Nebulasaurus

Nebulasaurus Temporal range: Middle Jurassic, 174.1–168.3 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Holotype
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Clade:	Dinosauria
Order:	Saurischia
Suborder:	†Sauropodomorpha
Clade:	†Eusauropoda
Genus:	†Nebulasaurus Xing et al., 2015
Type species
†Nebulasaurus taito Xing et al., 2015

Nebulasaurus is an extinct genus of basal eusauropod dinosaur known from the early Middle Jurassic Zhanghe Formation (Aalenian or Bajocian stage) of Yunnan Province, China. It is known only from the holotype braincase LDRC-v.d.1. A phylogenetic analysis found Nebulasaurus to be a sister taxon to Spinophorosaurus from the Middle Jurassic of Africa.^[1] This discovery is significant paleontologically because it represents a clade of basal eusauropods previously unknown from Asia.

Etymology

The genus name Nebulasaurus, means "misty cloud lizard", and is derived from the Latin word nebulae meaning "misty cloud", a reference to “Yunnan” which means “southern misty cloudy province” and the Greek word "sauros" (σαυρος) meaning "lizard"^[2] The specific name ‘’taito’’, was given in honor of the Taito Corporation of Japan, which funded the field project and is geographically near the discovery site. Nebulasaurus was described and named by Lida Xing, Tetsuto Miyashita, Philip J. Currie, Hailu You, and Zhiming Dong in 2015 and the type species is Nebulasaurus taito. Nebulasaurus was one of eighteen dinosaur taxa from 2015 to be described in open access or free-to-read journals.^[3]

Description

The only fossil material recovered was a braincase, which was in a good state of preservation.

Classification

Interpretive drawings of the holotype

Nebulasaurus was classified as a basal eusauropod, however its braincase bears resemblance to those of more derived neosauropods. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Nebulasaurus was most closely related to Spinophorosaurus. When compared to coeval sauropods, the discovery of Nebulasaurus demonstrates the diversity of sauropodomorph fauna in China during the Jurassic period.

Distinguishing anatomical features

A diagnosis is a statement of the anatomical features of an organism (or group) that collectively distinguish it from all other organisms. Some, but not all, of the features in a diagnosis are also autapomorphies. An autapomorphy is a distinctive anatomical feature that is unique to a given organism or group.

According to Xing et al. (2015), Nebulasaurus can be distinguished based on the following characteristics:

• the exoccipitals are nearly excluding the supraoccipital from the foramen magnum (supraoccipital forms less than a tenth of the margin of the foramen magnum)
• the supraoccipital is not expanded laterally between the parietal bone and the exoccipital.
• the crista interfenestralis is incompletely partitioning the fenestra ovalis and the jugular foramen^{[Note 1]}
• the frontoparietal fenestra is located at the frontal-parietal suture and is larger than postparietal foramen^{[Note 2]}
• the craniopharyngeal foramen is posterior to the basal tubera^{[Note 3]}

Paleoecology

Map showing where the holotype was discovered

Provenance and occurrence

The holotype specimen of Nebulasaurus taito LDRC-v.d.1 was recovered from the Zhanghe Formation, near Xiabanjing, in Yuanmou County of Yunnan Province, China. The specimen was collected in terrestrial sediments deposited during the Aalenian and Bajocian stages of the Jurassic period, approximately 174 to 168 million years ago. This specimen is housed in the Lufeng Dinosaur Research Center in Yunnan Province.

Fauna and habitat

The Zhanghe Formation has produced the remains yielded one basal sauropodomorph Yunnanosaurus youngi, and two basal eusauropods Eomamenchisaurus yuanmouensis and Yuanmousaurus jiangyiensis. This diverse sauropodomorph faunal collection from the Middle Jurassic of Asia preceded the mamenchisaurid dominance that is observed in East Asia during the Late Jurassic.^[1]

Notes

1. This condition is also present in some neosauropods, but not present in Mamenchisaurus, Omeisaurus, Shunosaurus, and Spinophorosaurus, all of which are observed with a fully formed crista interfenestralis
2. This condition is absent from mamenchisaurids, which are observed to have both fenestrae absent altogether
3. A condition distinguishing it from Spinophorosaurus, where the foramen is anterior to the basal tubera

References

1. Lida Xing, Tetsuto Miyashita, Philip J. Currie, Hailu You, Jianping Zhang and Zhiming Dong (2015). "A new basal eusauropod from the Middle Jurassic of Yunnan, China, and faunal compositions and transitions of Asian sauropodomorph dinosaurs". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 60 (1): 145–154. doi:10.4202/app.2012.0151.
2. Liddell, Henry George and Robert Scott (1980). A Greek-English Lexicon (Abridged Edition). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-910207-4.
3. "The Open Access Dinosaurs of 2015". PLOS Paleo.