National Socialist Underground

The National Socialist Underground or NSU (German: Nationalsozialistischer Untergrund) was a far-right German terrorist group which was uncovered in November 2011.[1] So far, the following crimes have been attributed to the NSU: the National Socialist Underground murders, a series of murders of nine immigrants (eight Turks and one Greek) between 9 September 2000 and 6 April 2006; the murder of a policewoman and attempted murder of her colleague; the 2001 and 2004 Cologne bombings; and a series of 14 bank robberies.[2][3][4] The Attorney General of Germany called the NSU a "right-wing extremist group", who have the purpose to "kill out of xenophobic and anti-state sentiments all citizens of foreign origin".[5]

The fire-damaged house used by the Nationalsozialistischer Untergrund in Zwickau
Nuremberg
Murder 2000
Murder 2001
Murder 2005
Hamburg
Murder 2001
Munich
Murder 2001
Murder 2005
Rostock
Murder 2004
Dortmund
Murder 2006
Kassel
Murder 2006
Heilbronn
Murder 2007
Cologne
Bomb 2001
Bomb 2004
Bosphorus serial murders (), 2001 and 2004 Cologne bombing () and Murder of Michéle Kiesewetter ()

Investigations and public response

On 4 November 2011, after a bank robbery in Eisenach, Uwe Mundlos and Uwe Böhnhardt were found shot dead in a mobile home, which was burning. Police said that the two set the vehicle on fire and killed themselves when their vehicle was found.[6] In that caravan, the service pistol (HK P2000) of murdered police woman Michéle Kiesewetter was found. Some hours later on the same day, their flat in Zwickau, where the trio had lived under false identities, also was set on fire, and an explosion occurred. Beate Zschäpe, the alleged third core member of the terrorist group, is suspected of having caused that. She later turned herself in on advice from her lawyer.[7][8]

Police found a CZ 83 silenced weapon, which had been used throughout for the Bosphorus serial murders and a number of other guns in the remains of the house. Further, a DVD was found with images of three of the dead persons that had been taken immediately after the killings.[6]

On 13 November 2011, Holger Gerlach, a possible fourth member of the NSU, was arrested and brought the following day before a judge at Germany's Federal Court of Justice, who ordered him to be detained in custody. The German Attorney General's Office wanted Gerlach detained on suspicion of membership in a terrorist group. However the court's investigating judge only authorized Gerlach to be detained on suspicion of supporting a terrorist organization.[9] The Attorney General of Germany also supposed that he had rented a motor caravan for the NSU, which they used for the murder of the policewoman and severe maiming of her colleague, in Heilbronn.[10]

On 24 November 2011, agents from the German federal GSG 9 special police arrested André Eminger in Grabow. Eminger is suspected by the Attorney General of Germany to have produced the propaganda movie[11] mocking the victims of the serial murders and claiming responsibility for the previously unknown NSU.[12]

The discovery that all these mysterious and unsolved high-profile crimes were committed in cold blood by one obscure, previously unknown "Nationalsozialistischer Untergrund" terror group, that went unnoticed for 13 years, plunged Germany into a state of shock,[13] even though right-wing terrorism has historical roots in Germany.[14] After the underlying ideological pattern of the crimes became known by the public, Chancellor Angela Merkel stated on 14 November 2011 that she wanted to consider a ban[15] of the National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD) to weaken the power of extremist right-wing groups.[16]

Confusion and uncertainty increased among German citizens when a report by Stern magazine stated that two German confidential informants and two US investigators were eyewitnesses to the murder of the policewoman during their observation of two men who had contact with the "Sauerland" group, an Islamist terror group who planned assaults on US institutions in Germany. On the day of the shooting, one of the men had deposited €2.3 million in a bank in Heilbronn; then he drove to the place where the policewoman was shot.[17][18] The authenticity of the observation protocol – supposedly from the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) – on which Stern magazine based its report was swiftly denied by the Office for the Protection of the Constitution, while the DIA refused to comment. An unnamed U.S. "insider" expert for intelligence matters told Der Spiegel he deemed it unlikely that the DIA could be involved in that type of operation at all; however, the "insider" erroneously described the DIA as an analytic organization, when in fact the agency has been involved in clandestine operations for decades.[19] German and U.S. security circles regard the document as most likely a forgery; Stern magazine did not comment nor declare whether it stood by its story.[20][21]

