Neil Gaiman

Neil Gaiman

Neil Gaiman, April 2013
Born Neil Richard Gaiman
(1960-11-10) 10 November 1960
Portchester, Hampshire, England
Occupation Author, comic book creator, screenwriter, voice actor
Nationality British
Period 1980s–present
Genre Fantasy, horror, science fiction, dark fantasy
Notable works The Sandman, Neverwhere, American Gods, Stardust, Coraline, The Graveyard Book, Good Omens, The Ocean at the End of the Lane
Spouse
Neil Gaiman's voice
from the BBC programme Saturday Live, 12 October 2013.[1]
Website
neilgaiman.com

Neil Richard MacKinnon Gaiman[2] (/ˈɡeɪmən/;[3] born Neil Richard Gaiman,[2] 10 November 1960)[4] is an English author of short fiction, novels, comic books, graphic novels, audio theatre, and films. His notable works include the comic book series The Sandman and novels Stardust, American Gods, Coraline, and The Graveyard Book. He has won numerous awards, including the Hugo, Nebula, and Bram Stoker awards, as well as the Newbery and Carnegie medals. He is the first author to win both the Newbery and the Carnegie medals for the same work, The Graveyard Book (2008).[5][6] In 2013, The Ocean at the End of the Lane was voted Book of the Year in the British National Book Awards.[7]

Early life

Neil Gaiman's family is of Polish-Jewish and other Eastern European-Jewish origins;[8] his great-grandfather emigrated from Antwerp, Belgium, to the UK before 1914[9] and his grandfather eventually settled in the south of England in the Hampshire city of Portsmouth and established a chain of grocery stores. His father, David Bernard Gaiman, worked in the same chain of stores;[10] his mother, Sheila Gaiman (née Goldman), was a pharmacist. He has two younger sisters, Claire and Lizzy.[11] After living for a period in the nearby town of Portchester, Hampshire, where Neil was born in 1960, the Gaimans moved in 1965 to the West Sussex town of East Grinstead where his parents studied Dianetics at the Scientology centre in the town; one of Gaiman's sisters works for the Church of Scientology in Los Angeles. His other sister, Lizzy Calcioli, has said, "Most of our social activities were involved with Scientology or our Jewish family. It would get very confusing when people would ask my religion as a kid. I’d say, 'I’m a Jewish Scientologist.'" Gaiman says that he is not a Scientologist, and that like Judaism, Scientology is his family's religion.[12] About his personal views, Gaiman has stated, "I think we can say that God exists in the DC Universe. I would not stand up and beat the drum for the existence of God in this universe. I don't know, I think there's probably a 50/50 chance. It doesn't really matter to me."[13]

Gaiman was able to read at the age of four. He said, "I was a reader. I loved reading. Reading things gave me pleasure. I was very good at most subjects in school, not because I had any particular aptitude in them, but because normally on the first day of school they'd hand out schoolbooks, and I'd read them—which would mean that I'd know what was coming up, because I'd read it."[14] When he was about ten years old, he read his way through the works of Dennis Wheatley, where especially The Ka of Gifford Hillary and The Haunting of Toby Jugg made an impact on him.[15] One work that made a particular impression on him was J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings from his school library, although it only had the first two volumes of the novel. He consistently took them out and read them. He would later win the school English prize and the school reading prize, enabling him to finally acquire the third volume.[16]

For his seventh birthday, Gaiman received C. S. Lewis's The Chronicles of Narnia series. He later recalled that "I admired his use of parenthetical statements to the reader, where he would just talk to you ... I'd think, 'Oh, my gosh, that is so cool! I want to do that! When I become an author, I want to be able to do things in parentheses.' I liked the power of putting things in brackets."[16] Narnia also introduced him to literary awards, specifically the 1956 Carnegie Medal won by the concluding volume. When Gaiman won the 2010 Medal himself, the press reported him recalling, "it had to be the most important literary award there ever was"[6] and observing, "if you can make yourself aged seven happy, you're really doing well – it's like writing a letter to yourself aged seven."[5]

Gaiman attended Ardingly College in Ardingly, West Sussex

Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland was another childhood favourite, and "a favourite forever. Alice was default reading to the point where I knew it by heart."[16] He also enjoyed Batman comics as a child.[16]

