Narcocorrido

"Drug Ballad" redirects here. For the Eminem song, see The Marshall Mathers LP.

A narco-corrido (Spanish pronunciation: [narkokoˈriðo], Drug Ballad) is a subgenre of the Mexican norteño-corrido (northern ballad) music genre, a traditional folk music from northern Mexico, from which several other genres have evolved. This type of music is heard on both sides of the US–Mexican border. Besides being heard in Mexico, it is widely heard and produced throughout all Latin America. It uses a danceable, accordion-based polka as a rhythmic base. The first corridos that focus on drug smugglers—the narco comes from "narcotics"—have been dated by Juan Ramírez-Pimienta to the 1930s. Early corridos (non-narco) go back as far to the Mexican Revolution of 1910, telling the stories of revolutionary fighters. Music critics have also compared narcocorrido lyrics and style to gangster rap and mafioso rap.[1][2]

Narcocorrido lyrics refer to particular events and include real dates and places.[3] The lyrics tend to speak approvingly of illegal activities, mainly drug trafficking.

History

This genre of music is the evolution of traditional corrido ballads of the Mexican-US border region, which stemmed from the 16th-century Spanish genre of romance. Among the earliest exponents of narcocorrido music were Los Alegres de Teran, who recorded many. In the 1980s, Rosalino "Chalino" Sánchez contributed to narcocorridos. Known throughout Mexico as "El Pelavacas" (Cow Skin Peeler), El Indio (The Indian, from his corrido "El Indio Sánchez"), and "Mi Compa" (My Friend), Chalino was a Mexican immigrant living in Los Angeles. He then began distributing his music for a sale price. His lyrics dealt with heartbreak, revolution, and socioeconomic issues. Soon he was selling mass copies. Chalino Sánchez was murdered in 1992 after a concert in Culiacán. In death, he became a legend and one of the most influential Mexican musicians to emerge from California, he was known throughout Mexico and United States as El Rey del Corrido (The King of the Corrido).[4]

Various companies, governmental agencies, and individuals have sought to ban narcocorridos. These attempts include a voluntary radio station black-out in Baja California. Representative Casio Carlos Narváez explained that radio executives did not want to make "people who break the laws of our country into heroes and examples". Former President of Mexico Vicente Fox also proposed banning narcocorridos.[5] On the other hand, former Mexican foreign secretary Jorge Castaneda has argued that "corridos are attempts by Mexican society to come to terms with the world around them...You cannot blame narcocorridos for drug violence. Drug violence is to blame for narcocorridos".[6]

Narcocorridos and their lyrical content

Since music plays an important role and major influence in the narcoculture, some songs have been tagged as "anthems" and banned from airplay in Mexico and parts of the United States. However, the banning has failed in Mexico because the music is still displayed and available on several radio stations in the United States,[7] near the border with Mexico, which still reaches the northern Mexico audience,[8][9] while another important point of narcocorrido distribution method has been the internet[10] for listening and downloading. Pirated (bootleg) copies of this music are sold in the "tianguis" (outdoor and flea markets) at affordable prices.

Narcocorridos describe the lives of the poor, the destitute, and those who seek power through illegal means. Like hip-hop and rap music, the narcocorrido is heard by many Spanish speakers who vary in age, and is popular among people who are not associated with cartels or gangs. The genre is becoming mainstream in many Spanish-speaking countries in recent years, along with the emergence of Narco-subcultures and Drug consumption cultures; it is now entering countries like Guatemala, Honduras, Colombia, Peru and Bolivia, where the music is available on an everyday basis. Some corrido performers have composed songs either dedicated to or paying tribute to some of the most popular Latin American folk heroes (besides drug cartel leaders), from Pancho Villa to Che Guevara.[11]

Examples of such anthems include:

This verse of the song "El Cabron" (1998) by Los Capos is an example of typical narcocorrido subject matter.

Original Spanish verse:

Desde que yo era chiquillo tenia fintas de cabrón; ya le pegaba al perico, y a la mota con más razón
Es que en mi México lindo ahí cualquiera es cabrón

Exact English translation:

Ever since I was a lad [child] I had the fame of a badass, already hittin' the parrot [cocaine] and blowing dope [cannabis] with more reason
It's because in my beloved Mexico anyone there is a badass.

Movimiento alterado

A recent trend of hyper-violent Narco-corridos has been labeled Movimiento alterado, a Spanish term translated as Agitated movement or the Alertness movement,[12] The name is a reference to the physiological effect of cocaine consumption (alertness).

