Pablo Neruda

Pablo Neruda

Pablo Neruda in 1963
Born Ricardo Eliécer Neftalí Reyes Basoalto
(1904-07-12)July 12, 1904
Parral, Maule Region, Chile
Died 23 September 1973(1973-09-23) (aged 69)
Santiago, Chile
Occupation Poet, diplomat
Language Spanish (Chilean)
Nationality Chilean
Notable awards International Peace Prize

Lenin Peace Prize (1953)

Nobel Prize in Literature (1971)
Signature

Pablo Neruda (/nəˈruːdə/;[1] Spanish: [ˈpaβlo neˈɾuða]) was the pen name and, later, legal name of the Chilean poet-diplomat and politician Ricardo Eliécer Neftalí Reyes Basoalto (July 12, 1904 – September 23, 1973). He derived his pen name from the Czech poet Jan Neruda.[2] Neruda won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1971.

Neruda became known as a poet when he was 10 years old. He wrote in a variety of styles, including surrealist poems, historical epics, overtly political manifestos, a prose autobiography, and passionate love poems such as the ones in his collection Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair (1924). He often wrote in green ink, which was his personal symbol for desire and hope.

The Colombian novelist Gabriel García Márquez once called Neruda "the greatest poet of the 20th century in any language."[3] Harold Bloom included Neruda as one of the 26 writers central to the "Western Tradition" in his book The Western Canon.

On July 15, 1945, at Pacaembu Stadium in São Paulo, Brazil, Neruda read to 100,000 people in honor of the Communist revolutionary leader Luís Carlos Prestes.[4]

During his lifetime, Neruda occupied many diplomatic positions and served a term as a Senator for the Chilean Communist Party. When President González Videla outlawed communism in Chile in 1948, a warrant was issued for Neruda's arrest. Friends hid him for months in the basement of a house in the port city of Valparaíso. Later, Neruda escaped through a mountain pass near Maihue Lake into Argentina.

Years later, Neruda was a close advisor to Chile's socialist President Salvador Allende. When Neruda returned to Chile after his Nobel Prize acceptance speech, Allende invited him to read at the Estadio Nacional before 70,000 people.[5]

Neruda was hospitalised with cancer at the time of the coup d'état led by Augusto Pinochet but returned home after 5 days when he suspected a doctor of injecting him in the stomach with an unknown substance for the purpose of murdering him at the order of Pinochet.[6] Neruda died in his house in Isla Negra on 23 September 1973 six and a half hours after that injection. Although it has always been reported that he died of prostate cancer or heart failure, on November 5, 2015 the Interior Ministry of the Chilean government issued a statement acknowledging a Ministry document from March of that year indicating the government's official position that “it was clearly possible and highly likely” that he was killed as a result of “the intervention of third parties”.[7] Pinochet, backed by elements of the armed forces, denied permission for Neruda's funeral to be made a public event. However, thousands of grieving Chileans disobeyed the curfew and crowded the streets.

Life and career

Neruda as a young man

Early years

Pablo Neruda was born on July 12, 1904, in Parral, Chile, a city in Linares Province in the Maule Region, some 350 km south of Santiago,[8] to José del Carmen Reyes Morales, a railway employee, and Rosa Basoalto, a school teacher who died two months after he was born. Soon after her death, Reyes moved to Temuco, where he married Trinidad Candia Marverde, a woman with whom he had had another child nine years earlier, a boy named Rodolfo.[9] Neruda grew up in Temuco with Rodolfo and a half-sister, Laura, one of his father's children by another woman. He composed his first poems in the winter of 1914.

Early career

something started in my soul,
fever or forgotten wings,
and I made my own way,
deciphering
that fire
and wrote the first faint line,
faint without substance, pure
nonsense,
pure wisdom,
of someone who knows nothing,
and suddenly I saw
the heavens
unfastened
and open.

