NIMBY

An airport is a typical example of a development that can cause a NIMBY reaction: though locals may benefit from improved transport links and new jobs, they may oppose it with objections to the noise, pollution and traffic it will generate.
Unfinished tower in Tenleytown, Washington, D.C. that was later removed as a result of complaints from the local neighborhood

NIMBY (an acronym for the phrase "Not In My Back Yard"[1][2]), or Nimby (as a word, instead of an acronym),[3] is a pejorative characterization of opposition by residents to a proposal for a new development because it is close to them (or, in some cases, because the development involves controversial or potentially dangerous technology) often with the connotation that such residents believe that the developments are needed in society but should be further away. The residents are often called Nimbys and their state of mind is called Nimbyism.

Examples of projects likely to be opposed include any sort of housing development,[4] bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure, skyscrapers, homeless shelters,[5] oil wells, chemical plants, industrial parks, military bases, fracking,[6] wind turbines, desalination plants, landfill sites, incinerators, power plants, quarries, prisons,[7] pubs, adult entertainment clubs, firearms dealers, mobile phone masts, electricity pylons, abortion clinics,[8] children's homes, nursing homes, youth hostels, sports stadiums, shopping malls, retail parks, railways, roads, airports, seaports, nuclear waste repositories,[9] storage for weapons of mass destruction,[10] and cannabis dispensaries and recreational cannabis shops.

The NIMBY concept may also be applied to people who advocate some proposal (e.g., budget cuts, tax increases, layoffs, immigration or energy conservation) but oppose implementing it in a way that might affect their lives or require any sacrifice on their part.

Claimed rationale

Developments likely to attract local objections include:

The claimed reasons against these developments vary, and some are given below.

Generally, many NIMBY objections are guessed or feared, because objections are more likely to be successful before the construction start. It is often too late to object to the project after its completion, since new additions are unlikely to be reversed.

People in an area affected by plans sometimes form an organization which can collect money and organize the objection activities. NIMBYists can hire a lawyer to do formal appeals, and contact media to gain public support for their case.

Origin and history

The Oxford English Dictionary identifies the acronym's earliest use as being in 1980 in the Christian Science Monitor, although even there the author indicates the term is already used in the hazardous waste industry.[14][15] The concept behind the term, that of locally organized resistance to unwanted land uses, is likely to have originated earlier. One suggestion is it emerged in the 1950s.[16]

In the 1980s, the term was popularized by British politician Nicholas Ridley, who was Conservative Secretary of State for the Environment. Comedian George Carlin used the term in a comedy skit, implying that people had already heard of it.[17]

Variations

NIMBY and its derivative terms NIMBYism, NIMBYs, and NIMBYists, refer implicitly to debates of development generally or to a specific case. As such, their use is inherently contentious. The term is usually applied to opponents of a development, implying that they have narrow, selfish, or myopic views. Its use is often pejorative.[18]

Not in My Neighborhood

The term Not in My Neighborhood (or NIMN) is also frequently used.[19] "NIMN" additionally refers to legislative actions or private agreements made with the sole purpose of maintaining racial identity within a particular neighborhood or residential area by forcefully keeping members of other races from moving into the area.[20] In that regard, "Not in My Neighborhood," by author and journalist Antero Pietila, describes the toll NIMN politics had on housing conditions in Baltimore throughout the 20th century and the systemic, racially based citywide separation it caused.[21]

NIABY

Opposition to certain developments as inappropriate anywhere in the world is characterised by the acronym NIABY ("Not In Anyone's Backyard"). The building of nuclear power plants, for example, is often subject to NIABY concerns.[22]

NAMBI

NAMBI ("Not Against My Business or Industry") is used as a label for any business concern that expresses umbrage with actions or policy that threaten that business, whereby they are believed to be complaining about the principle of the action or policy only for their interests alone and not for all similar business concerns who would equally suffer from the actions or policies.[22] The term serves as a criticism of the kind of outrage that business expresses when disingenuously portraying its protest to be for the benefit of all other businesses. Such a labelling would occur, for example, when opposition expressed by a business involved in urban development is challenged by activists – causing the business to in turn protest and appealing for support from fellow businesses lest they also find themselves challenged where they seek urban development. This term also serves as a rhetorical counter to NIMBY. Seen as an equivalent to NIMBY by those opposing the business or industry in question.