In the same way that normal Narco-corrido lyrics contrast with old traditional corridos (that narrated stories about revolutionaries, "benevolent bandits" or that attempted to give moral message), the lyrics of the 'Movimiento Alterado' songs contrasts with previous Narco-corridos, that only romanticized the trafficking lifestyle, but kept the lyrical content obfuscated and "cryptic" (using words like "polvo"(dust) for cocaine and "cuerno"(horn) for Ak-47), and maintained the violence at the minimum (accounting only when or where a tragic event occurred).[13]

However, in the Movimiento alterado trend, the songs cynically and deliberately express the pride that modern narco-traffickers have in murdering, torture, beheading, and dismembering their rivals, using explicit descriptions of their exploits, and also naming the military grade weaponry they use (grenade throwers, body armor, "bazucas", AR15, 50 caliber bullets, knives etc.)[14]

The lyrics of a famous Movimiento alterado' song, dedicated to the notorious cartel enforcer Manuel Torres Félix, starts with the following:

With an AK-47 and a bazooka on our heads
cutting off heads that cross our path
We're bloodthirsty and crazy – We love to kill
Bullets fired and extortions carried out, just like the best of us
Always in a convoy of armored cars, wearing bullet-proof vests and ready to execute people.[15]

The songs under this trend have been also labeled as: corridos arremangados (rolled-up sleeves ballads), corridos alterados (alertness ballads), corridos progresivos (progressive ballads), corridos enfermos (sick or insane ballads), etc.[16][17][18]

Narcocorrido and crime

Narcocorrido as money laundering schema

In Mexico, South America and some regions of the US[19] south border it is common to hear the sudden appearance of "new artists", mainly in folk radio stations, who are not known in the music industry, have no previous career and with no explanation of where they come from. These music groups and singers start to appear consistently on radio, television and public broadcasts with a strong promotion of their concerts. This happens for a fixed amount of time, and in the same sudden way they appear, they stop their promotion and disappear from the music scene, or change their stage name. Such artists are commonly manufactured by producers of dubious origin, who pay payola and do events in order to launder money from drug trafficking, prostitution or other illegal operations.[20][21]

Violence in narcocorrido industry

Between 2006 and 2008, over a dozen prominent Mexican musicians, many of them connected to the narcocorrido genre, were murdered. The violence came in the midst of the Mexican drug war. The most popular musicians killed were Valentín Elizalde and Sergio Gómez, the lead singer of Chicago-based Duranguense band K-Paz de la Sierra. In December 2007, both men were nominated posthumously for Grammy Awards in the banda category.[22] On June 26, 2010, Sergio Vega, known as El Shaka, was gunned down in Sinaloa state. He was shot dead only hours after he had denied reports of his own murder.[23] Ramiro Caro, Gerardo Ortiz's manager and cousin, was also killed when Ortiz's Chevy Suburban was attacked by men with AK-47's in an attempt to kill Ortiz. Ortiz escaped unhurt.[24]

Other murdered music industry figures include Javier Morales Gómez (a singer for Los Implacables del Norte), four members of Tecno Banda Fugaz, four members of Los Padrinos de la Sierra, Zayda Peña (a singer for Zayda Y Los Culpables), trumpeter José Luis Aquino of Los Conde, record producer Marco Abdalá, manager Roberto del Fierro Lugo, Jorge Antonio Sepúlveda, Jesús Rey David Alfaro Pulido, Nicolás Villanueva of tropical group Brisas del Mar, four members of Los Herederos de Sinaloa, and the singer Fabian Ortega Pinon (El Halcon de la Sierra), who was executed along with two other victims in Guerrero, Chihuahua, in August 2006. Additionally, three members of Explosión Norteña were shot and wounded in Tijuana, in August 2006.[25][26][27]

While few, if any, arrests have been made in these cases, experts and musicians themselves say that the murders can be explained by many Mexican musicians’ proximity to drug traffickers.[28] Some speculate the killings could be related to romantic disputes and jealousy.[29] Others cite cases in which a musician has written a song praising or criticizing a drug trafficker; many assert that Valentín Elizalde's murder, for example, was related his song, "A Mis Enemigos", which some interpreted as an attack on the Gulf Cartel following its appearance in a widespread YouTube video.[30]

There has been debate about the motives behind the killings and about whether or not the media has exaggerated the trend. Narcocorrido expert Elijah Wald has disputed the assumption that any of the murders were related or that musicians on the whole are targets for drug traffickers.[31] But given the grisly nature of the murders, some of which were accompanied by torture and disfigurement, few doubt that drug cartel hitmen are to blame.