Prior to that, it became known that an officer of the Hessian State Office for the Protection of the Constitution was inside the Internet café while the Turkish owner was killed by the NSU terrorists in 2006 in Kassel.[22][23][24][25][26] This agent (Andreas T.) openly held right-wing views, and in his home village he was known by the nickname "Little Adolf". He has since been transferred to an administrative post (outside and unrelated to the agency).[27]

On 23 February 2012, an official state ceremony in commemoration of the victims was broadcast live from Berlin; a nationwide moment of silence was observed and flags were flown at half-mast.[28][29][30]

Various German politicians from all parties unanimously urged for a parliamentary enquiry committee,[31] which has been formed and begun its work, to dig deeply into the details of what is widely regarded as growing to one of the biggest scandals concerning domestic security in modern German history. The affair is casting Germany's security apparatus into public disrepute for an obvious, complete failure and is causing sarcastic comments from the press.[32][33] On 2 July 2012, the President of the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, Heinz Fromm, resigned from his post[34] shortly after it was revealed that on 12 November 2011, employees of his agency had destroyed files connected with the NSU case immediately after their role in the murders became public and the agency itself had received a formal request from the German Federal Criminal Police Office (BKA) to forward all information relevant to these crimes.[35] Two more resignations of the presidents of the State Offices for the Protection of the Constitution in Thuringia and Saxony soon were to follow suit.[36]

Trial in Munich

Main article: NSU Trial

On 31 January 2013, Beate Zschäpe was committed to trial as a principal in ten counts of murder.[37]

The original start date on April 17 was cancelled.[38] The trial began on May 6, but ″the Munich court handling the historic trial of neo-Nazi Beate Zschäpe adjourned proceedings until May 14 after her lawyers accused the presiding judge of being biased.″[39]

On May 14, Federal Prosecutor Herbert Diemer read out the indictment against Beate Zschäpe. Diemer accused her of involvement in 10 murders and of being a member of a group whose aim was to "commit murder and criminal acts dangerous to public safety" in order to intimidate the public and "wreak major damage to the state." The only purpose of the National Socialist Underground, said Diemer, "was to kill people."[40]

In December 2015 Zschäpe, the only surviving member, broke her silence after two-and-a-half-years and made a statement, denying that she had been a member of the NSU; although she was involved with members, she herself was not a member and disapproved of their actions. She apologised to victims' families, saying that she felt morally guilty that she could not prevent the murders and bomb attacks carried out by Uwe Mundlos und Uwe Boehnhardt. Few took her apology seriously, with opinions that she was trying to deny her responsibility. Newspaper Bild ran a headline "Zschaepe's confession - nothing but excuses!"[41]