BANANA

BANANA is an acronym for "Build Absolutely Nothing Anywhere Near Anything" (or "Anyone").[23][24] The term is most often used to criticize the ongoing opposition of certain advocacy groups to land development.[25] The apparent opposition of some activists to every instance of proposed development suggests that they seek a complete absence of new growth. The term is commonly used within the context of planning in the United Kingdom. The Sunderland City Council lists the term on their online dictionary of jargon.[26]

PIBBY

PIBBY is an acronym for "Place In Blacks' Back Yard", an instance of racist rhetoric. This principle indicates that the people with social, racial, and economic privileges object to a development in their own back yards, and if the objectionable item must be built, then it should be built so that its perceived harms disproportionately affect poor, socially disadvantaged people. Economically disadvantaged people might not want to hire a lawyer to appeal the right way, or might have more immediate troubles than a new nearby construction project. The environmental justice movement has critiqued Nimbyism as a form of environmental racism. Robert D. Bullard, Director of the Environmental Justice Resource Center at Clark Atlanta University, has argued that official responses to NIMBY phenomena have led to the PIBBY principle.[27][28] [29] [30][31] [32] [33] [34]

FRUIT

FRUIT is an acronym for "Fear of Revitalization Urban-Infill and Towers". The word FRUIT or FRUITs is a play on words in support of the acronym BANANAs. First used in a development industry article in Vancouver to refer to allegedly irrational local opponents (fruit cakes, fruit loops or just fruits) of well-planned developments.[35]

SOBBY

SOBBY is an acronym for "Some Other Bugger's Back Yard" and refers to the state of mind which agrees that a particular project may be desirable and perhaps necessary – but only if it is placed somewhere else.[36]

Points of debate

Although often used rather pejoratively, the use of the concept NIMBY and similar terms have been critiqued. For instance, the term is frequently used to dismiss groups as selfish or ill-informed, yet these same groups may have virtues that are overlooked.[37]

In favor of development

Frequently argued debate points in favor of development include higher employment, tax revenue, marginal cost of remote development, safety, and environmental benefits. Proponents of development may accuse locals of egotism, elitism, parochialism, drawbridge mentality, racism and anti-diversity, the inevitability of criticism, and misguided or unrealistic claims of prevention of urban sprawl. If people who don't want to be disturbed see the general need of an establishment, such as an airport, they generally suggest another location. But seen from society's perspective, the other location might not be better, since people living there get disturbed instead.[38]

In favor of local sovereignty

Those labeled as NIMBYs may have a variety of motivations and may be unified only because they oppose a particular project. For example, some may oppose any significant change or development, regardless of type, purpose, or origin. Others, if the project is seen as being imposed by outsiders, may hold strong principles of self-governance, local sovereignty, local autonomy, and home rule. These people believe that local people should have the final choice, and that any project affecting the local people should clearly benefit themselves, rather than corporations with distant investors or central governments.[39] Still others may object to a particular project because of its nature, e.g., opposing a nuclear power plant over fear of radiation, but accepting a local waste management facility as a municipal necessity.

Examples

Canada

Nova Scotia

In July 2012, residents of Kings County rallied against a bylaw, developed over three years of consultation and hearings, allowing wind generators to be constructed nearby.[40] A similar theme arose in September 2009, where residents there rallied against a wind generator in Digby Neck, Nova Scotia.[41] In January 2011, residents of Lawrencetown, NS openly opposed a cell tower being built.[42] A proposed development of downtown Dartmouth in August 2012 was also contested by residents.[43] In February 2013, some residents of Lunenburg County opposed wind farms being built in the area, saying, "It’s health and it’s property devaluation" and "This is an industrial facility put in the middle of rural Nova Scotia. It does not belong there."[44]

In March 2013, some residents of the community of Blockhouse opposed the building and development of a recycling plant, referred to by one business owner as a "dump." The plant would offer 75 jobs to the community of roughly 5,900 people.[45] In the same month, the municipal councilors of Chester, Nova Scotia, approved the building of wind turbines in the area in a 6-1 vote, despite some local opposition.[46]