In the wake of the high-profile murders of Elizalde and Gómez, among others, some prominent corrido musicians postponed concert dates in certain parts of Mexico.[32] Narcocorrido singers travel with relative ease and security inside the United States, but many Mexican American narcocorrido singers take extra precautions while venturing into Mexico by hiring extra security, traveling in well-guarded caravans, not being as open to the public in larger concerts, and limiting their tours into high violent cities in Mexico. Others have said they are afraid to sing narcocorridos in public for fear of offending the wrong person.[28] Likewise, some vendors of narcocorrido CDs have reported low sales, citing fear among listeners of buying a CD featuring songs favoring one group of traffickers over another.[28] This fear, once thought to be silly and paranoid, has become real as Mexico has become the most dangerous country not only for journalists but for anyone who speaks up or is affiliated with the opposing cartel. The Zetas cartel has been known to torture and kill online and social media bloggers who speak about them. In one incident, the tortured and mutilated bodies of a man and a woman who had posted about cartels on social media were found hanging of a bridge in the city of Nuevo León, in September 2011. A sign stating, "This is going to happen to all the Internet busybodies", was found next to them signed with the letter Z.[33]

Growing popularity in the United States

Unlike in the years before, many of the new narco corridos music is being aimed directly at the American Market, and produced mainly by Mexican-American entrepreneurs. Like many other concerts or sport events, many corrido artists are choosing American cities as venues for the ability to fill the concert halls at higher ticket prices than would be affordable by the average Mexican citizen. Many of the music and CDs are distributed by American labels as well as videos intended solely to be sold in the United States.

The growing popularity of the music in the U.S. is correlated with Mexican immigration. Over a quarter of the residents of the Los Angeles area are now Mexican, and they have brought this folk music style with them. Narcocorridos are now played in L.A. clubs, on radio stations, and do not have the negative stigma attached to them by some in Mexico, this is mainly because the Spanish lyrics are only understood by Hispanophones, and the distance American society has with the reality of Mexico, makes them feel they are only listening to works of art and fiction.[34]

In art, entertainment and media

Films

Mexploitation films, especially the subgenre narcocinema, feature narcocorridos. Many of these feature appearances by famous narcocorrido singers[35] and are rumored to be financed by drug lords themselves (although only a few cases or the latter have been proven).[36] [37] Some other films which feature narcocorridos include:

Radio

On the radio, airplay of narcocorridos has increased in recent years. Artists such as Larry Hernandez, El Compa Chuy, and El Potro de Sinaloa, and songs such as "El Katch", "El Piloto Canavis" ("The Cannabis Pilot"), and "El Señor de la Hummer" ("The Man with the Hummer") have increased the genre's popularity. Listener requests have helped to overcome radio stations' reluctance.[40]

