Mycolactone

Mycolactone
Names
IUPAC name
[(6S,7S,9E,12R)-12-[(E,2S,6R,7R,9R)-7,9-dihydroxy-4,6-dimethyldec-4-en-2-yl]-7,9-dimethyl-2-oxo-1-oxacyclododec-9-en-6-yl] (2E,4E,6E,8E,10E,12S,13S,15S)-12,13,15-trihydroxy-4,6,10-trimethylhexadeca-2,4,6,8,10-pentaenoate
Identifiers
222050-77-3 YesY
3D model (Jmol) Interactive image
ChemSpider 4445303 YesY
MeSH Mycolactone
PubChem 5282079
Properties
C44H70O9
Molar mass 743.021
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

Mycolactone is a polyketide-derived macrolide produced and secreted by a group of very closely related pathogenic Mycobacteria species that have been assigned a variety of names including, M. ulcerans, M. liflandii (an unofficial designation), M. pseudoshottsii, and some strains of M. marinum. These mycobacteria are collectively referred to as mycolactone-producing mycobacteria or MPM.[1][2]

In humans, mycolactone is the toxin responsible for Buruli ulcers, doing so by damaging tissues and inhibiting the immune response.[3]

Variants

Five distinct, naturally-occurring mycolactone structural variants have been described so far:

Biosynthesis

Mycolactone is produced by MPM through condensation of two polyketide chains (known as the core and acyl side chain). Different MPM produce characteristic mixtures of mycolactone congeners. The structural heterogeneity of mycolactones is due to variations in the acyl side chain. The structure of the mycolactone core is invariant.[4]

The genes required for mycolactone biosynthesis form a contiguous 110-kb cluster on a large plasmid.[9] The lactone core is produced by two polyketide synthases (PKS) that are encoded by the genes, mlsA1 and mlsA2, and a third polyketide synthase, encoded by the mlsB gene, produces the fatty acid-acyl side chain. Three putative accessory genes are found in the mycolactone cluster. One of these, MUP053, encodes a p450 monooxygenase that is thought to produce the hydroxyl at C′-12 on the fatty acid side chain. The gene encoding a FabH-like, type III ketosynthase (KS), located upstream of mlsA1, encodes a putative “joinase” (MUP045), and a type II thioesterase (TE II) gene (MUP038) is located between mlsA2 and mlsB.[9]

Mycolactone consists of a 12-membered macrolide core with an ester-linked polyketide chain. Three plasmid-encoded polyketide synthase (PKS) enzymes are responsible for its production: MLSA 1 and MLSA 2 which generate the core, and MLSB is responsible for the synthesis of the polyketide chain. As shown in Figure 1, MLSB (1.2 MDa) contains seven consecutive extension modules and MLSA 1 (1.8 MDa) consists of eight. The remaining PKS enzyme, MLSA 2, contains the ninth module of MLSA.[9] The C-terminal domains of both MLSA2 and MLSB includes a thioesterase (TE) that was thought to catalyze the formation of the mycolactone core but appears inactive.[10] Each module consists of either malonyl-CoA or methylmalonyl-CoA Acyltransferase (AT) that allows for chain extension, a ketosynthase (KS), which catalyzes chain elongation, and an Acyl carrier protein (ACP) where the growing polyketide chain is attached. Modules may also consist of any of the following modifying domains: a dehydratase (DH), an enoyl reductase (ER) and one of two types of ketoreductase (KR) domains. Type A and B KRs refer to the two directions of ketoreduction that are correlated with specific amino acids in the active site. Four of the DH domains are predicted to be inactive based on a point mutation found in the active site sequence.[9][11]

Domain organization of mycolactone.

Figure 1. Domain Organization of Mycolactone.[9]

References

  1. ↑ Yip MJ, Porter JL, Fyfe JA, Lavender CJ, et al. (March 2007). "Evolution of "Mycobacterium ulcerans" and other mycolactone-producing mycobacteria from a common "Mycobacterium marinum" progenitor.". J Bacteriol. 189 (5): 2021–29. doi:10.1128/JB.01442-06. PMC 1855710Freely accessible. PMID 17172337.
  2. ↑ Käser M; Hauser J; Small P; Pluschke G. (September 2009). "Large sequence polymorphisms unveil the phylogenetic relationship of environmental and pathogenic mycobacteria related to "Mycobacterium ulcerans".". Appl Environ Microbiol. 75 (17): 5667–75. doi:10.1128/AEM.00446-09. PMC 2737907Freely accessible. PMID 19592526.
  3. ↑ "Buruli ulcer disease". Fact sheets. WHO. March 2007. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
  4. 1 2 Pidot SJ, Hong H, Seemann T, Porter JL, et al. (October 2008). "Deciphering the genetic basis for polyketide variation among mycobacteria producing mycolactones.". BMC Genomics. 9: 462. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-9-462. PMC 2569948Freely accessible. PMID 18840298.
  5. ↑ Mve-Obiang A, Lee RE, Umstot ES, Trott KA, et al. (June 2005). "A newly discovered mycobacterial pathogen isolated from laboratory colonies of "Xenopus" species with lethal infections produces a novel form of mycolactone, the "Mycobacterium ulcerans" macrolide toxin.". Infect Immun. 7 (6): 3307–12. doi:10.1128/IAI.73.6.3307-3312.2005. PMC 1111873Freely accessible. PMID 15908356.
  6. ↑ Hong H; Stinear T; Skelton P; Spencer JB; Leadlay PF. (Sep 2005). "Structure elucidation of a novel family of mycolactone toxins from the frog pathogen "Mycobacterium" sp. MU128FXT by mass spectrometry.". Chem Commun (Camb). 34 4306-8 (34): 4306–8. doi:10.1039/b506835e. PMID 16113730.
  7. ↑ Ranger BS, Mahrous EA, Mosi L, et al. (November 2006). "Globally distributed mycobacterial fish pathogens produce a novel plasmid-encoded toxic macrolide, mycolactone F.". Infect. Immun. 74 (11): 6037–45. doi:10.1128/IAI.00970-06. PMC 1695495Freely accessible. PMID 16923788.
  8. ↑ Stragier P; Hermans K; Stinear T; Portaels F. (September 2008). "First report of a mycolactone-producing Mycobacterium infection in fish agriculture in Belgium.". FEMS Microbiol Lett. 286 (1): 93–5. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01264.x. PMID 18631185.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Stinear TP, Mve-Obiang A, Small PL, Frigui W, et al. (February 2004). "Giant plasmid-encoded polyketide synthases produce the macrolide toxin of "Mycobacterium ulcerans".". PNAS. 101 (6): 1345–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.0305877101. PMC 337055Freely accessible. PMID 14736915.
  10. ↑ Meier JL, Barrows-Yano T, Foley TL, Wike CL, Burkart MD (April 2008). "The unusual macrocycle forming thioesterase of mycolactone". Mol. Biosyst. 4 (6): 663–671. doi:10.1039/b801397g. PMID 18493665.
  11. ↑ Bali S, Weissman KJ (October 2006). "Ketoreduction in Mycolactone Biosynthesis: Insight into Substrate Specificity and Stereocontrol from Studies of Discrete Ketoreductase Domains in vitro". ChemBioChem. 7 (12): 1935–1942. doi:10.1002/cbic.200600285. PMID 17031885.
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