“
”

From "Poetry", Memorial de Isla Negra (1964).
Trans. Alastair Reid[10]

Neruda's father opposed his son's interest in writing and literature, but he received encouragement from others, including the future Nobel Prize winner Gabriela Mistral, who headed the local girls' school. On July 18, 1917, at the age of thirteen, he published his first work, an essay entitled "Entusiasmo y perseverancia" (Enthusiasm and Perseverance) in the local daily newspaper La Mañana, signed Neftalí Reyes.[11] From 1918 to mid-1920 he published numerous poems, such as "Mis ojos" ("My eyes"), and essays in local magazines, as Neftalí Reyes. In 1919, he participated in the literary contest Juegos Florales del Maule and won third place for his poem "Comunión ideal" or "Nocturno ideal." By mid-1920, when he adopted the pseudonym Pablo Neruda, he was a published author of poems, prose, and journalism. He is thought to have named himself Neruda after the Czech poet Jan Neruda. The young poet's intention in publishing under a pseudonym was to avoid his father's disapproval of his poems.

In 1921, at the age of 16, Neruda moved to Santiago[10] to study French at the Universidad de Chile, with the intention of becoming a teacher. However, he was soon devoting all his time to writing poems. In 1923, his first volume of verse, Crepusculario (Book of Twilights), was published, followed the next year by Veinte poemas de amor y una canción desesperada (Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair),[10] a collection of love poems that was controversial for its eroticism, especially considering its author's young age. Both works were critically acclaimed and have been translated into many languages. Over the decades, Veinte poemas sold millions of copies and became Neruda's best-known work, though it did not go to a second edition until 1932.[10] By the age of 20, Neruda had established an international reputation as a poet, but faced poverty.[10]

In 1926, he published the collection Tentativa del hombre infinito (The Attempt of the Infinite Man) and the novel El habitante y su esperanza (The Inhabitant and His Hope).[12] In 1927, out of financial desperation, he took an honorary consulship in Rangoon, the capital of the British Indian colony of Burma, then administered from New Delhi as a province of British India. Rangoon was a place he had never heard of before.[12] Later, mired in isolation and loneliness, he worked in Colombo (Ceylon), Batavia (Java), and Singapore.[12] In 1929, while the Chilean consul in Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Neruda raped a Tamil woman. He recorded his assault in Confieso que he vivido (I Confess That I Have Lived, 1974).[13][14] In Java the following year he met and married his first wife, a Dutch bank employee named Maryka Antonieta Hagenaar Vogelzang. While he was in the diplomatic service, Neruda read large amounts of verse, experimented with many different poetic forms, and wrote the first two volumes of Residencia en la Tierra, which includes many surrealistic poems.

Spanish Civil War

After returning to Chile, Neruda was given diplomatic posts in Buenos Aires and then Barcelona, Spain.[15] He later succeeded Gabriela Mistral as consul in Madrid, where he became the center of a lively literary circle, befriending such writers as Rafael Alberti, Federico García Lorca, and the Peruvian poet César Vallejo.[15] A daughter, Malva Marina Trinidad, was born in Madrid in 1934; she was to be plagued with health problems, especially hydrocephalus, during her short life.[16] During this period, Neruda slowly became estranged from his wife and began a relationship with Delia del Carril, an Argentine twenty years his senior.

As Spain became engulfed in civil war, Neruda became intensely politicised for the first time. His experiences of the Spanish Civil War and its aftermath moved him away from privately focused work in the direction of collective obligation. Neruda became an ardent Communist for the rest of his life. The radical leftist politics of his literary friends, as well as that of del Carril, were contributing factors, but the most important catalyst was the execution of García Lorca by forces loyal to the dictator Franco.[15] By means of his speeches and writings, Neruda threw his support behind the Spanish Republic, publishing the collection España en el corazón (Spain in My Heart, 1938). He lost his post as consul due to his political militancy.[15]

His marriage broke down and the couple divorced in 1936. His ex-wife moved to Monte Carlo and then to the Netherlands with their only child, and he never saw either of them again.[17] After leaving his wife, Neruda lived with Delia del Carril in France.

After the election of President Pedro Aguirre Cerda, whom Neruda supported, in 1938, Neruda was appointed special consul for Spanish emigrants in Paris. There he was responsible for what he called "the noblest mission I have ever undertaken": transporting 2,000 Spanish refugees who had been housed by the French in squalid camps to Chile on an old ship called the Winnipeg.[18] Neruda is sometimes charged with having selected only fellow-Communists for emigration, to the exclusion of others who had fought on the side of the Republic.[19] Many of these Republicans and Anarchists were killed during the German invasion and occupation. Others deny these accusations, pointing out that Neruda chose only a few hundred of the two-thousand refugees personally; the rest were selected by the Service for the Evacuation of Spanish Refugees set up by Juan Negrín, President of the Spanish Republican Government in Exile.