Gaiman was educated at several Church of England schools, including Fonthill School in East Grinstead,[17] Ardingly College (1970–74), and Whitgift School in Croydon (1974–77).[18] His father's position as a public relations official of the Church of Scientology was the cause of the seven-year-old Gaiman being blocked from entering a boys' school, forcing him to remain at the school that he had previously been attending.[12][19] He lived in East Grinstead for many years, from 1965 to 1980 and again from 1984 to 1987.[17] He met his first wife, Mary McGrath, while she was studying Scientology and living in a house in East Grinstead that was owned by his father. The couple were married in 1985 after having their first child, Michael.[12]

Career

Journalism, early writings, and literary influences

Gaiman, an Open Rights Group patron, speaks about his concerns for creators' rights.

As a child and a teenager, Gaiman read the works of C. S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien, Lewis Carroll, Mary Shelley, Rudyard Kipling, Edgar Allan Poe, Michael Moorcock, Alan Moore, Ursula K. Le Guin, Harlan Ellison, Lord Dunsany and G. K. Chesterton.[16][20][21] When he was 19–20 years old, he contacted his favourite science fiction writer, R. A. Lafferty, whom he discovered when he was nine, and asked for advice on becoming an author along with a Lafferty pastiche he had written. The writer sent Gaiman an encouraging and informative letter back, along with literary advice.[22][23]

In the early 1980s, Gaiman pursued journalism, conducting interviews and writing book reviews, as a means to learn about the world and to make connections that he hoped would later assist him in getting published.[16] He wrote and reviewed extensively for the British Fantasy Society.[24] His first professional short story publication was "Featherquest", a fantasy story, in Imagine Magazine in May 1984.[24]

When waiting for a train at London's Victoria Station in 1984, Gaiman noticed a copy of Swamp Thing written by Alan Moore, and carefully read it. Moore's fresh and vigorous approach to comics had such an impact on Gaiman that he would later write "that was the final straw, what was left of my resistance crumbled. I proceeded to make regular and frequent visits to London's Forbidden Planet shop to buy comics".[21]

In 1984, he wrote his first book, a biography of the band Duran Duran, as well as Ghastly Beyond Belief, a book of quotations, with Kim Newman.[16] Even though Gaiman thought he had done a terrible job, the book's first edition sold out very quickly. When he went to relinquish his rights to the book, he discovered the publisher had gone bankrupt.[16][25] After this, he was offered a job by Penthouse. He refused the offer.[16]

He also wrote interviews and articles for many British magazines, including Knave. During this he sometimes wrote under pseudonyms, including Gerry Musgrave, Richard Grey, and "a couple of house names".[26] Gaiman has said he ended his journalism career in 1987 because British newspapers regularly publish untruths as fact.[27][28] In the late 1980s, he wrote Don't Panic: The Official Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Companion in what he calls a "classic English humour" style.[29] Following this he wrote the opening of what would become his collaboration with fellow English author Terry Pratchett on the comic novel Good Omens, about the impending apocalypse.[30]

Comics

After forming a friendship with comic-book writer Alan Moore,[21] Gaiman started writing comic-books, picking up Miracleman after Moore finished his run on the series. Gaiman and artist Mark Buckingham collaborated on several issues of the series before its publisher, Eclipse Comics, collapsed, leaving the series unfinished. His first published comic strips were four short Future Shocks for 2000 AD in 1986–87. He wrote three graphic novels with his favourite collaborator and long-time friend Dave McKean: Violent Cases, Signal to Noise, and The Tragical Comedy or Comical Tragedy of Mr. Punch. Impressed with his work, DC Comics hired him in February 1987,[31] and he wrote the limited series Black Orchid.[32][33] Karen Berger, who later became head of DC Comics's Vertigo, read Black Orchid and offered Gaiman a job: to re-write an old character, The Sandman, but to put his own spin on him.[16]

