Mary of Burgundy

Mary
Portrait, accredited to Michael Pacher, c. 1490
Duchess of Brabant, Limburg, Lothier, Luxemburg and Guelders; Margravine of Namur; Countess Palatine of Burgundy; Countess of Artois, Flanders, Charolais, Hainaut, Holland, Zeeland and Zutphen
Reign	5 January 1477–27 March 1482
Predecessor	Charles the Bold
Successor	Philip the Handsome
Born	13 February 1457 Brussels, Brabant, Burgundian Netherlands
Died	27 March 1482 (aged 25) Wijnendale Castle, Flanders, Burgundian Netherlands
Burial	Bruges, Flanders
Spouse	Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
Issue	Philip I of Castile Margaret, Duchess of Savoy
House	Valois-Burgundy
Father	Charles the Bold
Mother	Isabella of Bourbon
Religion	Roman Catholicism

Engraving of Mary of Burgundy

Mary (13 February 1457 – 27 March 1482), Duchess of Burgundy, reigned over many of the territories of the Duchy of Burgundy, now mainly in France and the Low Countries, from 1477 until her death. As the only child of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, and his wife Isabella of Bourbon, she inherited the duchy upon the death of her father in the Battle of Nancy on 5 January 1477.^[1] Due to the great prosperity of many of the territories that comprised the duchy, Mary was often referred to as Mary the Rich (though this is not usual in English).

Early years

Mary of Burgundy was born in Brussels at the ducal castle of Coudenberg, to Charles the Bold, then known as the Count of Charolais, and his wife Isabella of Bourbon. Her birth, according to the court chronicler Georges Chastellain, was attended by a clap of thunder ringing from the otherwise clear twilight sky. Her godfather was Louis, Dauphin of France, in exile in Burgundy at that time; he named her for his mother Marie of Anjou. Reactions to the child were mixed: the baby's grandfather, Duke Philip the Good, was unimpressed, and "chose not to attend the [baptism] as it was only for a girl", whereas her grandmother Isabella of Portugal was delighted at the birth of a granddaughter.^[2] She was assigned Anne of Burgundy as her governess.

Heiress presumptive

Philip the Good died in 1467 and Mary's father assumed control of the duchy of Burgundy. Since her father had no living sons at the time of his accession, Mary became his heiress presumptive. Her father controlled a vast and wealthy domain made up of the Duchy of Burgundy, the Free County of Burgundy, and the majority of the Low Countries. As a result, her hand in marriage was eagerly sought by a number of princes. The first proposal was received by her father when she was only five years old, in this case to marry the future King Ferdinand II of Aragon. Later she was approached by Charles, Duke of Berry, the younger brother of King Louis XI of France, who was intensely annoyed and attempted to prevent the necessary papal dispensation for consanguinity.

Coat of arms of Mary of Burgundy (1477–1482).

Flanders, double Briquet, struck under Mary of Burgundy in 1478

As soon as Louis succeeded in producing a male heir who survived infancy, the future King Charles VIII of France, Louis wanted him to be the one to marry Mary, even though he was thirteen years younger than Mary was. Nicholas I, Duke of Lorraine, was a few years older than Mary and controlled a duchy that lay alongside Burgundian territory, but his plan to combine his domain with hers was ended by his death in battle in 1473.

Reign

Mary assumed the rule of her father's domains upon his defeat in battle and death on 5 January 1477. King Louis XI of France seized the opportunity to attempt to take possession of the Duchy of Burgundy proper and also the regions of Franche-Comté, Picardy and Artois.

The king was anxious that Mary should marry his son Charles and thus secure the inheritance of the Low Countries for his heirs, by force of arms if necessary. Burgundy, fearing French military power, sent an embassy to France to negotiate a marriage between Mary and the six-year-old Dauphin (later King Charles VIII), but returned home without a betrothal; the French king's demands of cession of territories to the French crown were deemed unacceptable.^[3]:49

The Great Privilege

Mary was compelled to sign a charter of rights known as the Great Privilege in Ghent on 10 February 1477 on the occasion of her formal recognition as her father's heir (the "Joyous Entry"). Under this agreement, the provinces and towns of Flanders, Brabant, Hainaut, and Holland recovered all the local and communal rights that had been abolished by the decrees of the dukes of Burgundy in their efforts to create a centralized state on the French model out of their disparate holdings in the Low Countries. In particular, the Parliament of Mechelen (established formally by Charles the Bold in 1470) was abolished and replaced with the pre-existing authority of the Parliament of Paris, which was considered an amenable counterweight to the encroaching centralization undertaken by both Charles the Bold and Philip the Good. The duchess also had to undertake not to declare war, make peace, or raise taxes without the consent of these provinces and towns and only to employ native residents in official posts.

Such was the hatred of the people for the old regime that in spite of the duchess's tears and entreaties, two of her father's most influential councilors, the Chancellor Hugonet and the Sire d'Humbercourt, were executed in Ghent after it was discovered that they were in correspondence with the king of France.

