mir-221 microRNA

mir-221
Conserved secondary structure of mir-221
Identifiers
Symbol	mir-221
Rfam	RF00651
miRBase family	MIPF0000051
HUGO	31601
OMIM	300568
Other data
RNA type	microRNA
Domain(s)	Eukaryota; Vertebrata;

In molecular biology mir-221 microRNA (and its paralogue, mir-222) is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms.

mir-221 is an oncogenic microRNA.^[1] It targets CD117, which then prevents cell migration and proliferation in endothelial cells.^[2][3] miR-221 is known as an anti angiogenic miRNA.^[4][5] Recent important studies have reported that miR-221 is also involved in induction of angiogenesis.^[6][7][8] RNA induced Silencing Complex (RISC) proteins SND1 and AEG-1 induces miR-221 expression in Liver cancer.^[9] In liver cancer miR-221 induces the tumor angiogenesis.^[6] miR-221 detection in human faeces can be a non-invasive screening marker for colorectal cancer.^[10]

See also

• MicroRNA

References

1. Pang, Y; Young, CY; Yuan, H (Jun 15, 2010). "MicroRNAs and prostate cancer.". Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica. 42 (6): 363–9. doi:10.1093/abbs/gmq038. PMID 20539944.
2. Urbich, C; Kuehbacher, A; Dimmeler, S (Sep 1, 2008). "Role of microRNAs in vascular diseases, inflammation, and angiogenesis". Cardiovascular research. 79 (4): 581–8. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvn156. PMID 18550634.
3. Vasilatou, D; Papageorgiou, S; Pappa, V; Papageorgiou, E; Dervenoulas, J (Jan 1, 2010). "The role of microRNAs in normal and malignant hematopoiesis". European journal of haematology. 84 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0609.2009.01348.x. PMID 19744129.
4. Kuehbacher A, Urbich C, Dimmeler S (2008). "Targeting microRNA expression to regulate angiogenesis". Trends Pharmacol Sci. 29 (1): 12–5. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2007.10.014. PMID 18068232.
5. Urbich C, Kuehbacher A, Dimmeler S (2008). "Role of microRNAs in vascular diseases, inflammation, and angiogenesis". Cardiovasc Res. 79 (4): 581–8. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvn156. PMID 18550634.
6. Santhekadur PK, Das SK, Gredler R, Chen D, Srivastava J, Robertson C, Baldwin AS, Fisher PB, Sarkar D (2012). "Multifunction protein staphylococcal nuclease domain containing 1 (SND1) promotes tumor angiogenesis in human hepatocellular carcinoma through novel pathway that involves nuclear factor κB and miR-221". J Biol Chem. 287 (17): 13952–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.321646. PMC 3340184. PMID 22396537.
7. Nicoli S, Knyphausen CP, Zhu LJ, Lakshmanan A, Lawson ND (2012). "miR-221 is required for endothelial tip cell behaviors during vascular development". Dev Cell. 22 (2): 418–29. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2012.01.008. PMC 3285411. PMID 22340502.
8. Le Bot, Nathalie (2 Apr 2012). "MicroRNAs in angiogenesis". Nat Cell Biol. 14 (4): 342. doi:10.1038/ncb2484.
9. Yoo BK, Santhekadur PK, Gredler R, Chen D, Emdad L, Bhutia S, Pannell L, Fisher PB, Sarkar D (2011). "Increased RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) activity contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma". Hepatology. 53 (5): 1538–48. doi:10.1002/hep.24216. PMC 3081619. PMID 21520169.
10. Yau, T. O.; Wu, C. W.; Dong, Y.; Tang, C.-M.; Ng, S. S. M.; Chan, F. K. L.; Sung, J. J. Y.; Yu, J. (2014-10-28). "microRNA-221 and microRNA-18a identification in stool as potential biomarkers for the non-invasive diagnosis of colorectal carcinoma". British Journal of Cancer. 111 (9): 1765–1771. doi:10.1038/bjc.2014.484. ISSN 0007-0920. PMC 4453736. PMID 25233396.