The Sandman tells the tale of the ageless, anthropomorphic personification of Dream that is known by many names, including Morpheus. The series began in January 1989 and concluded in March 1996.[34] In the eighth issue of The Sandman, Gaiman and artist Mike Dringenberg introduced Death, the older sister of Dream, who would become as popular as the series' title character.[35] The Death: The High Cost of Living limited series launched DC's Vertigo line in 1993.[36] The 75 issues of the regular series, along with an illustrated prose text and a special containing seven short stories, have been collected into 12 volumes that remain in print, 14 if the Death: The High Cost of Living and Death: The Time of Your Life spin-offs are included. Artists include Sam Kieth, Mike Dringenberg, Jill Thompson, Shawn McManus, Marc Hempel and Michael Zulli, lettering by Todd Klein, colours by Daniel Vozzo, and covers by Dave McKean.[16] The series became one of DC's top selling titles, eclipsing even Batman and Superman.[37] Comics historian Les Daniels called Gaiman's work "astonishing" and noted that The Sandman was "a mixture of fantasy, horror, and ironic humor such as comic books had never seen before".[38] DC Comics writer and executive Paul Levitz observed that "The Sandman became the first extraordinary success as a series of graphic novel collections, reaching out and converting new readers to the medium, particularly young women on college campuses, and making Gaiman himself into an iconic cultural figure."[39]

Gaiman and Jamie Delano were to become co-writers of the Swamp Thing series following Rick Veitch. An editorial decision by DC to censor Veitch's final storyline caused both Gaiman and Delano to withdraw from the title.[40]

Gaiman produced two stories for DC's Secret Origins series in 1989. A Poison Ivy[41] tale drawn by Mark Buckingham and a Riddler[42] story illustrated by Bernie Mireault and Matt Wagner.

In 1990, Gaiman wrote The Books of Magic, a four-part mini-series that provided a tour of the mythological and magical parts of the DC Universe through a frame story about an English teenager who discovers that he is destined to be the world's greatest wizard.[43] The miniseries was popular, and sired an ongoing series written by John Ney Rieber.

Gaiman's adaptation of Sweeney Todd, illustrated by Michael Zulli for Stephen R. Bissette's publication Taboo, was stopped when the anthology itself was discontinued.[44]

In the mid-1990s, he also created a number of new characters and a setting that was to be featured in a title published by Tekno Comix. The concepts were then altered and split between three titles set in the same continuity: Lady Justice, Mr. Hero the Newmatic Man, and Teknophage.[45] They were later featured in Phage: Shadow Death and Wheel of Worlds. Although Gaiman's name appeared prominently on all titles, he was not involved in writing any of the above-mentioned books.

Gaiman wrote a semi-autobiographical story about a boy's fascination with Michael Moorcock's anti-hero Elric of Melniboné for Ed Kramer's anthology Tales of the White Wolf. In 1996, Gaiman and Ed Kramer co-edited The Sandman: Book of Dreams. Nominated for the British Fantasy Award, the original fiction anthology featured stories and contributions by Tori Amos, Clive Barker, Gene Wolfe, Tad Williams, and others.

Asked why he likes comics more than other forms of storytelling, Gaiman said: "One of the joys of comics has always been the knowledge that it was, in many ways, untouched ground. It was virgin territory. When I was working on Sandman, I felt a lot of the time that I was actually picking up a machete and heading out into the jungle. I got to write in places and do things that nobody had ever done before. When I’m writing novels I’m painfully aware that I’m working in a medium that people have been writing absolutely jaw-droppingly brilliant things for, you know, three-four thousand years now. You know, you can go back. We have things like The Golden Ass. And you go, well, I don’t know that I’m as good as that and that's two and a half thousand years old. But with comics I felt like – I can do stuff nobody has ever done. I can do stuff nobody has ever thought of. And I could and it was enormously fun."[46]

Gaiman wrote two series for Marvel Comics. Marvel 1602 was an eight-issue limited series published from November 2003 to June 2004 with art by Andy Kubert and Richard Isanove.[47] The Eternals was a seven-issue limited series drawn by John Romita Jr. which was published from August 2006 to March 2007.[48][49]

In 2009, Gaiman wrote a two-part Batman story for DC Comics to follow Batman R.I.P. titled "Whatever Happened to the Caped Crusader?"[50] a play-off of the classic Superman story "Whatever Happened to the Man of Tomorrow?" by Alan Moore.[51][52] He contributed a twelve-part Metamorpho serial drawn by Mike Allred for Wednesday Comics, a weekly newspaper-style series.[53][54] Gaiman and Paul Cornell co-wrote Action Comics #894 (Dec. 2010) which featured an appearance by Death.[55] In October 2013, DC Comics releasedThe Sandman: Overture with art by J. H. Williams III.[56][57] Gaiman's Angela character was introduced into the Marvel Universe in the last issue of the Age of Ultron miniseries in 2013.[58]

