Mona ground iguana

Mona ground iguana
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Sauropsida
Order: Squamata
Family: Iguanidae
Genus: Cyclura
Species: C. cornuta
Subspecies: C. cornuta stejnegeri
Trinomial name
Cyclura cornuta stejnegeri
Barbour & Noble, 1916
Synonyms

Cyclura stejnegeri Barbour & Noble, 1916[2]
Cyclura cornuta stejnegeri - Barbour, 1937

The Mona ground iguana (Cyclura cornuta stejnegeri) is a subspecies of the rhinoceros iguana (Cyclura cornuta). It is endemic to Mona Island, Puerto Rico and is the largest native terrestrial lizard in Puerto Rico.

Taxonomy

The Mona ground iguana is a subspecies of rhinoceros iguana belonging to the genus Cyclura. It was named by Thomas Barbour and G.K. Noble as a species in 1916.[1][3] In 1937, Barbour considered it to be a subspecies of Cyclura cornuta. Its generic name (Cyclura) is derived from the Ancient Greek cyclos (κύκλος) meaning "circular" and ourá (οὐρά) meaning "tail", after the thick-ringed tail characteristic of all Cyclura.[4] The Mona ground iguana's specific name, cornuta, is the feminine form of the Latin adjective cornutus, meaning "horned" and refers to the horned projections on the snouts of males of the species. Its subspecific name, stejnegeri honors Leonhard Hess Stejneger, who, when writing his Herpetology of Porto Rico in 1902, suspected this was a new species.[5]

Debate continues as to whether this is a valid subspecies and not a different species in its own right.[6] It is known in some scientific circles as Cyclura stejnegeri.[7] Still, others consider it a regional variant of the parent species.

Anatomy and morphology

The Mona ground iguana is a large-bodied, heavy-headed lizard with strong legs and a vertically flattened tail which is capable of reaching 1.22 metres in length (from snout to tail).[5] A crest of pointed, horned scales extends from the nape of the neck to the tip of the tail. The color is a uniform gray to olive drab with slight brown or blue colorations. Juveniles differ from adults in that they have gray transverse bands across their bodies.[8] These bands last until they are sexually mature at about three years of age.[1]

Males possess bony, prominent turbicles on their snouts resembling horns, adipose pads in the form of a helmet on the occipital region of their heads, and large dewlaps. This species, like other species of Cyclura, is sexually dimorphic; males are larger than females, and have more prominent dorsal crests, "horns" and femoral pores on their thighs, which are used to release pheromones.[9][10]

Habitat

Mona ground iguanas are diurnal and spend most of the day basking in the sun conserving energy. Mona ground iguanas are endemic to Mona Island, Puerto Rico. They are scattered through the entire island, though the Southwest part of the island is only used during the nesting season. They live a considerable portion of their lives underground, and are usually found in talus slopes, caves and sinkhole depressions. The average depth underground that they can be found is 1.5 metres.

Reproduction

Mona ground iguana hatchling

Although Mona ground iguanas use the whole island as their habitat, only 1% of the territory, located on the southwest coast, is suitable for nesting because it contains loose sand and receives direct sunlight. The females bury their eggs in the sand and the sunlight incubates the eggs. Males reach sexual maturity at a size of 28–31 cm in length from snout to vent, usually in their third to fourth year, while females mature one year later at a size of 35–40 cm.

Nesting season begins in the second week of June. Usually, one female mates with more than one male in the two weeks the mating season lasts. Copulation may last from 15 sec to 2 mins and 15 sec. One month later, nesting begins. Females will dig a tunnel 3-foot (0.91 m) long located one to two feet underground, where they deposit from five to 19 eggs, with 12 being the average. They will guard their nests for several days, but provide no parental care for the hatchlings, which hatch three months later. Hatchlings measure, on average, 32 cm and weigh 73.7 grams and grow at a rate of 5.23 cm per year.[11]

Diet

Mona ground iguanas, like most Cyclura ssp. are primarily herbivorous, consuming leaves, flowers, berries, and fruits from different plant species.[12] A study in 2000 by Dr Allison Alberts of the San Diego Zoo revealed that seeds passing through the digestive tracts of Cycluras germinate more rapidly than those that do not.[13][14] These seeds in the fruits consumed by Cyclura have an adaptive advantage by sprouting before the end of very short rainy seasons.[6][14] The Mona ground iguana is also an important means of distributing these seeds to new areas (particularly since females migrate to nesting sites) and, as the largest native herbivores of their ecosystems, they are essential for maintaining the balance between climate and vegetation.[6][14] Their diets are very rarely supplemented with insect larvae, crabs, slugs, dead birds, and fungi; individual animals do appear to be opportunistic carnivores.[6][15] Fewer than a dozen animal species and 71 plant species are found in the Mona ground iguanas' diets.[15] Mona ground iguanas eat the caterpillar of sphingid moths.[6] These larvae feed on poisonous plants and are aposematically colored and avoided by other predators.[16]