Mexican appointment

Neruda's next diplomatic post was as Consul General in Mexico City, where he spent the years 1940 to 1943.[20] While he was there, he married del Carril, and learned that his daughter Malva had died, aged eight, in the Nazi-occupied Netherlands.[20]

In 1940, after the failure of an assassination attempt against Leon Trotsky, Neruda arranged a Chilean visa for the Mexican painter David Alfaro Siqueiros, who was accused of having been one of the conspirators in the assassination.[21] Neruda later said that he did it at the request of the Mexican President, Manuel Ávila Camacho. This enabled Siqueiros, then jailed, to leave Mexico for Chile, where he stayed in Neruda's private residence. In exchange for Neruda's assistance, Siqueiros spent over a year painting a mural in a school in Chillán. Neruda's relationship with Siqueiros attracted criticism, but Neruda dismissed the allegation that his intent had been to help an assassin as "sensationalist politico-literary harassment".

Return to Chile

In 1943, after his return to Chile, Neruda made a tour of Peru, where he visited Machu Picchu,[22] an experience that later inspired Alturas de Macchu Picchu, a book-length poem in twelve parts that he completed in 1945, and that expressed his growing awareness of, and interest in, the ancient civilizations of the Americas. He explored this theme further in Canto General. In Alturas, Neruda celebrated the achievement of Machu Picchu, but also condemned the slavery that had made it possible. In Canto XII, he called upon the dead of many centuries to be born again and to speak through him. Martín Espada, poet and professor of creative writing at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, has hailed the work as a masterpiece, declaring that "there is no greater political poem".

Communism

Bolstered by his experiences in the Spanish Civil War, Neruda, like many left-leaning intellectuals of his generation, came to admire the Soviet Union of Joseph Stalin, partly for the role it played in defeating Nazi Germany and partly because of an idealist interpretation of Marxist doctrine.[23] This is echoed in poems such as "Canto a Stalingrado" (1942) and "Nuevo canto de amor a Stalingrado" (1943). In 1953 Neruda was awarded the Stalin Peace Prize. Upon Stalin's death that same year, Neruda wrote an ode to him, as he also wrote poems in praise of Fulgencio Batista "Saludo a Batista", ("Salute to Batista") and later to Fidel Castro. His fervent Stalinism eventually drove a wedge between Neruda and his longtime friend Octavio Paz, who commented that "Neruda became more and more Stalinist, while I became less and less enchanted with Stalin."[24] Their differences came to a head after the Nazi-Soviet Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact of 1939, when they almost came to blows in an argument over Stalin. Although Paz still considered Neruda "The greatest poet of his generation", in an essay on Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn he wrote that when he thinks of "Neruda and other famous Stalinist writers and poets, I feel the gooseflesh that I get from reading certain passages of the Inferno. No doubt they began in good faith [...] but insensibly, commitment by commitment, they saw themselves becoming entangled in a mesh of lies, falsehoods, deceits and perjuries, until they lost their souls."[25]

Neruda also called Lenin the "great genius of this century," and in a speech he gave on June 5, 1946, he paid tribute to the late Soviet leader Mikhail Kalinin, who for Neruda was "man of noble life," "the great constructor of the future," and "a comrade in arms of Lenin and Stalin".[26]

Neruda later came to rue his support of the Soviet leadership. In response to Nikita Khrushchev's Secret Speech at the Soviet 20th Party Congress in 1956, which denounced the "cult of personality" that had surrounded Stalin and accused him of committing crimes during the Great Purges, Neruda wrote in his memoirs that "I had contributed my share to the personality cult," explaining that "in those days, Stalin seemed to us the conqueror who had crushed Hitler's armies."[23] Of a subsequent visit to China in 1957, Neruda wrote: "What has estranged me from the Chinese revolutionary process has not been Mao Tse-tung but Mao Tse-tungism." He dubbed this Mao Tse-Stalinism: "the repetition of a cult of a Socialist deity."[23] Despite his disillusionment with Stalin, Neruda never lost his essential faith in Communist theory and remained loyal to "the Party." Anxious not to give ammunition to his ideological enemies, he would later refuse publicly to condemn the Soviet repression of dissident writers like Boris Pasternak and Joseph Brodsky, an attitude with which even some of his staunchest admirers disagreed.[27]

