Namibe
| Namibe | |
|---|---|
| Municipality and town | |
|
Port of Namibe | |
  Namibe Location in Angola | |
| Coordinates: 15°11′43″S 12°9′3″E / 15.19528°S 12.15083°ECoordinates: 15°11′43″S 12°9′3″E / 15.19528°S 12.15083°E | |
| Country |
 Angola |
| Province | Namibe Province |
| Founded | 1840 |
| Area | |
| • Total | 8,916 km2 (3,442 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 9 m (30 ft) |
| Population (2008) | |
| • Total | 86,366 |
| • Density | 9.7/km2 (25/sq mi) |
| Time zone | WAT (UTC+1) |
| Climate | BWh |
Namibe (pre-1985: Moçâmedes) is the capital city of Namibe Province in modern-day Angola. It is a coastal desert city located in southwestern Angola and was founded in 1840 by the Portuguese colonial administration. The city's current population is 132,900 (2004 estimate). Namibe has a cool dry climate and desert vegetation, due to its proximity to the Namib Desert.
History
Portuguese rule
A coastal desert city located in southwestern Angola, it was officially founded in 1840 by the Portuguese colonial administration on a bay that the Portuguese originally called Angra do Negro. The area was first explored by the Portuguese in 1785, and was claimed for Portugal by Luís Cândido Cordeiro Pinheiro Furtado, who had been sent there in the frigate Loanda by the then governor-general of Angola, Baron Moçâmedes, who also sent an overland expedition headed by Gregório José Mendes to rendezvous with Furtado. It was they who renamed the bay Moçâmedes in honour of the man who had sent them. In 1839 the then governor-general of Angola, Admiral Noronha, sent a fresh expedition to subdue the Sobas or chieftains of the region and establish them as vassals of Portugal. In 1840 a factory was established by two merchants, Jacomo Filippe Torres and António Joaquim Guimarães, and in July of the same year a fort was built at Ponta Negra, and the town of Moçâmedes was founded by order of the Portuguese prime minister Count of Bonfim, who was also head of the Colonial Department.[1] In 1846, after his defeat in the civil war of the Patuleia, Bonfim was himself exiled to Moçâmedes with his son and other members of the Junta of Porto, and though he managed to escape was returned to there by the Royal Navy until released under the terms of the Convention of Gramido.[2] The area was colonized mainly by Portuguese settlers from Madeira and Brazil; in the 1850s the Portuguese government also gave sea passage and financial assistance to a large number of German colonists.[3] The village - known by the native inhabitants in the 19th century as Mossungo Bittolo - grew as a fishing port, and by the 1960s, it had 143 fishing boats and several fish processing factories. The port normally handled a major part of the Angolan catch and had one of the most important fish landings of the Portuguese Overseas Province of Angola together with Luanda, Benguela and Lobito. About 200 km from the city of Namibe the Portuguese authorities founded the Iona National Park, Angola's oldest and largest national park, which was proclaimed as a reserve in 1937 and was upgraded by the authorities of Portuguese Angola to a national park covering 15,150 km² in 1964. During 1966-67 a major iron ore terminal was built by the Portuguese at Saco, the bay just 12 km North of Moçâmedes. The client was the Compania Mineira do Lobito, the Lobito Mining Company, which developed an iron ore mine inland at Cassinga. The construction of the mine installations and a 300 km railway were commissioned to Krupp of Germany and the modern harbour terminal to SETH, a Portuguese company owned by Højgaard & Schultz of Denmark. The small fishing town of Moçâmedes hosted construction workers, foreign engineers and their families for 2 years. The Ore Terminal was completed on time within one year and the first 250,000 ton ore carrier docked and loaded with ore in 1967.[4][5]
After independence from Portugal
After the April 1974 military coup in Lisbon, as the Portuguese Overseas Province of Angola's political situation deteriorated and the independence of the territory seemed inevitable, many Moçâmedes-based fishing boats departed to Portugal with entire crews and their families. Angola become independent from Portugal in 1975, after the Alvor Agreement. During the Angolan Civil War (1975–2002), following the departure of the Portuguese, the mine of Cassinga was controlled by UNITA and the coast by the communist government of the MPLA, so no exports were possible. The port installations were unused but protected by Cuban forces and on the promontory beyond the terminal, Soviet experts installed SAM-3 missile launchers facing the South-West African border in May 1981. When intelligence about this increase in military activity reached the SADF later that year, South African aircraft raided the site to neutralize the missiles.
In 1985, the city of Moçâmedes changed its (original, colonial-Portuguese) name to Namibe.