Endangered status

Population numbers are estimated at 1,500 with lower densities than similar iguana-inhabited islands in the West Indies. Immature iguanas are scarce and represent only 5 - 10% of the population, revealing that the population is aging and in decline.[17]

Reasons for decline

Feral pigs pose the most serious threat as they root up iguana nests, and like most Cyclura species, the Mona ground iguana nests communally and at high density.[12][17] Introduced goats and pigs are a major competitor for food and overbrowsing by goats also leads to loss of protective cover from birds of prey such as the osprey and predation of juveniles by feral cats.[12][17]

Recovery efforts

A headstarting program was put into place by the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources with cooperation from the IUCN Iguana Specialist Group, the US Fish and Wildlife Service, the Toledo Zoo, and the University of Puerto Rico in 1999 to aid in the recovery of the Mona ground iguana.[18] From within the safety of this program, the iguanas are reared until they are large enough to survive in the wild, and predators such as the pigs and feral cats are no longer a threat.[14] The facility also carries out health screening prior to the release of specimens.[14] This health screening has been used to provide baselines of the normal physiologic values of the species, identifying potential future problems due to parasites, diseases, etc. which might threaten the population.[17]

Gallery of the Mona ground iguana
Mona iguana (Cyclura cornuta stejnegeri) 
Full body shot of iguana in the grass 
Close-up of head and shoulder 
Iguana pausing in the grass 
Iguana sitting down 

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 García; et al. (2000). "Cyclura cornuta ssp. stejnegeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2006. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 21 October 2006.
  2. ↑ Thomas Barbour & Gladwyn Kingsley Noble: A revision of the lizards of the genus Cyclura, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard Univ. Vol. 60(4).1916
  3. ↑ Hollingsworth, Bradford D. (2004), "The Evolution of Iguanas an Overview and a Checklist of Species", Iguanas: Biology and Conservation, University of California Press, p. 37, ISBN 978-0-520-23854-1
  4. ↑ Sanchez, Alejandro, "Family Iguanidae: Iguanas and Their Kin", Father Sanchez's Web Site of West Indian Natural History Diapsids I: Introduction; Lizards, Kingsnake.com, retrieved November 26, 2007
  5. 1 2 Stejneger, Leonhard (1902), The Herpetology of Porto Rico, New York: Rept. U.S. Nat. Mus, pp. 549–724
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Powell, Robert, "Herpetology of Navassa Island, West Indies" (PDF), Caribbean Journal of Science, University of Puerto Rico, 35 (1–2): 1–13, retrieved 2007-09-09
  7. ↑ "Cyclura stejnegeri Barbour and Noble, 1916", Integrated Taxonomic Information System, 2001, retrieved 2007-10-16
  8. ↑ Rivero, J.A. 1978. Los anfibios y reptiles de Puerto Rico. Universidad de Puerto Rico, Editorial Universitaria, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. 152p. 49 plates. (Spanish)
  9. ↑ De Vosjoli, Phillipe; Blair, David (1992), The Green Iguana Manual, Escondido, California: Advanced Vivarium Systems, ISBN 1-882770-18-8
  10. ↑ Martins, Emilia P.; Lacy, Kathryn (2004), "Behavior and Ecology of Rock Iguanas,I: Evidence for an Appeasement Display", Iguanas: Biology and Conservation, University of California Press, pp. 98–108, ISBN 978-0-520-23854-1
  11. ↑ Iverson, John; Smith, Geoffrey; Pieper, Lynne (2004), "Factors Affecting Long-Term Growth of the Allen Cays Rock Iguana in the Bahamas", Iguanas: Biology and Conservation, University of California Press, p. 176, ISBN 978-0-520-23854-1
  12. 1 2 3 Byrd, Dan; Byrd, Sylvia (1996), "The Rhinoceros Iguanas of Mona Island", Reptiles: Guide to Keeping Reptiles and Amphibians, 4 (1): 24–27
  13. ↑ Derr, Mark (2000-10-10), "In Caribbean, Endangered Iguanas Get Their Day", New York Times Science Section
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Alberts, Allison; Lemm, Jeffrey; Grant, Tandora; Jackintell, Lori (2004), "Testing the Utility of Headstarting as a Conservation Strategy for West Indian Iguanas", Iguanas: Biology and Conservation, University of California Press, p. 210, ISBN 978-0-520-23854-1
  15. 1 2 Wiewandt, T.A. 1977. Ecology, behavior, and management of the Mona Island ground iguana Cyclura stejnegeri. Ph.D. Thesis. Cornell University. 330p.
  16. ↑ Powell, Robert (8 January 2000), "Horned Iguanas of the Caribbean", Reptile and Amphibian Hobbyist, 5 (12)
  17. 1 2 3 4 Knapp, Charles R.; Hudson, Richard (2004), "Translocation Strategies as a Conservation Tool for West Indian Iguanas", Iguanas: Biology and Conservation, University of California Press, pp. 199–204, ISBN 978-0-520-23854-1
  18. ↑ Perez-Buitrago, Nestor (2005), "Successful Release of Head Start Mona Island Iguanas" (PDF), Iguana Specialist Group Newsletter, 8 (1): 6
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