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

On March 4, 1945, Neruda was elected a Communist Senator for the northern provinces of Antofagasta and Tarapacá in the Atacama Desert.[28][29] He officially joined the Communist Party of Chile four months later.[20]

In 1946, the Radical Party's presidential candidate, Gabriel González Videla, asked Neruda to act as his campaign manager. González Videla was supported by a coalition of left-wing parties and Neruda fervently campaigned on his behalf. Once in office, however, González Videla turned against the Communist Party and issued the Law of Permanent Defense of the Democracy. The breaking point for Senator Neruda was the violent repression of a Communist-led miners' strike in Lota in October 1947, when striking workers were herded into island military prisons and a concentration camp in the town of Pisagua. Neruda's criticism of González Videla culminated in a dramatic speech in the Chilean senate on January 6, 1948, which became known as "Yo acuso" ("I accuse"), in the course of which he read out the names of the miners and their families who were imprisoned at the concentration camp.[30]

During the late 1960s, Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges was asked for his opinion of Pablo Neruda. Borges stated, "I think of him as a very fine poet, a very fine poet. I don't admire him as a man, I think of him as a very mean man."[31] He said that Neruda had not spoken out against Perón because he was afraid to risk his reputation, noting "I was an Argentine poet, he was a Chilean poet, he's on the side of the Communists, I'm against them. So I felt he was behaving very wisely in avoiding a meeting that would have been quite uncomfortable for both of us."[32]

Exile

Neruda with his wife and Erich Honecker in 1951

A few weeks later in 1948, finding himself threatened with arrest, Neruda went into hiding and he and his wife were smuggled from house to house hidden by supporters and admirers for the next thirteen months.[20] While in hiding, Senator Neruda was removed from office and in September 1948 the Communist Party was banned altogether under the Ley de Defensa Permanente de la Democracia (Law for the Permanent Defense of Democracy), called by critics the Ley Maldita (Accursed Law), which eliminated over 26,000 people from the electoral registers, thus stripping them of their right to vote. Neruda moved later to Valdivia, in southern Chile. From Valdivia he moved to Fundo Huishue a forestry estate in the vicinity of Huishue Lake. Neruda's life underground ended in March 1949 when he fled over the Lilpela Pass on the Andes Mountains to Argentina on horseback. He would dramatically recount his escape from Chile in his Nobel Prize lecture.

Once out of Chile, he spent the next three years in exile.[20] In Buenos Aires, Neruda took advantage of the slight resemblance between him and his friend, the future Nobel Prize-winning novelist and cultural attaché to the Guatemalan embassy, Miguel Ángel Asturias, to travel to Europe using Asturias's passport.[33] Pablo Picasso arranged his entrance into Paris and Neruda made a surprise appearance there to a stunned World Congress of Peace Forces, while the Chilean government denied that the poet could have escaped the country.[33] Neruda spent those three years traveling extensively throughout Europe as well as taking trips to India, China, Sri Lanka and the Soviet Union. His trip to Mexico in late 1949 was lengthened due to a serious bout of phlebitis.[34] A Chilean singer named Matilde Urrutia was hired to care for him and they began an affair that would, years later, culminate in marriage.[34] During his exile, Urrutia would travel from country to country shadowing him and they would arrange meetings whenever they could. Matilde Urrutia was the muse for Los versos del capitán, which he later published anonymously in 1952.

from "Full Woman, Fleshly Apple, Hot Moon"

Full woman, fleshly apple, hot moon,
thick smell of seaweed, crushed mud and light,
what obscure brilliance opens between your columns?
What ancient night does a man touch with his senses?

Loving is a journey with water and with stars,
with smothered air and abrupt storms of flour:
loving is a clash of lightning-bolts
and two bodies defeated by a single drop of honey.

