: n/a. doi:10.1111/jzs.12114.
  8. ↑ Stephanie A. Jimenez & Zen Faulkes (2010). "Establishment and care of a laboratory colony of parthenogenetic marbled crayfish, Marmorkrebs". Invertebrate Rearing. 1 (1): 10–18.
  9. ↑ Frederike Alwes & Gerhard Scholtz (2006). "Stages and other aspects of the embryology of the parthenogenetic Marmorkrebs (Decapoda, Reptantia, Astacida)". Development Genes and Evolution. 216 (4): 169–184. doi:10.1007/s00427-005-0041-8.
  10. ↑ Günter Vogt (2010). "Suitability of the clonal marbled crayfish for biogerontological research: A review and perspective, with remarks on some further crustaceans". Biogerontology. 11 (6): 643–669. doi:10.1007/s10522-010-9291-6. PMID 20582627.
  11. 1 2 Peer Martin, Hong Shen, Gert Füllner & Gerhard Scholtz (2010). "The first record of the parthenogenetic Marmorkrebs (Decapoda, Astacida, Cambaridae) in the wild in Saxony (Germany) raises the question of its actual threat to European freshwater ecosystems". Aquatic Invasions. 5 (4): 397–403. doi:10.3391/ai.2010.5.4.09.
  12. ↑ Christoph Chucholl & Michael Pfeiffer (2010). "First evidence for an established Marmorkrebs (Decapoda, Astacida, Cambaridae) population in Southwestern Germany, in syntopic occurrence with Orconectes limosus (Rafinesque, 1817)". Aquatic Invasions. 5 (4): 405–412. doi:10.3391/ai.2010.5.4.10.
  13. ↑ Francesco Nonnis Marzano, Massimiliano Scalici, Stefania Chiesa, Francesca Gherardi, Armando Piccinini & Giancarlo Gibertini (2009). "The first record of the marbled crayfish adds further threats to fresh waters in Italy". Aquatic Invasions. 4 (2): 401–404. doi:10.3391/ai.2009.4.2.19.
  14. ↑ D. M. Holdich & M. Pöckl (2007). "Invasive crustaceans in European inland waters". In Francesca Gherardi. Biological Invaders in Inland Waters: Profiles, Distribution, and Threats. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp. 29–75. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6029-8_2. ISBN 978-1-4020-6029-8.
  15. ↑ P. Bohman; L. Edsman; P. Martin; G. Scholtz (2013). "The first Marmorkrebs (Decapoda: Astacida: Cambaridae) in Scandinavia" (PDF). BioInvasions Records. 2 (3): 227–232. doi:10.3391/bir.2013.2.3.09.
  16. ↑ Lőkkös A, Müller T, Kovács K, Várkonyi L, Specziár A, Martin P (2016). "The alien, parthenogenetic marbled crayfish (Decapoda: Cambaridae) is entering Kis-Balaton (Hungary), one of Europe's most important wetland biotopes". Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems. 417 (417): 16. doi:10.1051/kmae/2016003.
  17. ↑ Boris Lipták; Agata Mrugała; Ladislav Pekárik; Anton Mutkovič; Daniel Gruľa; Adam Petrusek & Antonín Kouba (2016). "Expansion of the marbled crayfish in Slovakia: beginning of an invasion in the Danube catchment?". Journal of Limnology. doi:10.4081/jlimnol.2016.1313.
  18. ↑ RA Novitsky; MO Son (2016). "The first records of Marmorkrebs [Procambarus fallax (Hagen, 1870) f. virginalis] (Crustacea, Decapoda, Cambaridae) in Ukraine". Ecologica Montenegrina. 5: 44–46.
  19. 1 2 Julia P. G. Jones, Jeanne R. Rasamy, Andrew Harvey, Alicia Toon, Birgit Oidtmann, Michele H. Randrianarison, Noromalala Raminosoa & Olga R. Ravoahangimalala (2008). "The perfect invader: a parthenogenic crayfish poses a new threat to Madagascar's freshwater biodiversity". Biological Invasions. 11 (6): 1475–1482. doi:10.1007/s10530-008-9334-y.
  20. ↑ Tadashi Kawai; M. Takahata, eds. (2010). The Biology of Freshwater Crayfish. Sapporo: Hokkaido University Press. ISBN 978-4-8329-8194-2.
  21. ↑ Zen Faulkes (2015). "The global trade in crayfish as pets". Crustacean Research. 44: 75–92. doi:10.18353/crustacea.44.0_75.
  22. ↑ C. Chucholl; K. Morawetz; H. Groß H (2012). "The clones are coming – strong increase in Marmorkrebs [Procambarus fallax (Hagen, 1870) f. virginalis] records from Europe". Aquatic Invasions. 7 (4): 511–519. doi:10.3391/ai.2012.7.4.008.
  23. ↑ Zen Faulkes (February 17, 2016). "Has the European Union regulated Marmorkrebs?". Marmorkrebs blog. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
  24. ↑ Klaus Heimer (18 August 2010). "Invasion of self-cloning crayfish alarms Madagascar". Deutsche Presse-Agentur wire story.
  25. ↑ Zen Faulkes (2010). "The spread of the parthenogenetic marbled crayfish, Marmorkrebs (Procambarus sp.), in the North American pet trade". Aquatic Invasions. 5 (4): 447–450. doi:10.3391/ai.2010.5.4.16.
  26. ↑ Zen Faulkes (2015). "Marmorkrebs (Procambarus fallax f. virginalis) are the most popular crayfish in the North American pet trade". Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems. 416 (416): 20. doi:10.1051/kmae/2015016.
  27. ↑ Anonymous (17 May 2010). "Conservation Action Meeting of the March 2010 Conservation Commission". Missouri Department of Conservation. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
  28. ↑ Zen Faulkes (January 25, 2016). "Sell your Marmorkrebs, Tennesseans". Marmorkrebs blog. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
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