Further reading

• Zhang C, Zhang J, Zhang A, Wang Y, Han L, You Y, Pu P, Kang C (2010). "PUMA is a novel target of miR-221/222 in human epithelial cancers". Int J Oncol. 37 (6): 1621–6. doi:10.3892/ijo_00000816. PMID 21042732.
• Pu XX, Huang GL, Guo HQ, Guo CC, Li H, Ye S, Ling S, Jiang L, Tian Y, Lin TY (2010). "Circulating miR-221 directly amplified from plasma is a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker of colorectal cancer and is correlated with p53 expression". J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 25 (10): 1674–80. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2010.06417.x. PMID 20880178.
• Kedde M, van Kouwenhove M, Zwart W, Oude Vrielink JA, Elkon R, Agami R (2010). "A Pumilio-induced RNA structure switch in p27-3' UTR controls miR-221 and miR-222 accessibility". Nat Cell Biol. 12 (10): 1014–20. doi:10.1038/ncb2105. PMID 20818387.
• Zhang CZ, Zhang JX, Zhang AL, Shi ZD, Han L, Jia ZF, Yang WD, Wang GX, Jiang T, You YP, Pu PY, Cheng JQ, Kang CS (2010). "MiR-221 and miR-222 target PUMA to induce cell survival in glioblastoma". Mol Cancer. 9: 229. doi:10.1186/1476-4598-9-229. PMC 2939570. PMID 20813046.
• Dai R, Li J, Liu Y, Yan D, Chen S, Duan C, Liu X, He T, Li H (2010). "miR-221/222 suppression protects against endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis via p27(Kip1)- and MEK/ERK-mediated cell cycle regulation". Biol Chem. 391 (7): 791–801. doi:10.1515/BC.2010.072. PMID 20624000.
• Chun-Zhi Z, Lei H, An-Ling Z, Yan-Chao F, Xiao Y, Guang-Xiu W, Zhi-Fan J, Pei-Yu P, Qing-Yu Z, Chun-Sheng K (2010). "MicroRNA-221 and microRNA-222 regulate gastric carcinoma cell proliferation and radioresistance by targeting PTEN". BMC Cancer. 10: 367. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-10-367. PMC 2914702. PMID 20618998.
• Kim D, Song J, Jin EJ (2010). "MicroRNA-221 regulates chondrogenic differentiation through promoting proteosomal degradation of slug by targeting Mdm2". J Biol Chem. 285 (35): 26900–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.115105. PMC 2930689. PMID 20576614.
• Das SK, Sokhi UK, Bhutia SK, Azab B, Su ZZ, Sarkar D, Fisher PB (2010). "Human polynucleotide phosphorylase selectively and preferentially degrades microRNA-221 in human melanoma cells". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 107 (26): 11948–53. doi:10.1073/pnas.0914143107. PMC 2900648. PMID 20547861.
• Chen Y, Banda M, Speyer CL, Smith JS, Rabson AB, Gorski DH (2010). "Regulation of the expression and activity of the antiangiogenic homeobox gene GAX/MEOX2 by ZEB2 and microRNA-221". Mol Cell Biol. 30 (15): 3902–13. doi:10.1128/MCB.01237-09. PMC 2916411. PMID 20516212.
• Wurz K, Garcia RL, Goff BA, Mitchell PS, Lee JH, Tewari M, Swisher EM (2010). "MiR-221 and MiR-222 alterations in sporadic ovarian carcinoma: Relationship to CDKN1B, CDKNIC and overall survival". Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 49 (7): 577–84. doi:10.1002/gcc.20768. PMC 2869465. PMID 20461750.
• Zhang C, Han L, Zhang A, Yang W, Zhou X, Pu P, Du Y, Zeng H, Kang C (2010). "Global changes of mRNA expression reveals an increased activity of the interferon-induced signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway by repression of miR-221/222 in glioblastoma U251 cells". Int J Oncol. 36 (6): 1503–12. doi:10.3892/ijo_00000637. PMID 20428775.
• Gabbianelli M, Testa U, Morsilli O, Pelosi E, Saulle E, Petrucci E, Castelli G, Giovinazzi S, Mariani G, Fiori ME, Bonanno G, Massa A, Croce CM, Fontana L, Peschle C (2010). "Mechanism of human Hb switching: a possible role of the kit receptor/miR 221-222 complex". Haematologica. 95 (8): 1253–60. doi:10.3324/haematol.2009.018259. PMC 2913072. PMID 20305142.