Marriage

Marriage of Mary of Burgundy and Maximilian of Austria

Mary soon made her choice among the many suitors for her hand by selecting Archduke Maximilian of Austria, the future Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, who became her co-ruler.^[4] The marriage took place at Ghent on the evening of 16 August 1477.^[5] Mary's marriage into the House of Habsburg initiated two centuries of contention between France and the Habsburgs (later of Kings of Spain as well as Holy Roman Emperors), a struggle that climaxed with the War of the Spanish Succession in the years 1701–1714.

In the Netherlands, affairs now went more smoothly; the French aggression was temporarily checked, and internal peace was in large measure restored.

Death and legacy

On 27 March 1482, the duchess died after a fall from her horse near Wijnendale Castle. She loved riding and was falconing with Maximilian when her horse tripped, threw her, and then landed on top of her, breaking her back. She died several days later, having made a detailed will. She is buried in the Church of Our Lady in Bruges.^[6]

Louis was swift to re-engage hostilities with Maximilian and forced him to agree to the Treaty of Arras of 1482, by which Franche-Comté and Artois passed for a time to French rule, only to be recovered by the Treaty of Senlis of 1493, which established peace in the Low Countries. Mary's marriage into the House of Habsburg would prove to be a disaster for France, since the Burgundian inheritance would later bring it into conflict with Spain and the Holy Roman Empire.

Family

Mary's tomb effigy in the Church of Our Lady, Bruges.

Mary's son Philip succeeded to her dominions under the guardianship of his father.

Her children were as follows:

• Philip the Handsome (22 July 1478 – 25 September 1506), who succeeded his mother as Philip IV of Burgundy and became Philip I of Castile through his marriage to Joanna of Castile (known to history as "Juana la Loca").^[7]
• Margaret (10 January 1480 – 1 December 1530), married to first to Juan, Prince of Asturias, the son and heir of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile, and secondly to Philibert II, Duke of Savoy.
• Francis (2 September 1481 – 26 December 1481).

Ancestry

Ancestors of Mary of Burgundy

16. Philip the Bold (=28)               8. John the Fearless (=14)                       17. Margaret III, Countess of Flanders (=29)               4. Philip the Good                             18. Albert I, Duke of Bavaria (=30)               9. Margaret of Bavaria (=15)                       19. Margaret of Brieg (=31)               2. Charles the Bold                                   20. Peter I of Portugal               10. John I of Portugal                       21. Teresa Lourenço               5. Isabella of Portugal                             22. John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster               11. Philippa of Lancaster                       23. Blanche of Lancaster               1. Mary of Burgundy                                         24. Louis II, Duke of Bourbon               12. John I, Duke of Bourbon                       25. Anna d'Auvergne               6. Charles I, Duke of Bourbon                             26. John, Duke of Berry               13. Marie, Duchess of Auvergne                       27. Joanna of Armagnac               3. Isabella of Bourbon                                   28. Philip the Bold (=16)               14. John the Fearless (=8)                       29. Margaret III, Countess of Flanders (=17)               7. Agnes of Burgundy                             30. Albert I, Duke of Bavaria (=18)               15. Margaret of Bavaria (=9)                       31. Margaret of Brieg (=19)

Titles

Mary and Maximilian

• 5 January 1477 – 27 March 1482: Duchess of Burgundy
• 5 January 1477 – 27 March 1482: Duchess of Brabant
• 5 January 1477 – 27 March 1482: Duchess of Guelders
• 5 January 1477 – 27 March 1482: Duchess of Limburg
• 5 January 1477 – 27 March 1482: Duchess of Lothier
• 5 January 1477 – 27 March 1482: Duchess of Luxemburg
• 5 January 1477 – 27 March 1482: Margravine of Namur
• 5 January 1477 – 27 March 1482: Countess Palatine of Burgundy
• 5 January 1477 – 27 March 1482: Countess of Artois
• 5 January 1477 – 27 March 1482: Countess of Charolais
• 5 January 1477 – 27 March 1482: Countess of Flanders
• 5 January 1477 – 27 March 1482: Countess of Hainault
• 5 January 1477 – 27 March 1482: Countess of Holland
• 5 January 1477 – 27 March 1482: Countess of Zeeland
• 5 January 1477 – 27 March 1482: Countess of Zutphen

See also

• Dukes of Burgundy family tree
• Other politically important horse accidents
• Duchesse de Bourgogne beer

References

1. Vaughan, Richard, Charles the Bold: the last Valois Duke of Burgundy, (Boydell Press, 2004), 127
2. Taylor, Aline, Isabel of Burgundy
3. Koenigsberger, H. G. (2001). Monarchies, States Generals and Parliaments: The Netherlands in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. Cambridge University Press.
4. Paul Murray Kendall, Louis XI, (W.W.Norton Co. Inc, 1971), 319.
5. Heimann, Heinz-Dieter. Die Habsburger: Dynastie und Kaiserreiche. pp. 38–45. ISBN 3-406-44754-6.
6. "ONZE-LIEVE-VROUWEKERK (CHURCH OF OUR LADY)". VisitBruges.com. Retrieved March 13, 2014.
7. Charles W. Ingrao, The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618–1815, (Cambridge University Press, 2000), 4.

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "^{article name needed}". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.