Television

References

  1. ↑ Ramírez-Pimienta, Juan Carlos (2004). "Del corrido de narcotráfico al narcocorrido: Orígenes y desarrollo del canto a los traficantes". Studies in Latin American Popular Culture (in Spanish). 23: 21–41.
  2. ↑ Hodgson, Martin (19 September 2004). "Death in the midday sun". Observer Music Monthly. Manchester Guardian. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
  3. ↑ Musica Regional Mexicana para toda la Plebada! | Corridos | Musica Nortena | Musica de Banda | Musica Duranguense | Mexican Music
  4. ↑ Quinones, Sam (2001). True Tales from Another Mexico. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-2296-8.
  5. ↑ Wald, Elijah. "Corrido Censorship: A Brief History".
  6. ↑ Kun, Josh (March 7, 2010). "Minstrels in the Court of the Kingpin". The New York Times.
  7. ↑ http://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/mar/28/narcocorrido-sound-los-angeles
  8. ↑ http://dangerousminds.net/comments/narcocorridos_the_outlawed_commerical_jingles_of_violent_mexican_drug_lords
  9. ↑ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3552370.stm
  10. ↑ http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/entertainment/2013/10/25/new-documentary-looks-at-narco-cultura-on-both-sides-border/
  11. ↑ Muniz, Chris (2013). "Narcocorridos and the Nostalgia of Violence: Postmodern Resistance en la Frontera". Western American Literature. 48: 56–69.
  12. ↑ http://www.milenio.com/region/Movimiento-alterado-narco-sale-closet_0_276572792.html
  13. ↑ http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2026902,00.html
  14. ↑ http://www.wired.com/magazine/2011/01/pl_narcoscorridos/
  15. ↑ Denselow, Robin (28 March 2012). "Narcocorrido, the sound of Los Angeles". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 August 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  16. ↑ http://www.vice.com/es_mx/video/alterados-y-arremangados-trailer
  17. ↑ http://objetivo7.com/el-movimiento-alterado-alabanza-a-decapitamientos-y-descuartizamientos-se-origino-en-culiacan/
  18. ↑ http://www.diariolaestrella.com/2012/10/25/125470_gerardo-ortiz-impulsa-el-corrido.html
  19. ↑ http://articles.latimes.com/1999/jul/01/news/mn-51900
  20. ↑ http://www.zetatijuana.com/html/Edicion1888/Espectaculoz_Principal.html
  21. ↑ http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2003/01/18/06an1esp.php
  22. ↑ "Murdered Mexican trumpeter 3rd musician killed in a week". CBC News. 7 December 2007.
  23. ↑ Johnston, Lauren (June 28, 2010). "Famed Mexican singer Sergio Vega shot dead hours after denying reports he'd been murdered". Daily News. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
  24. ↑ "Intentan ejecutar a cantante; mueren su representante y chofer | Noticias De Colima &#124". La Policiaca - La Nota Roja De Mexico. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
  25. ↑ "Asesinan al cantante El halcon de la sierra". El Universal. 26 October 2010.
  26. ↑ "Mexican singer El Shaka killed after denying his murder". BBC. Latin America & Caribbean. June 28, 2010.
  27. ↑ Summers, Chris & Bailey, Dominic (October 3, 2004). "Mexico's forbidden songs". BBC News Online. Americas.
  28. 1 2 3 deBree, Jordan (Grantee) & Worlfolk, Clayton (Grantee) (December 27, 2008). "Mexico: Trouble in Culiacán". Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting.
  29. ↑ Roig-Franzia, Manuel (26 December 2007). "The Savage Silencing of Mexico's Musicians". The Washington Post.
  30. ↑ Roig-Franzia, Manuel (9 April 2007). "Mexican Drug Cartels Leave a Bloody Trail on YouTube". The Washington Post.
  31. ↑ Christgau, Robert (2008-04-13). "Shock! Horror! Narcocorrido! - ARTicles". Najp.org. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
  32. ↑ Llana, Sara Miller (April 7, 2008). "Odes to Mexican drug gangs lose their appeal". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
  33. ↑ Llorente, Elizabeth (September 15, 2011). "Cartel Kills Two People Who Used Social Media to Write About Gang Violence". Fox News Latino.
  34. ↑ Elijah Wald, "Narcocorrido: A Journey into the Music of Drugs, Guns, and Guerrillas," HarperCollins, 2001, 131-132, 137.
  35. ↑ Tieleman, Alex (25 September 2011). "Alfredo Ríos, "El Komander", la voz de los narcocorridos mexicanos". lanacion.com.ar.
  36. ↑ "Espectáculos - 'Narcos fueron actores'". El Universal. 3 September 2015.
  37. ↑ "'La Barbie' habla de otros capos y de la película inspirada en él". CNN. Mexico.
  38. ↑ Almada, Natalia (Director). "Al Otro Lado (2006)". PBS.
  39. ↑ Schwarz, Saul (Director). "Narco Cultura (2013)". IMDb.
  40. ↑ Cobo, Leila (10 October 2009). "Beyond Borders". Billboard. 121 (40). p. 52.
  41. ↑ Gajewski, Josh (26 April 2009). "'Breaking Bad' crosses over into narcocorrido territory". Chicago Tribune.
  42. ↑ "Q&A - Los Cuates de Sinaloa (Narcocorrido Band)". AMCTV Breaking Bad blog.
  43. ↑ Armstrong, Olivia (August 31, 2015). "EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT 'NARCOS' HYPNOTIC THEME SONG (Including its Translated Lyrics)". Decider.
  44. ↑ Nostro, Lauren (September 6, 2016). "HOW THE LYRICS TO THE 'NARCOS' THEME CONNECT TO PABLO ESCOBAR'S LIFE ("Tuyo" or "Yours" is written from the perspective of Escobar's mother)". Genius.com.

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