United Kingdom

Ashtead, Surrey

In the affluent English village of Ashtead, Surrey, which lies on the outskirts of London, residents objected in 2007[47] to the conversion of a large, £1.7 million residential property into a family support centre for relatives of wounded British service personnel. The house was to be purchased by a registered charity, SSAFA Forces Help.[47][48][49] Local residents objected to the proposal out of fear of increased traffic and noise, as well as the possibility of an increased threat of terrorism. They also contended that the SSAFA charity is actually a business, thereby setting an unwelcome precedent.[50] Local newspapers ran articles titled "Nimby neighbours' war with wounded soldiers' families" and "No Heroes in my Backyard."

Ex-servicemen and several members of the British general public organised a petition in support of SSAFA, and even auctioned the "Self Respect of Ashtead" on eBay.[51]

High Speed 2

Particularly in the run up to the final decision on the route of the high-speed railway known as High Speed 2, BBC News Online reported that many residents of Conservative constituencies were launching objections to the HS2 route based on the effects it would have on them, whilst also showing concerns that HS2 is unlikely to have a societal benefit at a macro level under the current economic circumstances.[52][53] Likewise, Labour MP Natascha Engel—through whose constituency the line will pass—offered a "passionate defence of nimbyism" in the House of Commons, with regards to the effects the line would have on home- and business-owning constituents.[54] HS2 has also been characterised by residents of the Chilterns and Camden making arguments against the supposed lack of a business case for the line, often as a smokescreen for NIMBYism. On the 17th of March 2014, it was announced that Camden's NIMBYs were successful in their campaign to derail the HS1-HS2 link railway .

Heathrow Airport

In November 2007 a consultation process began for the building of a new third runway and a sixth terminal and it was controversially[55] approved on 15 January 2009 by UK Government ministers.[56] The project was then cancelled on 12 May 2010 by the Cameron Government.[57]

Heathrow Airport has a CAA Public Use Aerodrome Licence (Number P527) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flying instruction.[58]

Coventry Airport

The airport is owned by CAFCO (Coventry) Limited, a joint venture between Howard Holdings plc[59] and Convergence-AFCO Holdings Limited (CAFCOHL), and in June 2007 had its application to build permanent terminal and passenger facilities turned down by the UK government due to public pressure.[60][61][62][63][64][65]

Wimbledon, London

The London Borough of Merton did not have enough school places for local children who would be reaching school age in 2012 and 2013. Almost all local schools had expanded, but the NIMBY group "Save Our Rec" opposed the expansion of Dundonald school onto the site of the nearby park's pavilion.[66]

Hong Kong

When Christian Zheng Sheng College, a correctional school for young drug addicts, opened in 1998, several people called it an eyesore. In June 2009, residents of Mui Wo voiced objection when they announced they are planning to move their campus into an empty school building there.

Italy

The No TAV opposition to the Turin–Lyon high-speed railway is often characterized as a NIMBY movement.

Japan

The Muraiken Undō or No Leprosy Patients in Our Prefecture Movement, was a government funded Japanese public health and social movement which began between 1929 and 1934.

In 2001, when the leprosy prevention law was ruled unconstitutional, the Prime Minister, the Minister of Welfare, and the National Diet published statements of apology to leprosy patients and their families. Several prefectural governors made apologies at public sanatoriums.

United States

California

A small number of residents (mostly farmers) in Hanford, California and surrounding areas are opposed to the California High-Speed Rail Authority building high-speed rail near farmland, citing that it will bring environmental and economic problems.

Wealthy residents of southern Orange County, CA defeated a local measure that proposed to convert the decommissioned El Toro Marine Base into a commercial airport, claiming that the airport would be "unsafe" during landings and take-offs as well as create air quality issues. The real issue was the FAA planned the flight paths for the airport over expensive neighborhoods of the south Orange County and residents feared that their property values would decrease. The airport proposal, however, was strongly supported by Northern Orange County residents. The defeat of the local measure resulted in the creation of the Orange County Great Park.