“
”

From "Full Woman, Fleshly Apple, Hot Moon",
Selected Poems translated by Stephen Mitchell (1997) [35]

While in Mexico, Neruda also published his lengthy epic poem Canto General, a Whitmanesque catalog of the history, geography, and flora and fauna of South America, accompanied by Neruda's observations and experiences. Many of them dealt with his time underground in Chile, which is when he composed much of the poem. In fact, he had carried the manuscript with him on his escape on horseback. A month later, a different edition of five thousand copies was boldly published in Chile by the outlawed Communist Party based on a manuscript Neruda had left behind. In Mexico, he was granted honorary Mexican citizenship.[36] Neruda's 1952 stay in a villa owned by Italian historian Edwin Cerio on the island of Capri was fictionalized in Antonio Skarmeta's 1985 novel Ardiente Paciencia (Ardent Patience, later known as El cartero de Neruda, or Neruda's Postman), which inspired the popular film Il Postino ("The Postman", 1994).[37]

Second return to Chile

Neruda recording his poetry at the U.S. Library of Congress in 1966.

By 1952, the González-Videla government was on its last legs, weakened by corruption scandals. The Chilean Socialist Party was in the process of nominating Salvador Allende as its candidate for the September 1952 presidential elections and was keen to have the presence of Neruda, by now Chile's most prominent left-wing literary figure, to support the campaign.[36] Neruda returned to Chile in August of that year and rejoined Delia del Carril, who had travelled ahead of him some months earlier, but the marriage was crumbling. Del Carril eventually learned of his affair with Matilde Urrutia and he sent her back to Chile in 1955. She convinced the Chilean officials to lift his arrest allowing Urrutia and Neruda to go to Capri, Italy. Now united with Urrutia, Neruda would, aside from many foreign trips and a stint as Allende's ambassador to France from 1970 to 1973, spend the rest of his life in Chile.

By this time, Neruda enjoyed worldwide fame as a poet, and his books were being translated into virtually all the major languages of the world.[20] He vigorously denounced the U.S. during the Cuban missile crisis and later in the decade he would likewise repeatedly condemn the U.S. for the Vietnam War. But being one of the most prestigious and outspoken left-wing intellectuals alive, he also attracted opposition from ideological opponents. The Congress for Cultural Freedom, an anti-communist organization covertly established and funded by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, adopted Neruda as one of its primary targets and launched a campaign to undermine his reputation, reviving the old claim he had been an accomplice in the attack on Trotsky in Mexico City in 1940.[38] The campaign became more intense when it became known that Neruda was a candidate for the 1964 Nobel Prize, which was eventually awarded to Jean-Paul Sartre.[39]

La Sebastiana, Neruda's house in Valparaíso

In 1966, Neruda was invited to attend an International PEN conference in New York City.[40] Officially, he was barred from entering the U.S. because he was a communist, but the conference organizer, playwright Arthur Miller, eventually prevailed upon the Johnson Administration to grant Neruda a visa.[40] Neruda gave readings to packed halls, and even recorded some poems for the Library of Congress.[40] Miller later opined that Neruda's adherence to his communist ideals of the 1930s was a result of his protracted exclusion from "bourgeois society". Due to the presence of many Eastern Bloc writers, Mexican writer Carlos Fuentes later wrote that the PEN conference marked a "beginning of the end" of the Cold War.[40]

Upon Neruda's return to Chile, he stopped in Peru, where he gave readings to enthusiastic crowds in Lima and Arequipa and was received by President Fernando Belaúnde Terry.[40] However, this visit also prompted an unpleasant backlash; because the Peruvian government had come out against the government of Fidel Castro in Cuba, July 1966 saw more than one hundred Cuban intellectuals retaliate against the poet by signing a letter that charged Neruda with colluding with the enemy, calling him an example of the "tepid, pro-Yankee revisionism" then prevalent in Latin America. The affair was particularly painful for Neruda because of his previous outspoken support for the Cuban revolution, and he never visited the island again, even after receiving an invitation in 1968.

After the death of Che Guevara in Bolivia in 1967, Neruda wrote several articles regretting the loss of a "great hero".[41] At the same time, he told his friend Aida Figueroa not to cry for Che, but for Luis Emilio Recabarren, the father of the Chilean communist movement, who preached a pacifist revolution over Che's violent ways.

Last years and death

La Chascona, Neruda's house in Santiago.