• Frenquelli M, Muzio M, Scielzo C, Fazi C, Scarfò L, Rossi C, Ferrari G, Ghia P, Caligaris-Cappio F (2010). "MicroRNA and proliferation control in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: functional relationship between miR-221/222 cluster and p27". Blood. 115 (19): 3949–59. doi:10.1182/blood-2009-11-254656. PMID 20203269.
• Zhang J, Han L, Ge Y, Zhou X, Zhang A, Zhang C, Zhong Y, You Y, Pu P, Kang C (2010). "miR-221/222 promote malignant progression of glioma through activation of the Akt pathway". Int J Oncol. 36 (4): 913–20. doi:10.3892/ijo_00000570. PMID 20198336.
• Fu X, Wang Q, Chen J, Huang X, Chen X, Cao L, Tan H, Li W, Zhang L, Bi J, Su Q, Chen L (2010). "Clinical significance of miR-221 and its inverse correlation with p27(Kip1) in hepatocellular carcinoma". Mol Biol Rep. 38 (5): 3029–3035. doi:10.1007/s11033-010-9969-5. PMID 20146005.
• Hu G, Gong AY, Liu J, Zhou R, Deng C, Chen XM (2010). "miR-221 suppresses ICAM-1 translation and regulates interferon-gamma-induced ICAM-1 expression in human cholangiocytes". Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 298 (4): G542–50. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00490.2009. PMC 2853302. PMID 20110463.
• Zhao P, Fu Z, You YP, Lu XM, Lu AL, Liu N (2009). "[Construction and screening an effective anti-miR-221 RNAi vector in vitro]". Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 40 (6): 973–7. PMID 20067101.
• Zhang CZ, Kang CS, Pu PY, Wang GX, Jia ZF, Zhang AL, Han L, Xu P (2009). "[Inhibitory effect of knocking down microRNA-221 and microRNA-222 on glioma cell growth in vitro and in vivo]". Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi. 31 (10): 721–6. PMID 20021821.
• Pineau P, Volinia S, McJunkin K, Marchio A, Battiston C, Terris B, Mazzaferro V, Lowe SW, Croce CM, Dejean A (2010). "miR-221 overexpression contributes to liver tumorigenesis". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 107 (1): 264–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.0907904107. PMC 2806773. PMID 20018759.
• Sredni ST, Bonaldo Mde F, Costa FF, Huang CC, Hamm CA, Rajaram V, Tomita T, Goldman S, Bischof JM, Soares MB (2010). "Upregulation of mir-221 and mir-222 in atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors: potential therapeutic targets". Childs Nerv Syst. 26 (3): 279–83. doi:10.1007/s00381-009-1028-y. PMID 20012062.
• Garofalo M, Di Leva G, Romano G, Nuovo G, Suh SS, Ngankeu A, Taccioli C, Pichiorri F, Alder H, Secchiero P, Gasparini P, Gonelli A, Costinean S, Acunzo M, Condorelli G, Croce CM (2009). "miR-221&222 regulate TRAIL resistance and enhance tumorigenicity through PTEN and TIMP3 downregulation". Cancer Cell. 16 (6): 498–509. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2009.10.014. PMC 2796583. PMID 19962668.
• Zhang C, Wang G, Kang C, Du Y, Pu P (2009). "[Up-regulation of p27(kip1) by miR-221/222 antisense oligonucleotides enhances the radiosensitivity of U251 glioblastoma]". Zhonghua Yi Xue Yi Chuan Xue Za Zhi. 26 (6): 634–8. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1003-9406.2009.06.006. PMID 19953484.
• Cardinali B, Castellani L, Fasanaro P, Basso A, Alemà S, Martelli F, Falcone G (2009). Ng, Irene Oi-Lin, ed. "Microrna-221 and microrna-222 modulate differentiation and maturation of skeletal muscle cells". PLoS ONE. 4 (10): e7607. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007607. PMC 2762614. PMID 19859555.