National, state and local environmentalists, historic preservationists and long time residents of South Pasadena, California have been successfully opposing the completion of the highly controversial State Route 710 through the cities of Los Angeles (El Sereno), South Pasadena and Pasadena for over 60 years. There has been a federal injunction in place for 41 years stopping construction of the surface freeway. USC and UCLA urban and transportation planning students study this 80-year-old controversy because it's a classic example of sustained grass-roots opposition to a government proposal.

Now and for over a decade, a struggle has been brewing in San Francisco, California between the voting public and the influx of young professionals and tech workers. With no room to expand, construction companies can only build up in order to meet the increasing housing demand. However, NIMBYism has prevented high rise construction from spreading in San Francisco, citing restrictions on buildings' shadows and the dramatic changes proposed to the waterfront skyline.[67] The opposition argues that new construction will increase the supply of luxury housing without creating affordable housing, thus raising the average rent while by attracting a wealthier population to the city of San Francisco and forcing middle and lower income families out of the city.[68]

Florida

Similar to the situation in Nantucket Sound, Mass., a minority of residents in St. Lucie County, Florida have vehemently opposed the construction of wind turbines in the county. The construction of the wind turbines is strongly supported by over 80% of county residents according to a 2008 Florida Power and Light (FPL) poll.[69] Additionally, the power company proposed building the turbines in a location on a beach near a prior existing nuclear power plant owned by the company.

In the 1980s, a agency known as the Palm Beach County Expressway Authority was formed to develop a series of east/west highways to take people from suburban Palm Beach County into downtown West Palm Beach. This was done in anticipation of population growth that would happen over the next decades in Palm Beach County that would bring in more traffic. Many neighbors in areas such as Westgate and Lake Belvedere Estates strongly opposed this plan citing it would wipe out their neighborhoods. Ultimately the plan was revised to create SR-80 Boulevard into an express like roadway by eliminating traffic lights and overpassing other local roadways.

Illinois

In 1959, when Deerfield officials learned that a developer building a neighborhood of large new homes planned to make houses available to African Americans, they issued a stop-work order. An intense debate began about racial integration, property values, and the good faith of the residents, community officials and builders. For a brief time, Deerfield was spotlighted in the national news as "the Little Rock of the North."[70] Supporters of integration were denounced and ostracized by residents. Eventually, the village passed a referendum to build parks on the property, thus putting an end to the housing development. Two model homes already partially completed were sold to village officials.[70] Otherwise, the land lay dormant for years before it was developed into what is now Mitchell Pool and Park and Jaycee Park. The first black family did not move into Deerfield until much later, and in years since Deerfield has seen a greater influx of minorities, including Jews, Asians, Greeks and others. This episode in Deerfield's history is described in But Not Next Door by Harry and David Rosen, both residents of Deerfield.

Massachusetts

Opposition to two proposed freeways within the MA Route 128 beltway road around Boston - the Inner Belt and the routing of Interstate 95 in Massachusetts into downtown Boston via the Southwest Corridor - were opposed from their proposals during the 1950s era, and finally cancelled by the actions of then-Governor Francis Sargent in 1970. The MBTA Orange Line heavy rail rapid transit line's southern route was eventually re-located along much of the Southwest Corridor right-of-way for the cancelled I-95's roadbed in the late 1980s, when the Orange Line's Washington Street Elevated tracks were torn down at the time.

Some residents and businesses of Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket Island have opposed construction of Cape Wind, a proposed offshore wind farm in Nantucket Sound. Proponents cite the environmental, economic, and energy security benefits of clean, renewable energy, while opponents are against any obstruction to the views from oceanfront vacation homes and tourist destinations based in the region.

Minnesota

In the late 1990s a proposal for commuter rail on the Dan Patch Corridor between Minneapolis and Northfield was studied. In 2002, due to opposition from neighborhoods along the corridor, two state representatives from the suburbs of Bloomington and Edina passed a legislative ban not allowing further study, discussion, funding, and construction of the project. While the ban is still in place despite numerous attempts to repeal it, the two suburbs that sponsored the ban are now open to the proposal. Lakeville and St. Louis Park remain opposed to the project and repealing the ban.

New York

In Long Island, various electrification and expansion projects of the Long Island Rail Road were canceled or substantially delayed due to the protests of people living near the railroad.

