Myoviridae

The Myoviridae is a family of bacteriophages in the order Caudovirales. Bacteria and archaea serve as natural hosts. There are currently 93 species in this family, divided among four subfamilies and 30 genera.[1][2]

Subdivisions

The subfamily Tevenvirinae (synonym: Teequatrovirinae) is named after its type species Enterobacteria phage T4. Members of this subfamily are morphologically indistinguishable and have moderately elongated heads of about 110 nanometers (nm) in length, 114 nm long tails with a collar, base plates with short spikes and six long kinked tail fibers. The genera within this subfamily are divided on the basis of head morphology with the genus T4likevirus having a head length of 137 nm and those in the genus Schizot4likevirus being 111 nm in length. Within the genera on the basis of protein homology the species have been divided into a number of groups.

The subfamily Peduovirinae have virions with heads of 60 nm in diameter and tails of 135 × 18 nm. These phages are easily identified because contracted sheaths tend to slide off the tail core. The P" phage is the type species.

The subfamily Spounavirinae are all virulent, broad-host range phages that infect members of the Firmicutes. They possess isometric heads of 87-94 nm in diameter and conspicuous capsomers, striated 140-219 nm long tails and a double base plate. At the tail tip are globular structures now know to be the base plate spikes and short kinked tail fibers with six-fold symmetry. Members of this group usually possess large (127–142 kb) nonpermuted genomes with 3.1–20 kb terminal redundancies. The name for this subfamily is derived from SPO plus una (Latin for one).

The haloviruses HF1 and HF2 belong to the same genus but since they infect archaea rather than bacteria are likely to be placed in a separate genus once their classification has been settled.[3]

A dwarf group has been proposed on morphological and genomic grounds. This group includes the phages Aeromonas salmonicida phage 56, Vibrio cholerae phages 138 and CP-T1, Bdellovibrio phage φ1422 and Pectobacterium carotovorum phage ZF40.[4] Their shared characteristics include an identical virion morphology, characterized by usually short contractile tails and all have genome sizes of approximately 45 kilobases. The gene order in the structural unit of the genome is in the order: terminase—portal—head—tail—base plate—tail fibers.

Virology

Viruses in Myoviridae are non-enveloped, with head-tail (with a neck) geometries. Genomes are linear, double-stranded DNA, around 33-244kb in length. The genome codes for 40 to 415 proteins.[1] It has terminally redundant sequences. The GC-content is ~35%. The genome encodes 200-300 proteins that are transcribed in operons. 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine may be present in the genome (instead of thymidine).

The tubular tail has helical symmetry and is 16-20 nm in diameter. It consists of a central tube, a contractile sheath, a collar, a base plate, six tail pins and six long fibers. It is similar to Tectiviridae, but differs in the fact that a myovirus' tail is permanent.

Contractions of the tail require ATP. On contraction of the sheath, sheath subunits slide over each other and the tail shortens to 10–15 nm in length.

Genus Structure Symmetry Capsid Genomic Arrangement Genomic Segmentation
Cp220likevirusHead-TailNon-EnvelopedLinearMonopartite
Cp8unalikevirusHead-TailNon-EnvelopedLinearMonopartite
HpunalikevirusHead-TailT=7Non-EnvelopedLinearMonopartite
P2likevirusHead-TailT=7 dextroNon-EnvelopedLinearMonopartite
SpounalikevirusHead-TailT=16Non-EnvelopedLinearMonopartite
TwortlikevirusHead-TailT=16Non-EnvelopedLinearMonopartite
Schizot4likevirusHead-TailT=13 Q=21Non-EnvelopedLinearMonopartite
T4likevirusHead-TailT=13 Q=21Non-EnvelopedLinearMonopartite
Bcep78likevirusHead-TailNon-EnvelopedLinearMonopartite
BcepmulikevirusHead-TailNon-EnvelopedLinearMonopartite
FelixounalikevirusHead-TailNon-EnvelopedLinearMonopartite
HapunalikevirusHead-TailNon-EnvelopedLinearMonopartite
I3likevirusHead-TailNon-EnvelopedLinearMonopartite
MulikevirusHead-TailNon-EnvelopedLinearMonopartite
PbunalikevirusHead-TailNon-EnvelopedLinearMonopartite
Phicd119likevirus Head-TailNon-EnvelopedLinearMonopartite
PhihlikevirusHead-TailNon-EnvelopedLinearMonopartite
PhikzlikevirusHead-TailT=27Non-EnvelopedCircularMonopartite
PunalikevirusHead-TailNon-EnvelopedCircularMonopartite
ViunalikevirusHead-TailNon-EnvelopedLinearMonopartite

Life cycle

On attaching to a host cell, the virus uses its contractile sheath like a syringe, piercing the cell wall with its central tube and injecting the genetic material into the host. The injected DNA takes over the host cell's mechanisms for transcription and translation and begins to manufacture new viruses. Replication follows the replicative transposition model. DNA-templated transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by -1 ribosomal frameshifting. The virus exits the host cell by lysis, and holin/endolysin/spanin proteins. Bacteria and archaea serve as the natural host. Transmission route is passive diffusion.[1]

Although Myoviruses are in general lytic, lacking the genes required to become lysogenic, a number of temperate species are known.