• Lu Q, Lu C, Zhou GP, Zhang W, Xiao H, Wang XR (2009). "MicroRNA-221 silencing predisposed human bladder cancer cells to undergo apoptosis induced by TRAIL". Urol Oncol. 28 (6): 635–41. doi:10.1016/j.urolonc.2009.06.005. PMID 19767219.
• Kotani A, Ha D, Hsieh J, Rao PK, Schotte D, den Boer ML, Armstrong SA, Lodish HF (2009). "miR-128b is a potent glucocorticoid sensitizer in MLL-AF4 acute lymphocytic leukemia cells and exerts cooperative effects with miR-221". Blood. 114 (19): 4169–78. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-12-191619. PMC 2774553. PMID 19749093.
• Gramantieri L, Fornari F, Ferracin M, Veronese A, Sabbioni S, Calin GA, Grazi GL, Croce CM, Bolondi L, Negrini M (2009). "MicroRNA-221 targets Bmf in hepatocellular carcinoma and correlates with tumor multifocality". Clin Cancer Res. 15 (16): 5073–81. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0092. PMID 19671867.
• Sun T, Yang M, Kantoff P, Lee GS (2009). "Role of microRNA-221/-222 in cancer development and progression". Cell Cycle. 8 (15): 2315–6. doi:10.4161/cc.8.15.9221. PMID 19625765.
• Spahn M, Kneitz S, Scholz CJ, Stenger N, Rüdiger T, Ströbel P, Riedmiller H, Kneitz B (2010). "Expression of microRNA-221 is progressively reduced in aggressive prostate cancer and metastasis and predicts clinical recurrence". Int J Cancer. 127 (2): 394–403. doi:10.1002/ijc.24715. PMID 19585579.
• Terasawa K, Ichimura A, Sato F, Shimizu K, Tsujimoto G (2009). "Sustained activation of ERK1/2 by NGF induces microRNA-221 and 222 in PC12 cells". FEBS J. 276 (12): 3269–76. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07041.x. PMID 19438724.
• Zhang C, Kang C, You Y, Pu P, Yang W, Zhao P, Wang G, Zhang A, Jia Z, Han L, Jiang H (2009). "Co-suppression of miR-221/222 cluster suppresses human glioma cell growth by targeting p27kip1 in vitro and in vivo". Int J Oncol. 34 (6): 1653–60. doi:10.3892/ijo_00000296. PMID 19424584.
• Minami Y, Satoh M, Maesawa C, Takahashi Y, Tabuchi T, Itoh T, Nakamura M (2009). "Effect of atorvastatin on microRNA 221 / 222 expression in endothelial progenitor cells obtained from patients with coronary artery disease". Eur J Clin Invest. 39 (5): 359–67. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02110.x. PMID 19371267.
• Sun T, Wang Q, Balk S, Brown M, Lee GS, Kantoff P (2009). "The role of microRNA-221 and microRNA-222 in androgen-independent prostate cancer cell lines". Cancer Res. 69 (8): 3356–63. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-4112. PMC 2703812. PMID 19351832.
• Li Y, Song YH, Li F, Yang T, Lu YW, Geng YJ (2009). "MicroRNA-221 regulates high glucose-induced endothelial dysfunction". Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 381 (1): 81–3. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.02.013. PMC 2670889. PMID 19351599.
• Liu X, Cheng Y, Zhang S, Lin Y, Yang J, Zhang C (2009). "A necessary role of miR-221 and miR-222 in vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia". Circ Res. 104 (4): 476–87. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.108.185363. PMC 2728290. PMID 19150885.
• Mayoral RJ, Pipkin ME, Pachkov M, van Nimwegen E, Rao A, Monticelli S (2009). "MicroRNA-221-222 regulate the cell cycle in mast cells". Journal of Immunology. 182 (1): 433–45. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.182.1.433. PMC 2610349. PMID 19109175.