In 1970, Neruda was nominated as a candidate for the Chilean presidency, but ended up giving his support to Salvador Allende, who later won the election and was inaugurated in 1970 as the first democratically elected socialist head of state.[36][42] Shortly thereafter, Allende appointed Neruda the Chilean ambassador to France, lasting from 1970–1972; his final diplomatic posting. During his stint in Paris, Neruda helped to renegotiate the external debt of Chile, billions owed to European and American banks, but within months of his arrival in Paris his health began to deteriorate.[36] Neruda returned to Chile two and half years later due to his failing health.

Buenos Aires 1971

In 1971, Neruda was awarded the Nobel Prize,[36] a decision that did not come easily because some of the committee members had not forgotten Neruda's past praise of Stalinist dictatorship. But his Swedish translator, Artur Lundkvist, did his best to ensure the Chilean received the prize.[43] "A poet," Neruda stated in his Stockholm speech of acceptance of the Nobel Prize, "is at the same time a force for solidarity and for solitude."[44] The following year Neruda was awarded the prestigious Golden Wreath Award at the Struga Poetry Evenings.[45]

As the coup d'état of 1973 unfolded, Neruda, then diagnosed with prostate cancer, was devastated by the mounting attacks on the Allende government.[36] The military coup led by General Augusto Pinochet on September 11, supported and financed by the United States,[46] saw Neruda's hopes for a Socialist Chile destroyed. Shortly thereafter, during a search of the house and grounds at Isla Negra by Chilean armed forces at which Neruda was reportedly present, the poet famously remarked: "Look around—there's only one thing of danger for you here—poetry." [47]

Neruda laid out in his coffin, 1973

It was originally reported that, on the evening of September 23, 1973, at Santiago's Santa María Clinic, Neruda had died of heart failure;[48][49][50]

However, “(t)hat day, he was alone in the hospital where he had already spent five days. His health was declining and he called his wife, Matilde Urrutia, so she could come immediately because they were giving him something and he wasn’t feeling good.".[7] On May 12, 2011, the Mexican magazine Proceso published an interview with his former driver Manuel Araya Osorio in which he states that he was present when Neruda called his wife and warned that he believed Pinochet had ordered a doctor to kill him, and that he had just been given an injection in his stomach.[6] He would die six and a half hours later. Even reports from the pro-Pinochet El Mercurio newspaper the day after Neruda's death (refer) to an injection immediately beforehand.[51] According to an official Chilean Interior Ministry report prepared in March 2015 for the court investigation into Neruda’s death, "he was either given an injection or something orally" at the Santa María Clinic "which caused his death six-and-a-half hours later. The 1971 Nobel laureate was scheduled to fly to Mexico where he may have been planning to lead a government in exile that would denounce General Augusto Pinochet, who led the coup against Allende on September 11, according to his friends, researchers and other political observers".[7] The funeral took place amidst a massive police presence, and mourners took advantage of the occasion to protest against the new regime, established just a couple of weeks before. Neruda's house was broken into and his papers and books taken or destroyed.[36]

In 1974 his Memoirs appeared under the title I Confess I Have Lived, updated to the last days of the poet's life, and including a final segment describing the death of Salvador Allende during the storming of the Moneda Palace by General Pinochet and other generals – occurring only twelve days before Neruda died.[36] Matilde Urrutia subsequently compiled and edited for publication the memoirs and possibly his final poem "Right Comrade, It's the Hour of the Garden". These and other activities brought her into conflict with Pinochet's government, which continually sought to curtail Neruda's influence on the Chilean collective consciousness. Urrutia's own memoir, My Life with Pablo Neruda, was published posthumously in 1986.[52] Manuel Araya, his Communist Party-appointed chauffeur, published a book about Neruda's final days in 2012.[53]

Rumored murder and exhumation

In June 2013, a Chilean judge ordered that an investigation be launched, following suggestions that Neruda had been killed by the Pinochet regime for his pro-Allende stance and political views. Neruda's driver, Manuel Araya, stated that doctors administered poison as the poet was preparing to go into exile.[54][55] In December 2011 Chile's Communist Party asked Chilean Judge Mario Carroza to order the exhumation of the remains of the poet. Carroza has been conducting probes into hundreds of deaths allegedly connected to abuses of Pinochet's regime from 1973 to 1990.[53][56] Carroza's inquiry during 2011–12 uncovered enough evidence to order the exhumation in April 2013.[57] Eduardo Contreras, a Chilean lawyer, is leading the push for a full investigation. He commented: "We have world-class labs from India, Switzerland, Germany, the US, Sweden, they have all offered to do the lab work for free." The Pablo Neruda Foundation has fought the exhumation.[55]