For example, portions of the LIRR's Main Line were supposed to get a third track to accommodate an expected increase in Long Island Rail Road ridership once the East Side Access project to Grand Central Terminal is completed, as well as to expand local and reverse peak service. The Metropolitan Transportation Authority had proposed to build a third Main Line track from Floral Park to Hicksville in the future.[71][72] Components of the project included purchasing properties in the track's right of way, eliminating grade crossings (in conjunction with NYSDOT), relocating existing stations, and reconfiguring Mineola Station. Fierce opposition for building a third track came from the villages of Floral Park, New Hyde Park, and Garden City,[73][74][75] which said the construction and the resulting increased train service will reduce the quality of life in their neighborhoods. The third track project was suspended indefinitely in 2008, but the MTA stressed that it was committed to eventually building the third track as a necessary part of the East Side Access project.[76] New funding for the project was included in a 2016 infrastructure improvement plan announced by New York Governor Andrew Cuomo.[77] Governor Cuomo's announcement described measures intended to mitigate locals' concerns, including a change to the design so that it would require using land on only 50 properties including 20 homes, instead of the over 200 properties and 80 homes that would have been impacted under previous versions of the plan.[77] Despite the promise of mitigation efforts, several local politicians denounced the governor's plan within a day of its announcement; Floral Park's mayor told the New York Times that "we thought this was dead and buried",[78] while New Hyde Park's mayor pledged to "fight the governor vehemently on this" and a local state senator called the governor's plan "dead on arrival."[79]

In Port Washington, New York, a dispute broke out between the town of North Hempstead and the LIRR over a proposed yard expansion of Port Washington. To expand the yard, a parking lot belonging to the town would need to be made smaller by 40 parking spaces. Local Councilwoman Dina De Giorgio opposed the plan, saying that "The idea of storing these massive trains, adding two storage tracks to Port Washington, will completely ruin the character of the town."[80] However, the LIRR would be able to expand the yard without the agreement of North Hempstead by tearing up 140 parking spaces of its own parking lot, also adjacent to the station.[80]