• Mercatelli N, Coppola V, Bonci D, Miele F, Costantini A, Guadagnoli M, Bonanno E, Muto G, Frajese GV, De Maria R, Spagnoli LG, Farace MG, Ciafrè SA (2008). Blagosklonny, Mikhail V., ed. "The inhibition of the highly expressed miR-221 and miR-222 impairs the growth of prostate carcinoma xenografts in mice". PLoS ONE. 3 (12): e4029. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004029. PMC 2603596. PMID 19107213.
• Davis BN, Hilyard AC, Nguyen PH, Lagna G, Hata A (2009). "Induction of microRNA-221 by platelet-derived growth factor signaling is critical for modulation of vascular smooth muscle phenotype". J Biol Chem. 284 (6): 3728–38. doi:10.1074/jbc.M808788200. PMC 2635044. PMID 19088079.
• Kim HJ, Chung JK, Hwang do W, Lee DS, Kim S (2008). "In vivo imaging of miR-221 biogenesis in papillary thyroid carcinoma". Mol Imaging Biol. 11 (2): 71–8. doi:10.1007/s11307-008-0188-6. PMID 19030936.
• Felicetti F, Errico MC, Segnalini P, Mattia G, Carè A (2008). "MicroRNA-221 and -222 pathway controls melanoma progression". Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 8 (11): 1759–65. doi:10.1586/14737140.8.11.1759. PMID 18983236.
• Kim HJ, Kim YH, Lee DS, Chung JK, Kim S (2008). "In vivo imaging of functional targeting of miR-221 in papillary thyroid carcinoma". J Nucl Med. 49 (10): 1686–93. doi:10.2967/jnumed.108.052894. PMID 18794255.
• Zhao JJ, Lin J, Yang H, Kong W, He L, Ma X, Coppola D, Cheng JQ (2008). "MicroRNA-221/222 negatively regulates estrogen receptor alpha and is associated with tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer". J Biol Chem. 283 (45): 31079–86. doi:10.1074/jbc.M806041200. PMC 2576549. PMID 18790736.
• Miller TE, Ghoshal K, Ramaswamy B, Roy S, Datta J, Shapiro CL, Jacob S, Majumder S (2008). "MicroRNA-221/222 confers tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer by targeting p27Kip1". J Biol Chem. 283 (44): 29897–903. doi:10.1074/jbc.M804612200. PMC 2573063. PMID 18708351.
• Fornari F, Gramantieri L, Ferracin M, Veronese A, Sabbioni S, Calin GA, Grazi GL, Giovannini C, Croce CM, Bolondi L, Negrini M (2008). "MiR-221 controls CDKN1C/p57 and CDKN1B/p27 expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma". Oncogene. 27 (43): 5651–61. doi:10.1038/onc.2008.178. PMID 18521080.
• Felicetti F, Errico MC, Bottero L, Segnalini P, Stoppacciaro A, Biffoni M, Felli N, Mattia G, Petrini M, Colombo MP, Peschle C, Carè A (2008). "The promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger-microRNA-221/-222 pathway controls melanoma progression through multiple oncogenic mechanisms". Cancer Res. 68 (8): 2745–54. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-2538. PMID 18417445.
• Visone R, Russo L, Pallante P, De Martino I, Ferraro A, Leone V, Borbone E, Petrocca F, Alder H, Croce CM, Fusco A (2007). "MicroRNAs (miR)-221 and miR-222, both overexpressed in human thyroid papillary carcinomas, regulate p27Kip1 protein levels and cell cycle". Endocr Relat Cancer. 14 (3): 791–8. doi:10.1677/ERC-07-0129. PMID 17914108.
• le Sage C, Nagel R, Egan DA, Schrier M, Mesman E, Mangiola A, Anile C, Maira G, Mercatelli N, Ciafrè SA, Farace MG, Agami R (2007). "Regulation of the p27(Kip1) tumor suppressor by miR-221 and miR-222 promotes cancer cell proliferation". The EMBO Journal. 26 (15): 3699–708. doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7601790. PMC 1949005. PMID 17627278.
• Galardi S, Mercatelli N, Giorda E, Massalini S, Frajese GV, Ciafrè SA, Farace MG (2007). "miR-221 and miR-222 expression affects the proliferation potential of human prostate carcinoma cell lines by targeting p27Kip1". J Biol Chem. 282 (32): 23716–24. doi:10.1074/jbc.M701805200. PMID 17569667.

External links

• Page for mir-221 microRNA precursor family at Rfam