Drug court

Drug courts are judicially supervised court dockets that provide a sentencing alternative of treatment combined with supervision for people living with serious substance use and mental health disorders. Drug courts are problem-solving courts that take a public health approach using a specialized model in which the judiciary, prosecution, defense bar, probation, law enforcement, mental health, social service, and treatment communities work together to help addicted offenders into long-term recovery.

By country

Australia

In Australia, drug courts operate in various jurisdictions, although their formation, process and procedures differ. The main aim of the Australian courts is to divert illicit drug users from incarceration into treatment programs for their addiction.[1] Drug courts have been established in New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, and Western Australia. People appearing in Australian drug courts often fall outside the parameters for other pre-court services

Canada

Drug treatment courts (DTCs) are a recent phenomenon in the Canadian criminal justice system. The first Canadian DTC commenced in Toronto in 1998. The Federal Government currently supports six DTCs in Canada including: Edmonton (December 2005), Winnipeg (January 2006), Ottawa (March 2006), Regina (October 2006), Toronto (1998), and Vancouver (2001). Calgary and Durham have also recently initiated DTCs.[2]

New Zealand

A five-year pilot Alcohol and Other Drug Treatment Court was opened in Auckland, New Zealand in 2012, the first of its type for the country.[3]

United Kingdom

In the UK, drug courts are currently being tested in various places.[4] In December 2005, the United Kingdom began a pilot scheme of dedicated drug courts.[5] Family Drug and Alcohol Court are in operation in various locations throughout the country, including London, Gloucestershire and Milton Keynes where the service is run by the Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust.[6] In February 2015 it was announced that more would open in East Sussex, Kent and Medway, Plymouth, Torbay and Exeter, and West Yorkshire.[7]

United States

The first drug court in the US took shape in Miami-Dade County, Florida in 1989 as a response to the growing crack cocaine problem plaguing the city.[8] Chief Judge Gerald Wetherington, Judge Herbert Klein, then State Attorney Janet Reno, and Public Defender Bennett Brummer designed the court for nonviolent offenders to receive treatment. In the United States, according to the National Association of Drug Court Professionals, as of December 31, 2014, there are 3,057 drug courts representing all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico, Northern Mariana Islands, and various tribal regions.[9]

Effectiveness in the United States

Drug court is the single most successful intervention in US history for leading people struggling with serious addiction out of the justice system and into lives of health and long-term recovery. Numerous studies show that punishment simply does not solve the problem of addiction; in fact, 95% of those released from prison return to drug use.[10] The punitive approach has produced disastrous societal and economic consequences for our communities, resulting in 1.5 million seriously addicted people behind bars[11] and more than $80 billion spent annually on corrections.[12] Drug courts connect participants with evidence-based treatment for a minimum of one year and work as a team to help them stay in treatment long enough to be successful. In fact, drug courts refer more people to treatment than any other intervention in America, and those people are more successful in treatment than any other group. The average national completion rate for drug court participants in 2014 was nearly 60%; this is approximately two-thirds higher than probation and more than twice the rate of probationers with severe substance use disorders. Once an individual graduates from the program, there is a 75% chance they will remain arrest-free, compared to only 30% for people released from prison.[13]

The drug court model and its principles uphold the enduring, absolute value of every human person and are changing the US perspective on what it means to serve justice. The result is a variety of court programs now focused on treatment rather than incarceration for repeat DWI offenders,[14] parents whose children have been removed from the home due to substance use, juveniles facing criminal charges, tribal communities torn apart by addiction, and veterans struggling with the lingering effects of trauma.[15] These programs prove that providing individualized treatment plans and dignity-restoring support is the most effective way to lead people into recovery and break the cycle of recidivism.

In this way, drug court is the foundation of the current criminal justice reform movement in the US, giving rise to other incarceration alternatives, diversion programs, sentencing and juvenile justice reforms, harm reduction strategies, and the establishment of reentry programs for prisoners with substance use histories. Drug court introduced humanity in a system that has relied on inhumane tactics for too long, proving that it is possible to repair lives, reunite families, and reduce drug use and crime, and to do so for far fewer tax dollars than the cost of jail or prison.[16]

Women and Drug Courts in United States

From the first rudimentary drug court to where these courts have come there have been very drastic changes. Drug courts are less about punitive punishment and have transformed into a means of rehabilitation and help for drug users alike. Women however are typically treated with much more forgiveness than males however when it comes to handling them in the court system as a whole.Women are sometimes forced into drugs through other outlets such as human trafficking, prostitution, sexual abuse and mental abuse as well. All of these factors have a very different manner in which they effect females.[17]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Australian responses to illicit drugs : Drug courts". Criminal justice system: Specialist courts. Australian Government: Australian Institute of Criminology. 6 September 2010. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  2. ↑ Addiction and Mental Health Research Laboratory. (2009). Drug treatment Courts (DTCs). Edmonton,AB: University of Alberta. Fact sheet.
  3. ↑ "NZ's first Alcohol and Drug Court launched". New Zealand Government. 1 November 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
  4. ↑ "DrugScope reporting on an example of two Scottish trials in Fife and Glasgow". DrugScope.org.uk. Retrieved 19 February 2009.
  5. ↑ "UK Ministry of Justice reporting initial drug court trials". Ministry of Justice, UK. Retrieved 19 February 2009.
  6. ↑ "Court is supporting families to stay together in Milton Keynes and Buckinghamshire". MK Web. 25 February 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  7. ↑ "Family Drug and Alcohol Courts to be extended in England". BBC News. 18 February 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  8. ↑ Kirchner, Lauren (April 25, 2014). "Remembering the Drug Court Revolution". Pacific Standard. Pacific Standard. Retrieved 2015-05-10.
  9. ↑ Marlowe, Douglas B., JD, PhD; Hardin, Carolyn D., MPA; Fox, Carson L., JD; Painting the Current Picture: A National Report on Drug Courts and Other Problem-Solving Courts in the United States. June 2016. National Drug Court Institute.
  10. ↑ Belenko & Peugh (1998). Behind bars: Substance abuse and America’s prison population. New York: Center on Addiction & Substance Abuse at Columbia University.
  11. ↑ Bhati, A., Chalfin, A., & Roman, J. (2008). To Treat or Not to Treat: Evidence on the Prospects of Expanding Treatment to Drug-Involved Offenders. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
  12. ↑ Kyckelhahn, T. (2014). State Corrections Expenditures FY 1982–2010. Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC.
  13. ↑ Finigan, M., Carey, S. M., & Cox, A. (2007). The impact of a mature drug court over 10 years of operation: Recidivism and costs. Portland, OR: NPC Research.
  14. ↑ "National Center for DWI Courts". DWIcourts.org.
  15. ↑ "Justice For Vets". justiceforvets.org.
  16. ↑ Rossman, S., Rempel, M., Roman, John. (2011). The Multi-Site Adult Drug Court Evaluation: The Impact of Drug Courts, Volume 4.
  17. ↑ http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2014/03/31/dayton-judge-launches-drug-court-for-women.html

Further reading

External links

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