In June 2013 a court order was issued to find the man who allegedly poisoned Neruda. Police are investigating Michael Townley, who is facing trial for the killings of General Carlos Prats (Buenos Aires, 1974), and ex Chancellor Orlando Letelier (Washington, 1976).[58][59]

Test results were released on 8 November 2013 of the seven-month investigation by a 15-member forensic team. Patricio Bustos, the head of Chile's medical legal service, stated "No relevant chemical substances have been found that could be linked to Mr. Neruda's death" at the time.[60] However, Carroza said that he is waiting for the results of the last scientific test conducted in May (2015), which found that Neruda was infected with the Staphylococcus aureus bacterium, which can be highly toxic and result in death if modified.[7]

Legacy

Neruda owned three houses in Chile; today they are all open to the public as museums: La Chascona in Santiago, La Sebastiana in Valparaíso, and Casa de Isla Negra in Isla Negra, where he and Matilde Urrutia are buried.

A bust of Neruda stands on the grounds of the Organization of American States building in Washington, D.C.[61][62]

List of works

English translations of Neruda

Influence

Music

Literature

Film

Television

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "Neruda". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
  2. ↑
  3. ↑ Plinio Apuleyo Mendoza (1 March 1983). The Fragrance of Guava: Conversations with Gabriel García Márquez. Verso. p. 49. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
  4. ↑ Neruda, La vida del poeta: Cronología, 1944–1953, Fundación Neruda, University of Chile. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
  5. ↑ Wyman, Eva Goldschmidt; Zurita, Magdalena Fuentes (2002). The Poets and the General: Chile's Voices of Dissent under Augusto Pinochet 1973–1989 (1st ed.). Santiago de Chile: LOM Ediciones. p. 18. ISBN 9562824918. In Spanish and English.
  6. 1 2 "Neruda fue asesinado". Proceso (in Spanish). Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  7. 1 2 3 4 País, Ediciones El (2015-11-06). "Chile believes it "highly likely" that poet Neruda was murdered in 1973". EL PAÍS. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  8. ↑ Tarn (1975) p. 13
  9. ↑ Feinstein (2005) p. 7
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Tarn (1975) p. 14
  11. ↑ Feinstein (2005) p. 19
  12. 1 2 3 Tarn (1975) p. 15
  13. ↑ Neruda (1974) p. 137
  14. ↑ Neruda, Pablo (1974). Confieso que he vivido, Memorias. Barcelona: Seix Barral. Page 45; Chapter 4, Section Singapur, Paragraph 12.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Tarn (1975) p. 16
  16. ↑ Feinstein (2005) p. 109
  17. ↑ Feinstein (2005) p. 434
  18. ↑ Feinstein (2005) p. 141
  19. ↑ Feinstein (2005) p. 145
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tarn (1975) p. 17
  21. ↑ Feinstein (2005) p. 340
  22. ↑ Feinstein (2005) p. 244
  23. 1 2 3 Feinstein (2005) pp. 312–313
  24. ↑ Roman, Joe. (1993) Octavio Paz Chelsea House Publishers ISBN 0-7910-1249-2
  25. ↑ Paz, Octavio (1991) On Poets and Others. Arcade. ISBN 1-55970-139-0 p. 127
  26. ↑ "Alberto Acereda – El otro Pablo Neruda – Libros". Libros.libertaddigital.com. 1990-01-01. Retrieved 2010-03-11.
  27. ↑ Feinstein (2005) p. 263
  28. ↑ Shull (2009) p. 69
  29. ↑ Feinstein (2005) p. 181
  30. ↑ Feinstein (2005) p. 199
  31. ↑ Burgin (1968) p. 95.
  32. ↑ Burgin (1968) p. 96.
  33. 1 2 Feinstein (2005) pp. 236–7
  34. 1 2 Feinstein (2005) p. 290
  35. ↑ "Full Woman, Fleshly Apple, Hot Moon: Selected Poems of Pablo Neruda – Eagle Harbor Book Co.". Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Tarn (1975) p. 22
  37. ↑ Feinstein (2005) p. 278