Similarly, Opposition has killed any proposal to build a Bridge or Tunnel Across the Long Island Sound with some believing it will harm their communities with an influx of unwanted traffic as well as concerns regarding the environment and the amount of homes that would be cleared as a result. [81]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Cambridge Dictionaries Online - meaning of NIMBY". Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  2. ↑ "Oxford Dictionaries - definition of Nimby". Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  3. ↑ "Definition of Nimby". Macmillan Dictionary. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  4. ↑ Matthew Holehouse (July 23, 2014). "Boris Johnson: Nimbies pretend to care about architecture to block developments". The Telegraph. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
  5. ↑ Andrew Galvin (August 28, 2015). "Anywhere but here". OC Weekly. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
  6. ↑ Patrick Wintour (August 4, 2013). "Fracking will meet resistance from southern nimbys, minister warns". The Guardian. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
  7. ↑ "Dictionary and Thesaurus - Merriam-Webster". Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  8. ↑ Marcotte, Amanda (March 24, 2013). "What North Dakota and Mississippi Reveal About Anti-Choice NIMBYism and Hypocrisy". RH Reality Check.
  9. ↑ James Kanter (November 7, 2007). "Radioactive Nimby: No one wants nuclear waste". The New York Times. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
  10. ↑ Mick Common (August 24, 2014). "Trident removal is a Nimby position". The Herald. Scotland. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
  11. ↑ http://www.todayszaman.com/national_nightclub-music-needs-restricting-to-reduce-noise-pollution-say-environmentalists_215054.html
  12. ↑ Curbed (20 February 2014). "Hundreds Fret About Superscrapers' Shadows As Extell Rebuts". Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  13. ↑ Hager, Carol; Haddad, Mary Alice (30 March 2015). "Nimby Is Beautiful: Cases of Local Activism and Environmental Innovation Around the World". Berghahn Books. Retrieved 15 September 2016 – via Google Books.
  14. ↑ Spy, Word. "NIMBY - Word Spy". Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  15. ↑ Livezey, Emilie Travel (6 November 1980). "Hazardous waste". Retrieved 15 September 2016 – via Christian Science Monitor.
  16. ↑ Maiorino, Al. (22 March 2011) "Do You Have Control Over NIMBYism?" Biomass Magazine
  17. ↑ "George Carlin on N.I.M.B.Y." (video). YouTube. Retrieved 25 April 2012. We {{sic}} got somethin' in this country (you've heard of it) -- it's called NIMBY -- n-i-m-b-y -- Not In My BackYard!
  18. ↑ You can’t park here: it’s my retreat, says ‘Nimby’ Clooney (The Times)
  19. ↑ Hull, Jon (25 January 1988). "Not In My Neighborhood". Time. Time Inc. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
  20. ↑ Scharper, Diane (March 21, 2010). "Ex-Sun author traces bigotry's role in shaping Baltimore". The Baltimore Sun.
  21. ↑ Pietila, Antero (2010). Not in my neighborhood : how bigotry shaped a great American city. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. ISBN 1566638437.
  22. 1 2 translationconference.com
  23. ↑ "Absolute Banana". The New York Times. 23 December 1993. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  24. ↑ "From NIMBYs To DUDEs: The Wacky World Of Plannerese". Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  25. ↑ BANANA at Wordspy
  26. ↑ "Sunderland City Council". Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  27. ↑ Stewart, James B. (5 April 2002) Book Reviews: "Dumping in dixie: Race, class, and environmental quality" The Review of Black Political Economy Volume 20, Number 2, 105-107, doi:10.1007/BF02689929
  28. ↑ Bullard, Robert D. (2008-03-31). Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class, and Environmental Quality. Westview Press. p. 4. ISBN 0813344271.
  29. ↑ "Put It In Blacks Backyard". Alternet.
  30. ↑ "Beyond Resistance! Youth Activism and Community Change: New Democratic ... edited by Pedro Noguera, Julio Cammarota, Shawn Ginwright". Google books.
  31. ↑ "Black environmentalists go after PIBBY - 'put it in blacks' backyards'". AthensNews.
  32. ↑ "Integrating Environment and Economy: Strategies for Local and RegionalGovernment edited by Andrew Gouldson, Peter Roberts". Google Books.
  33. ↑ "PIBBY". The Free Dictionary.
  34. ↑ "Book Reviews: American Politics The Evolving Citizen: American Youth and the Changing Norms of Democratic Engagement. By Jay P. Childers. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press". Perspectives on Politics.
  35. ↑ "Why Gen Y Can't Buy - The Carpenter | URBAN DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE". Udi.bc.ca. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
  36. ↑ Walter, Liz (3 March 2014). "Move over Yuppies - the Magpies have arrived". dictionaryblog.cambridge.org. Cambridge Dictionaries Online. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
  37. ↑ Mcclymont, Katie; O'hare, Paul (2008-06-01). ""We're not NIMBYs!" Contrasting local protest groups with idealised conceptions of sustainable communities". Local Environment. 13 (4): 321–335. doi:10.1080/13549830701803273. ISSN 1354-9839.
  38. ↑ Gerdner, A. & Borell, K. 2003. Neighbourhood Reactions toward Facilities for Residential Care: A Swedish Survey Study. Journal of Community Practice 11(4):59-81
  39. ↑ The Impact of Corporations on the Commons, Address by Mary Zepernick at the Harvard Divinity School's Theological Opportunities Program, 21 October 2004, poclad.org
