Mink

Mink
American mink (Neovison vison)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Family:	Mustelidae
Subfamily:	Mustelinae
Genus:	Neovison and Mustela
Species
Neovison vison †Neovison macrodon Mustela lutreola

European mink
(Mustela lutreola)

There are two living species referred to as "mink": the American mink and the European mink. The extinct sea mink is related to the American mink, but was much larger. All three species are dark-colored, semiaquatic, carnivorous mammals of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, otters and ferrets. The American mink is larger and more adaptable than the European mink. Due to variations in size, an individual mink usually cannot be determined as European or American with certainty without looking at the skeleton. There is one exception to this rule: all European minks have a large white patch on their upper lip, while only some American minks do. Thus, any mink with no such patch is certainly of the American variety. Taxonomically, both American and European minks used to be placed in the same genus Mustela ("weasels"), but most recently the American mink has been reclassified as belonging to its own genus Neovison.^[1]

The American mink's fur has been highly prized for its use in clothing, with hunting giving way to farming; for instance, in Digby County, Nova Scotia, Canada alone, there are around two million mink raised on ranches per year. Its treatment has also been a focus of animal rights and animal welfare^[2] activism. American mink have found their way into the wild in Europe (including Great Britain) and South America, after being released from mink farms by animal rights activists or otherwise escaping from captivity.^[3]

American mink are believed by some to have contributed to the decline of the less hardy European mink through competition (though not through hybridization—native European mink are in fact closer to polecats than to their North American cousins).^[4] Trapping is used to control or eliminate feral American mink populations.^[5]

Mink oil is used in some medical products and cosmetics, as well as to treat, preserve and waterproof leather.

Species

• European mink Mustela lutreola
• American mink Neovison vison
• Sea mink Neovison macrodon (extinct)

Size

The male weighs about 1 kg (2.2 lb) and is about 61 cm (24 in) in length. Farm bred males can reach 3.2 kg (7.1 lb). The female weighs about 600 g (1.32 lb) and reaches a length of about 51 cm (20 in). The sizes above do not include the tail which can be from 12.8 centimetres (5.0 in) to 22.8 centimetres (9.0 in).

Color

Mink fur stole

A mink's rich glossy coat in its wild state is brown and looks silky, but farm-bred mink can vary from white to almost black, which is reflected in the British wild mink. Their pelage is deep, rich brown, with or without white spots on the underparts, and consists of a slick, dense underfur overlaid with dark, glossy, almost stiff guard hairs.

Breeding and gestation

The breeding season lasts April to May. Mink show the curious phenomenon of delayed implantation. Although the true gestation period is 39 days, the embryo may stop developing for a variable period, so that as long as 76 days may elapse before the litter arrives. Between 45 and 52 days is normal. There is only one litter per year. They may have between six and ten cubs or kittens per litter.

Stereotypies

Mink are kept in captivity primarily for the the production of their fur. They are often kept in battery cages and frequently exhibit stereotypies. These abnormal, repetitive behaviours increase near their feeding time, specifically pacing and cage biting, both of which are thought to be the captive equivalent of hunting by the mink.^[6] Stereotypies have also been noted to increase during human presence.^[6]

To attempt to eliminate stereotypies in captive mink, the National Farm Animal Care Council has implemented regulations on incorporating environmental enrichments into mink cages. Enrichments are pen-related alterations or the addition of novel objects to improve the minks' physical and psychological health.^[7] Enrichments may help reduce the onset of stereotypies but rarely decrease or eliminate them. Because of this, enrichments should be introduced early in life as a preventative measure. The National Farm Animal Care Council stated that ‘juvenile female pastel mink raised with access to a nest box performed fewer stereotypies from mid-September to late October than those without access to a nest box.’^[8] Due to this, mink have access year round to a nest box and spend the majority of their time resting within. Thus the availability and quality of the nest box play a large role in the prevention of stereotypies and a role in the animals welfare. ^[9]

Lifespan

The average lifespan of a mink is 8 years in captivity, with the maximum usually around 10 years.^[10]

Food preferences

Mink eating a crayfish

Mink prey on fish and other aquatic life, small mammals, birds and eggs; adults may eat young mink.^[11] Mink raised on farms primarily eat expired cheese, eggs, fish, meat and poultry slaughterhouse by-products, dog food, and turkey livers, as well as prepared, commercial foods.^[12] A farm with 3000 mink may use as much as two tons of food per day. One Wisconsin fur farm uses 2 million pounds of expired cheese and 1 million pounds of eggs per year. In all, US mink farms use about 200,000 tons of dairy products.^[13][14]

Predators

Great horned owls, bobcat, and fox are the natural predators of mink. However, mink are much more frequently killed by human activity. Mink are often hunted to protect the fish population of bodies of water, are hit by cars and are trapped for their fur (although more commonly farmed for their fur).

Distribution

Mink are widespread in Britain's mainland, except in the mountainous regions of Scotland, Wales and the Lake District. They are also found in the Isles of Arran and Lewis. In Ireland they are less common.

Waterside habits

Minks like to live near water and are seldom found far from riverbanks, lakes and marshes. Even when roaming, they tend to follow streams and ditches. Sometimes they leave the water altogether for a few hundred metres, especially when looking for rabbits, one of their favorite foods. In some places, particularly in Scotland and in Iceland, where they have become a problem, they live along the seashore. Sometimes they live in towns, if suitable water is available. Mink may be present at all hours, even when people are nearby.

Territory

Mink are very territorial animals. A male mink will not tolerate another male within its territory, but appears to be less aggressive towards females. Generally, the territories of both male and female animals are separate, but a female's territory may sometimes overlap with that of a male. Very occasionally it may be totally within a male's.

The territories, which tend to be long and narrow, stretch along river banks, or around the edges of lakes or marshes. Territory sizes vary, but they can be several miles long. Female territories are smaller than those of the male.

Each territory has one or two central areas (core areas) where the mink spends most of its time. The core area is usually associated with a good food supply, such as a pool rich in fish, or a good rabbit warren. The mink may stay in its core area, which can be quite small, for several days at a time, but it also makes excursions to the ends of its territory. These excursions seem to be associated with the defense of the territory against intruders. It is likely that the mink checks for any signs of a strange mink and leaves droppings (scats) redolent of its personal scent to reinforce its territorial rights.

References

1. Integrated Taxonomic Information System: mink. Accessed 10 August 2009
2. Dutch minister reverses battery and mink ban
3. "Animal rights group claims responsibility for mink release". BBC News. 1998-08-09.
4. Lodé T., Guiral G. & Peltier D. (2005). European mink-polecat hybridisation events: hazards from natural process? Journal of Heredity 96(2): 1-8.
5. Haworth, Jenny (3 February 2009) "National cull may exterminate UK mink". Edinburgh. The Scotsman.
6. Mason, G. (1991). "Stereotypies in caged mink". Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 30: 179–180.
7. "Code of practice for the care and handling of farmed mink". National Farm Animal Care Council.
8. Finely, G. Mason, G. Pajor, E. Rouvinen, K. Rankin K (2012). "Code of practice for the care and safe handling of mink : review". NFACC.
9. Mononen; et al. (2012). "The development of on farm welfare assessment protocols for fox and mink: the WelFur project.". Animal Welfare. 21: 363–371.
10. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Neovison_vison.html
11. Burns, John (2008). "Mink," Alaska Department of Fish & Game.
12. British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries, "Commodity, Mink," January 2004.
13. Despite Controversy, Fur Farming Rather Mundane
14. Mink Farming In the United States

External links

•  "Mink". The New Student's Reference Work. 1914.
•  "Mink". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.