Genus Host Details Tissue Tropism Entry Details Release Details Replication Site Assembly Site Transmission
Cp220likevirusBacteriaNoneInjectionLysisCytoplasmCytoplasmPassive diffusion
Cp8unalikevirusBacteriaNoneInjectionLysisCytoplasmCytoplasmPassive diffusion
HpunalikevirusBacteriaNoneInjectionLysisCytoplasmCytoplasmPassive diffusion
P2likevirusBacteriaNoneInjectionLysisCytoplasmCytoplasmPassive diffusion
SpounalikevirusBacteriaNoneInjectionLysisCytoplasmCytoplasmPassive diffusion
TwortlikevirusBacteriaNoneInjectionLysisCytoplasmCytoplasmPassive diffusion
Schizot4likevirusBacteriaNoneInjectionLysisCytoplasmCytoplasmPassive diffusion
T4likevirusBacteria: gram negativeNoneInjectionLysisCytoplasmCytoplasmPassive diffusion
Bcep78likevirusBacteriaNoneInjectionLysisCytoplasmCytoplasmPassive diffusion
BcepmulikevirusBacteriaNoneInjectionLysisCytoplasmCytoplasmPassive diffusion
FelixounalikevirusBacteriaNoneInjectionLysisCytoplasmCytoplasmPassive diffusion
HapunalikevirusBacteriaNoneInjectionLysisCytoplasmCytoplasmPassive diffusion
I3likevirusBacteriaNoneInjectionLysisCytoplasmCytoplasmPassive diffusion
MulikevirusBacteriaNoneInjectionLysisCytoplasmCytoplasmPassive diffusion
PbunalikevirusBacteriaNoneInjectionLysisCytoplasmCytoplasmPassive diffusion
Phicd119likevirus BacteriaNoneInjectionLysisCytoplasmCytoplasmPassive diffusion
PhihlikevirusBacteria; archeaNoneInjectionLysisCytoplasmCytoplasmPassive diffusion
PhikzlikevirusBacteriaNoneInjectionLysisCytoplasmCytoplasmPassive diffusion
PunalikevirusBacteriaNoneInjectionLysisCytoplasmCytoplasmPassive diffusion
ViunalikevirusBacteria; archeaNoneInjectionLysisCytoplasmCytoplasmPassive diffusion

Applications

Because most Myoviridae are lytic, rather than temperate, phages, some researchers have investigated their use as a therapy for bacterial diseases in humans and other animals.[5]

Taxonomy

Group: dsDNA

[2]

Proposed Genera

The following genera have been proposed but are not currently ratified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses:[3][6][7][8][9][10]

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  2. 1 2 ICTV. "Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release". Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  3. 1 2 Tang, SL; Nuttall, S; Dyall-Smith, M (2004). "Haloviruses HF1 and HF2: evidence for a recent and large recombination event". J Bacteriol. 186 (9): 2810–2807. doi:10.1128/JB.186.9.2810-2817.2004.
  4. ↑ Comeau, AM; Tremblay, D; Moineau, S; Rattei, T; Kushkina, AI; Tovkach, FI; Krisch, HM; Ackermann, HW (2012). "Phage morphology recapitulates phylogeny: the comparative genomics of a new group of myoviruses". PLOS ONE. 7 (7): e40102. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040102.
  5. ↑ Capparelli, Rosanna; et al. (August 2007). "Experimental phage therapy against Staphylococcus aureus in mice" (PDF). Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 51 (8): 2765–2773. doi:10.1128/AAC.01513-06. PMC 1932491Freely accessible. PMID 17517843. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  6. ↑ Santos, S. B.; Kropinski, A. M.; Ceyssens, P. -J.; Ackermann, H. - W.; Villegas, A.; Lavigne, R.; Krylov, V. N.; Carvalho, C. M.; Ferreira, E. C.; Azeredo, J. (2011). "Genomic and Proteomic Characterization of the Broad-Host-Range Salmonella Phage PVP-SE1: Creation of a New Phage Genus". Journal of Virology. 85 (21): 11265–11273. doi:10.1128/JVI.01769-10.
  7. ↑ Truncaite, L.; Šimoliūnas, E.; Zajančkauskaite, A.; Kaliniene, L.; Mankevičiūte, R.; Staniulis, J.; Klausa, V.; Meškys, R. (2012). "Bacteriophage vB_EcoM_FV3: A new member of "rV5-like viruses"". Archives of Virology. 157 (12): 2431–2435. doi:10.1007/s00705-012-1449-x.
  8. ↑ Cornelissen, A.; Hardies, S. C.; Shaburova, O. V.; Krylov, V. N.; Mattheus, W.; Kropinski, A. M.; Lavigne, R. (2011). "Complete Genome Sequence of the Giant Virus OBP and Comparative Genome Analysis of the Diverse KZ-Related Phages". Journal of Virology. 86 (3): 1844–1852. doi:10.1128/JVI.06330-11.
  9. ↑ Mizuno, C. M.; Rodriguez-Valera, F.; Kimes, N. E.; Ghai, R. (2013). "Expanding the Marine Virosphere Using Metagenomics". PLoS Genetics. 9 (12): e1003987. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003987. PMC 3861242Freely accessible. PMID 24348267.
  10. ↑ Holmfeldt, K.; Solonenko, N.; Shah, M.; Corrier, K.; Riemann, L.; Verberkmoes, N. C.; Sullivan, M. B. (2013). "Twelve previously unknown phage genera are ubiquitous in global oceans". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (31): 12798–12803. doi:10.1073/pnas.1305956110.
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