References

  1. ↑ Daniel Koehler: The German National Socialist Underground (NSU), in Jackson, Paul and Shekhovtsov, Anton (editors): The Post-War Anglo-American Far Right: A Special Relationship of Hate. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. pp. 122-141. ISBN 9781137396211
  2. ↑ Trail of Hate – Activities and crimes of the Zwickau cell graphical timeline by Der Spiegel. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  3. ↑ "Haftbefehl gegen Holger G. aus Niedersachen erlassen". Hamburger Abendblatt (in German). 14 November 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  4. ↑ How could German neo-Nazi killers have evaded police for 13 years? The Guardian. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  5. ↑ Range, Harald (13 November 2011). "Haftbefehl gegen die Brandstifterin von Zwickau wegen mutmaßlicher Mitgliedschaft in der terroristischen Vereinigung "Nationalsozialistischer Untergrund (NSU)"". Attorney General of Germany (in German). Retrieved 15 November 2011.
  6. 1 2 "Dokumentierten rechtsextreme Täter ihre Hinrichtungen?". Hamburger Abendblatt (in German). 12 November 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  7. ↑ Lindner, Jan-Eric (12 November 2011). "Die mörderische Spur durch ganz Deutschland". Hamburger Abendblatt (in German). Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  8. ↑ German Prosecutors to Broaden Charges Against Neo-Nazi Beate Zschäpe Der Spiegel. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
  9. ↑ Diehl, Jörg (15 November 2011). "Fourth Suspected Terror-Cell Member Detained". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
  10. ↑ "Der Generalbundesanwalt beim Bundesgerichtshof". Generalbundesanwalt. 13 November 2011. Retrieved 2012-09-11.
  11. ↑ Neo-Nazis' Bizarre Video Manifesto Photo Gallery Der Spiegel. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
  12. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20111126185149/http://web.de/magazine/nachrichten/deutschland/14212868-mutmasslicher-macher-des-neonazi-videos-in-haft.html. Archived from the original on 26 November 2011. Retrieved 5 December 2011. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  13. ↑ Zwickauer Zelle: Republik im Schockzustand, Severin Weiland, Spiegel Online, 13 November 2011, retrieved 18 November 2011
  14. ↑ (French) «Blognotice 15 November 2011 – les échos de l’énigme de Zwickau », Analyse in Paysages – Blog- Le Monde.fr, 15 November 2011, retrieved 18 November 2011
  15. ↑ Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, Article 21 (english translation). Retrieved 21 August 2012.
  16. ↑ Hawley, Charles (15 November 2011). "The World from Berlin: 'The Neo-Nazi Killers Were Among Us'". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
  17. ↑ "Heilbronner Polizistinnenmord: Waren Verfassungsschützer Zeuge beim Mord an Michèle Kiesewetter? – Politik". Stern. 30 November 2011. Retrieved 2012-09-11.
  18. ↑ Florian Rötzer. "Verbindung zwischen rechter Terrorzelle und Sauerland-Gruppe? | Telepolis". Heise.de. Retrieved 2012-09-11.
  19. ↑ Verfassungsschützer dementieren Präsenz bei Polizistenmord Der Spiegel. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
  20. ↑ Geheimdienstbericht über zwei Zeugen bei der Ermordung der Polizistin Michèle Kiesewetter in Heilbronn gilt als Fälschung Der Spiegel (29 April 2012). Retrieved 5 August 2012.
  21. ↑ Ermittlungen zur Zwickauer Terrorzelle – Zeuge mit schlechtem Ruf Süddeutsche Zeitung (5 June 2012). Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  22. ↑ ""Nationalsozialistischer Untergrund": Verfassungsschützer womöglich in "Döner-Mord" involviert – Politik". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. 14 November 2011. Retrieved 2012-09-11.
  23. ↑ "Dönermorde und Nazi-Mordserie: Verfassungsschützer war regelmäßig in Kasseler Internetcafé – Kassel – Lokales – HNA Online" (in German). Hna.de. Retrieved 2012-09-11.
  24. ↑ "Döner-Morde: Sie nannten ihn den "kleinen Adolf" – SPIEGEL ONLINE". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 2012-09-11.
  25. ↑ "Killer-Nazis erschüttern Deutschland: War ein Verfassungsschützer bei sechs Morden ganz in der Nähe? – News Inland" (in German). Bild.de. 15 November 2011. Retrieved 2012-09-11.
  26. ↑ hr-online.de. ""Döner-Morde": Verfassungsschutz in der Kritik | hr1". hr-online.de. Retrieved 2012-09-11.
  27. ↑ Neo-Nazi terror scandal grows in Germany The Guardian. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
  28. ↑ Speech by Federal Chancellor Merkel at the Central memorial ceremony to commemorate the victims of extreme right-wing violence. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  29. ↑ Merkel Asks Victims' Relatives for Forgiveness Der Spiegel. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  30. ↑ A Daughter Pays Tribute to Her Murdered Father Der Spiegel. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  31. ↑ "Andre E.: Mutmaßlicher Unterstützer der Terrorgruppe NSU in Untersuchungshaft". Focus. Retrieved 2012-09-11.
  32. ↑ Debate over future of German security agency Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  33. ↑ "Fromm quits. Next, please!" (Comment editorial) Berliner Zeitung (German). Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  34. ↑ German Spy Chief Quits over Botched Terror Probe Der Spiegel. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  35. ↑ Intelligence Agency under Fire for Shredding Files Der Spiegel. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
  36. ↑ Third Spy Chief Quits as New Errors Emerge Der Spiegel. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
  37. ↑ Trial in Spring: Court Approves Neo-Nazi Terror Cell Trial Der Spiegel (in English). Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  38. ↑ Postponing the neo-Nazi terror trial is both a curse and a blessing, say German media commentators (Der Spiegel)
  39. ↑ First Day of Historic Trial (Der Spiegel)
  40. ↑ Prosecutor Reads Out Charges in Chilling Detail (Der Spiegel)
  41. ↑ "Germany neo-Nazi trial: Zschaepe denies role in attacks - BBC News". BBC. 9 December 2015. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
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