Chemical ionization

Chemical ionization (CI) is an ionization technique used in mass spectrometry.^[1][2][3] Chemical ionization is a lower energy process than electron ionization (EI). The lower energy yields less or sometimes no fragmentation, and usually a simpler spectrum. The lack of fragmentation limits the amount of structural information that can be determined about the ionated species. However, a typical CI spectra has an easily identifiable protonated molecular ion peak [M+1]⁺ which allows for determination of molecular mass.^[4] CI is thus useful in cases where the energy from the bombarding electrons in EI is so great that impact almost exclusively causes fragmentation to occur and molecular ions are not formed in large enough quantities to produce an identifiable molecular ion peak.

Mechanism

In a CI experiment, ions are produced through the collision of the analyte with ions of a reagent gas that are present in the ion source. Some common reagent gases include: methane, ammonia, and isobutane. Inside the ion source, the reagent gas is present in large excess compared to the analyte. Electrons entering the source will preferentially ionize the reagent gas. The resultant collisions with other reagent gas molecules will create an ionization plasma. Positive and negative ions of the analyte are formed by reactions with this plasma.^[4]

Primary ion formation

${\displaystyle {\ce {{CH4}+e^{-}->{CH4^{+\bullet }}+2e^{-}}}}$

Secondary reagent ions

${\displaystyle {\ce {{CH4}+CH4^{+\bullet }->{CH5+}+CH3^{\bullet }}}}$

${\displaystyle {\ce {{CH4}+CH3^{+}->{C2H5+}+H2}}}$

Product ion formation

${\displaystyle {\ce {{M}+CH5+->{CH4}+[{M}+H]+}}}$    (protonation)

${\displaystyle {\ce {{AH}+CH3+->{CH4}+A+}}}$    (${\displaystyle {\ce {H^{-}}}}$ abstraction)

${\displaystyle {\ce {{M}+C2H5+->{[{M}+C2H5]+}}}}$    (adduct formation)

${\displaystyle {\ce {{A}+CH4+->{CH4}+A+}}}$    (charge exchange)

Self chemical ionization occurs when the reagent ion is an ionized form of the analyte.^[5]

Variations

Negative chemical ionization (NCI)

Chemical ionization for gas phase analysis is either positive or negative.^[6] Almost all neutral analytes can form positive ions through the reactions described above.

In order to see a response by negative chemical ionization, the analyte must be capable of producing a negative ion (stabilize a negative charge) for example by electron capture ionization. Because not all analytes can do this, using NCI provides a certain degree of selectivity that is not available with other, more universal ionization techniques (EI, PCI). NCI can be used for the analysis of compounds containing acidic groups or electronegative elements (especially halogens).^[4]:23

Because of the high electronegativity of halogen atoms, NCI is a common choice for their analysis. This includes many groups of compounds, such as PCBs,^[7] pesticides,^[8] and fire retardants.^[9] Most of these compounds are environmental contaminants, thus much of the NCI analysis that takes place is done under the auspices of environmental analysis. In cases where very low limits of detection are needed, halogenated species are frequently analyzed using an electron capture detector coupled to a gas chromatograph.

Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)

Chemical ionization in an atmospheric pressure electric discharge is called atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. The analyte is a gas or liquid spray and ionization is accomplished using an atmospheric pressure corona discharge. This ionization method is often coupled with high performance liquid chromatography where the mobile phase containing eluting analyte sprayed with high flow rates of nitrogen and the aerosol spray is subjected to a corona discharge to create ions.

See also

• Proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry

References

1. Munson, M.S.B.; Field, F.H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1966, 88, 2621-2630. Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry. I. General Introduction.
2. Fales HM, Milne GW, Pisano JJ, Brewer HB, Blum MS, MacConnell JG, Brand J, Law N (1972). "Biological applications of electron ionization and chemical ionization mass spectrometry". Recent Prog. Horm. Res. 28: 591–626. PMID 4569234.
3. "chemical ionization in mass spectrometry". 2009. doi:10.1351/goldbook.C01026.
4. de Hoffmann, Edmond; Vincent Stroobant (2003). Mass Spectrometry: Principles and Applications (Second ed.). Toronto: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. p. 14. ISBN 0-471-48566-7.
5. Sahba. Ghaderi; P. S. Kulkarni; Edward B. Ledford; Charles L. Wilkins; Michael L. Gross (1981). "Chemical ionization in Fourier transform mass spectrometry". Analytical Chemistry. 53 (3): 428–437. doi:10.1021/ac00226a011.
6. Dougherty RC (1981). "Negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry: applications in environmental analytical chemistry". Biomed. Mass Spectrom. 8 (7): 283–292. doi:10.1002/bms.1200080702. PMID 7025931.
7. Kontsas, Helena; Kaija Pekari (2003-07-05). "Determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in serum using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry with negative chemical ionization for exposure estimation". Journal of Chromatography B. Elsevier, Ltd. 791 (1–2): 117–125. doi:10.1016/S1570-0232(03)00216-2. Retrieved 2008-06-26.
8. Rivera-Rodríguez, Laura B.; Ricardo Rodríguez-Estrella; James Jackson Ellington; John J. Evans (July 2007). "Quantification of low levels of organochlorine pesticidesnext term using small volumes (≤100 μl) of plasma of wild birds through gas chromatography negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry". Environmental Pollution. Elsevier, Ltd. 148 (2): 654–662. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2006.11.018. PMID 17240024. Retrieved 2008-06-26.
9. Lacorte, Sylvia; Míriam Guillamon (2008). "Validation of a pressurized solvent extraction and GC–NCI–MSnext term method for the low level determination of 40 polybrominated diphenyl ethers in mothers' milk". Chemosphere. Elsevier, Ltd. 73 (1): 70–75. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.05.021. PMID 18582915.

External links

• Using Amines as Chemical Ionization Reagents and Building Custom Manifold