  40. ↑ Delaney, Gordon (7 July 2012). "Which way does the wind blow? | The Chronicle Herald". Thechronicleherald.ca. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
  41. ↑ "NIMBY Neck – updated : Contrarian". Contrarian.ca. 9 September 2009. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
  42. ↑ "Cell tower opposed in Lawrencetown - Nova Scotia - CBC News". Cbc.ca. 25 January 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
  43. ↑ Croucher, Philip (29 August 2012). "Public hearing Thursday for planned downtown Dartmouth development | Metro". Metronews.ca. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
  44. ↑ "Lunenburg County debates province's largest wind farm - Nova Scotia - CBC News". Cbc.ca. 5 March 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
  45. ↑ "Negative feedback towards new development in N.S. community | CTV Atlantic News". Atlantic.ctvnews.ca. 11 March 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
  46. ↑ "Chester approves Nova Scotia's largest wind farm - Nova Scotia - CBC News". Cbc.ca. 15 March 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
  47. 1 2 "No heroes in my backyard". Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  48. ↑ Headley Court Families Accommodation (SSAFA Forces Help)
  49. ↑ "Smart school uniforms linked to academic success of UK's schools". Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  50. ↑ "Page Not Found". Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  51. ↑ Woods, Vicki (28 July 2007). "Legless boys' mammas? Not in Ashtead". telegraph.co.uk. London. Retrieved 7 June 2010.
  52. ↑ "The farm lying in the path of the new rail route". 20 December 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2016 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
  53. ↑ "Tory vs Tory on high speed rail". Retrieved 15 September 2016 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
  54. ↑ Natascha Engel (26 June 2013). http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmhansrd/chan24.pdf |chapter-url= missing title (help) (PDF). Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 565. House of Commons. col. 378–380.
  55. ↑ "Britain: Third Heathrow runway approved despite opposition - CNN.com". CNN. 15 January 2009. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
  56. ↑ "BBC News - Go-ahead for new Heathrow runway". Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  57. ↑ "BBC News - Heathrow runway plans scrapped by new government". Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  58. ↑ "Page not found - UK Civil Aviation Authority" (PDF). Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  59. ↑ "Howardholdings.com". Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  60. ↑ "Shock Rejection Hits Plan for Coventry Airport Terminal". Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  61. ↑ Herbert, Ian (10 July 2007). "Grounded: Another victory in battle to curb airport growth". The Independent. London.
  62. ↑ Warwickdc.gov.uk
  63. ↑ "Birmingham Post politics news plus reports council and Government issues affecting Birmingham, the Black Country and the West Midlands". Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  64. ↑ Docs.google.com
  65. ↑ "Breaking News - Coventry Airport Goes Bust And Shuts - House prices and the economy". Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  66. ↑ "London's public open space sold off - YouTube". youtube.com. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
  67. ↑ Dineen, J.K. "NIMBYs are back: S.F. builders face growing backlash". NIMBYs are back: S.F. builders face growing backlash. "Biz Journals". Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  68. ↑ Sankin, Aaron (20 July 2012). "8 Washington Luxury Waterfront Condo Development Project Vote Likely To Make It Onto November Ballot". Huffington Post. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  69. ↑ "Page not found - www.palmbeachpost.com". Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  70. 1 2 Rosen, Harry; David Rosen (1962). But Not Next Door. Astor-Honor Inc. ISBN 0-8392-1007-8.
  71. ↑ Main Line Corridor Improvements EIS
  72. ↑ "Home-2016-6-13". Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  73. ↑ Stephanie Mariel Petrellese (11 November 2005). "Floral Park Mayor To Address LIRR Expansion". The Garden City News. Retrieved 23 December 2006.
  74. ↑ Carisa Keane (24 June 2005). "Residents: MTA/LIRR Needs to Get on Right Track". New Hyde Park Illustrated News. Retrieved 23 December 2006.
  75. ↑ Stephanie Mariel Petrellese (15 December 2006). "Village Meets With LIRR On "Third Track" Project". The Garden City News. Retrieved 23 December 2006.
  76. ↑ Nardiello, Carolyn (16 September 2008). "Third-Track Plan Isn't Dead, L.I.R.R. Insists". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  77. 1 2 Madore, James T. (2016-01-05). "Andrew Cuomo tells Long Island Association he'll push LIRR third track, LI Sound tunnel". Newsday. Retrieved 2016-01-07.
  78. ↑ Fitzsimmons, Emma G. (2016-01-05). "Cuomo Revives Long-Stalled Plan to Add Track to L.I.R.R.". The New York Times. p. A18. Retrieved 2016-01-07.
  79. ↑ Manskar, Noah (2016-01-07). "Cuomo revives LIRR third track plans". The Island Now. Retrieved 2016-01-08.
  80. 1 2 "LIRR plan would run more trains to NYC". Newsday. 14 May 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
  81. ↑ Andersen, Steve; Herman, Ralph; Willinger, Douglas A.; Schlictman, Paul. "Overview: Oyster Bay-Rye Bridge (I-287, unbuilt)".

External links

Look up NIMBY in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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