  38. ↑ Feinstein (2005) p. 487
  39. ↑ Feinstein (2005) pp. 334–5
  40. 1 2 3 4 5 Feinstein (2005) pp. 341–5
  41. ↑ Feinstein (2005) p. 326
  42. ↑ Feinstein (2005) p. 367
  43. ↑ Feinstein (2005) p. 333
  44. ↑ Pablo Neruda (1994). Late and posthumous poems, 1968–1974. Grove Press.
  45. ↑ "Pablo Neruda". Струшки вечери на поезијата. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  46. ↑ Kornbluh, Peter (Sept. 19, 2000). "CIA Acknowledges Ties to Pinochet's Repression: Report to Congress Reveals U.S. Accountability in Chile". Chile Documentation Project. The National Security Archive. Retrieved 3 November 2016. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  47. ↑ Feinstein (2005) p. 413
  48. ↑ "Pablo Neruda, Nobel Poet, Dies in a Chilean Hospital", The New York Times, September 24, 1973.
  49. ↑ Neruda and Vallejo: Selected Poems, Robert Bly, ed.; Beacon Press, Boston, 1993, p. xii.
  50. ↑ Earth-Shattering Poems, Liz Rosenberg, ed.; Henry Holt, New York, 1998, p. 105.
  51. ↑ S.A.P., El Mercurio. "Emol.com - El sitio de noticias online de Chile.". www.emol.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  52. ↑ Urrutia, Matilde; translated by Alexandria Giardino (2004). My Life with Pablo Neruda. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804750092.
  53. 1 2 Newman, Lucia (21 May 2012). "Was Pablo Neruda murdered?". Aljazeera.
  54. ↑ "Chile judge orders Pablo Neruda death probe". BBC News. June 2, 2011.
  55. 1 2 Franklin, Jonathan (7 April 2013). "Pablo Neruda's grave to be exhumed over Pinochet regime murder claims". The Guardian.
  56. ↑ "Pablo Neruda death probe urged in Chile". CBC News. December 6, 2011.
  57. ↑ "Unravelling the mystery of Pablo Neruda's death". BBC. 8 April 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
  58. ↑ "Revelan que un ex agente de la CIA envenenó a Neruda". INFOnews. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  59. ↑ Washington Post, June 2, 2013, "Chilean judge issues order to investigate poet Neruda's alleged killer"
  60. ↑ "Forensic tests show no poison in remains of Chilean poet Pablo Neruda" 8 November 2013 Washington Post.
  61. ↑ "OAS and Chile Rededicate Bust of Gabriela Mistral at the Organization’s Headquarters in Washington, DC," January 31, 2014, OAS website. Retrieved 1 Feb. 2015.
  62. ↑ "Pablo Neruda—Washington, D.C." Waymarking.com, retrieved 1 Feb. 2015.
  63. ↑ Alter, Alexandra. "Rediscovered Pablo Neruda Poems to Be Published". ArtsBeat. The New York Times. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  64. ↑ "Lieberson: Songs of Love and Sorrow – Program Note by the Composer" (PDF). Boston Symphony Orchestra. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
  65. ↑ "Bienvenido al sitio web de la Fundación Pablo Neruda – Fundación Pablo Neruda". Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  66. ↑ "Single Pablo Neruda". Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  67. ↑ Maggiolo, Marcio Veloz; del Castillo, José (2009). El bolero : visiones y perfiles de una pasión dominicana (in Spanish). Santo Domingo, República Dominicana: CODETEL. p. 268. ISBN 9789993486237. Su Bachata rosa está inspirada en el Libro de las preguntas del extraordinario poeta chileno Pablo Neruda
  68. ↑ Amazon description of Burning Patience
  69. ↑ Yo-Yo Boing!, Introduction by Doris Sommer, Harvard University. Latin American Literary Review Press. 1998. ISBN 0-935480-97-8.
  70. ↑ Amazon description of The Dreamer (2010)

Sources

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pablo Neruda.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Pablo Neruda
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 11/28/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.