Climate
| Climate data for Namibe | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 34.8 (94.6) |
34.2 (93.6) |
37.4 (99.3) |
38.9 (102) |
40.3 (104.5) |
38.5 (101.3) |
36.7 (98.1) |
27.3 (81.1) |
30.0 (86) |
30.0 (86) |
33.7 (92.7) |
31.7 (89.1) |
40.3 (104.5) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 27.0 (80.6) |
28.0 (82.4) |
28.9 (84) |
27.9 (82.2) |
25.8 (78.4) |
22.4 (72.3) |
20.6 (69.1) |
20.9 (69.6) |
22.4 (72.3) |
23.6 (74.5) |
25.3 (77.5) |
25.9 (78.6) |
24.9 (76.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 23.0 (73.4) |
24.7 (76.5) |
25.6 (78.1) |
24.2 (75.6) |
21.1 (70) |
18.3 (64.9) |
17.4 (63.3) |
17.9 (64.2) |
19.2 (66.6) |
20.4 (68.7) |
21.9 (71.4) |
22.5 (72.5) |
21.4 (70.5) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 19.1 (66.4) |
19.8 (67.6) |
20.7 (69.3) |
18.7 (65.7) |
14.7 (58.5) |
12.8 (55) |
13.0 (55.4) |
13.8 (56.8) |
14.9 (58.8) |
15.9 (60.6) |
17.1 (62.8) |
17.7 (63.9) |
16.5 (61.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 13.0 (55.4) |
12.1 (53.8) |
12.6 (54.7) |
10.2 (50.4) |
7.4 (45.3) |
4.5 (40.1) |
6.5 (43.7) |
5.2 (41.4) |
7.2 (45) |
8.2 (46.8) |
10.5 (50.9) |
11.2 (52.2) |
4.5 (40.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 7.2 (0.283) |
10.0 (0.394) |
17.1 (0.673) |
9.7 (0.382) |
0.1 (0.004) |
0.1 (0.004) |
0.2 (0.008) |
0.2 (0.008) |
0.3 (0.012) |
1.1 (0.043) |
2.1 (0.083) |
2.9 (0.114) |
51.0 (2.008) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 13 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 80 | 79 | 78 | 79 | 82 | 84 | 84 | 85 | 84 | 83 | 80 | 79 | 81 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 210.8 | 209.1 | 232.5 | 231.0 | 217.0 | 141.0 | 105.4 | 111.6 | 129.0 | 155.0 | 213.0 | 220.1 | 2,175.5 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 6.8 | 7.4 | 7.5 | 7.7 | 7.0 | 4.7 | 3.4 | 3.6 | 4.3 | 5.0 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 6.0 |
| Source: Deutscher Wetterdienst[6] | |||||||||||||
Religion
The city's Sé Catedral de São Pedro is the cathedral episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Namibe, which was established in 2009 on territory split from its Metropolitan's Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lubango, to which it is a suffragan.
Transport
Rail
Namibe is the terminus of the Moçâmedes Railway. This line was originally 600mm gauge but was converted to 1067mm gauge in the 1950s.[7]
Sea
It has one of Angola's three major ports, alongside Luanda and Lobito.
Air
Namibe is served by the Namibe Airport located about 7 km to the south of the city. The old Yuri Gagarin airport, only about 1.7 km from the city's center, connects the city to the rest of the country.
Sports
In 2013, Namibe and the national capital Luanda jointly hosted the 2013 FIRS Men's Roller Hockey World Cup, the first time that a World Cup of roller hockey was held in Africa.
Bibliography
- Clarence-Smith, W. G. Slaves, Peasants and Capitalists in Southern Angola 1840-1926. New York: Cambridge UP, 1979.
- Clarence-Smith, W. G. "Slavery in Coastal Southern Angola, 1875-1913." Journal of Southern African Studies 2.2 (1976), 214-23.
See also
References
- ↑ Francisco Travassos Valdez, Six Years of a Traveller's Life in Western Africa (London: Hurst & Blackett, 1861), Volume 2, pp.336-338.
- ↑ Francisco Travassos Valdez (1861), Volume 1, pp.11-12.
- ↑ Francisco Travassos Valdez (1861), Volume 2, pp.346-347.
- ↑ (Portuguese) Angola - Moçâmedes, minha terra, eu te vi crescer... (Raul Ferreira Trindade), history of Moçâmedes/Namibe
- ↑ (Portuguese) Angola de outros tempos Moçamedes, Moçâmedes under Portuguese rule before 1975, youtube.com
- ↑ "Klimatafel von Namibe (Mocamedes), Prov. Namibe / Angola" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
- ↑ http://53.1911encyclopedia.org/Angola_%28Portuguese_West_Africa%29