Novels

Gaiman in 2009

In a collaboration with author Terry Pratchett best known for his series of Discworld novels, Gaiman's first novel Good Omens was published in 1990. In recent years Pratchett has said that while the entire novel was a collaborative effort and most of the ideas could be credited to both of them, Pratchett did a larger portion of writing and editing if for no other reason than Gaiman's scheduled involvement with Sandman.[59]

The 1996 novelisation of Gaiman's teleplay for the BBC mini-series Neverwhere was his first solo novel. The novel was released in tandem with the television series though it presents some notable differences from the television series. Gaiman has since revised the novel twice, the first time for an American audience unfamiliar with the London Underground, the second time because he felt unsatisfied with the original.

In 1999 first printings of his fantasy novel Stardust were released. The novel has been released both as a standard novel and in an illustrated text edition.

American Gods became one of Gaiman's best-selling and multi-award winning novels upon its release in 2001.[60] A special 10th Anniversary edition was released, with the "author's preferred text" 12,000 words longer than the original mass-market editions.

Gaiman has not written a direct sequel to American Gods but he has revisited the characters. A glimpse at Shadow's travels in Europe is found in a short story which finds him in Scotland, applying the same concepts developed in American Gods to the story of Beowulf. The 2005 novel Anansi Boys deals with Anansi ('Mr. Nancy'), tracing the relationship of his two sons, one semi-divine and the other an unassuming Englishman, as they explore their common heritage. It debuted at number one on The New York Times Best Seller list.[61]

In late 2008, Gaiman released a new children's book, The Graveyard Book. It follows the adventures of a boy named Bod after his family is murdered and he is left to be brought up by a graveyard. It is heavily influenced by Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book. As of late January 2009, it had been on The New York Times Bestseller children's list for fifteen weeks.[62]

In 2013, The Ocean at the End of the Lane was voted Book of the Year in the British National Book Awards.[7] The novel follows an unnamed man who returns to his hometown for a funeral and remembers events that began forty years earlier.[63] Themes include the search for self-identity and the "disconnect between childhood and adulthood".[64]

In September 2016 Neil Gaiman announced that he had for some years been working on a book of retellings of Norse mythology.[65] The book is entitled Norse Mythology and intended for release on 17 February 2017.[66]

Film and screenwriting

Gaiman wrote the 1996 BBC dark fantasy television series Neverwhere. He cowrote the screenplay for the movie MirrorMask with his old friend Dave McKean for McKean to direct. In addition, he wrote the localised English language script to the anime movie Princess Mononoke, based on a translation of the Japanese script.

He cowrote the script for Robert Zemeckis's Beowulf with Roger Avary, a collaboration that has proved productive for both writers.[67] Gaiman has expressed interest in collaborating on a film adaptation of the Epic of Gilgamesh.[68]

He was the only person other than J. Michael Straczynski to write a Babylon 5 script in the last three seasons, contributing the season five episode "Day of the Dead".

Gaiman has also written at least three drafts of a screenplay adaptation of Nicholson Baker's novel The Fermata for director Robert Zemeckis,[69][70] although the project was stalled while Zemeckis made The Polar Express and the Gaiman-Roger Avary written Beowulf film.

Neil Gaiman was featured in the History Channel documentary Comic Book Superheroes Unmasked.

Several of Gaiman's original works have been optioned or greenlighted for film adaptation, most notably Stardust, which premiered in August 2007 and stars Robert De Niro, Michelle Pfeiffer and Claire Danes, directed by Matthew Vaughn. A stop-motion version of Coraline was released on 6 February 2009, with Henry Selick directing and Dakota Fanning and Teri Hatcher in the leading voice-actor roles.[12]

In 2007, Gaiman it was announced that after ten years in development, the feature film of Death: The High Cost of Living would finally begin production with a screenplay by Gaiman that he would direct for Warner Independent. Don Murphy and Susan Montford are the producers, and Guillermo del Toro is the film's executive producer.[71][72] By 2010 it had been reported that it was no longer in production.[73]

Seeing Ear Theatre performed two of Gaiman's audio theatre plays, "Snow, Glass, Apples", Gaiman's retelling of Snow White and "Murder Mysteries", a story of heaven before the Fall in which the first crime is committed. Both audio plays were published in the collection Smoke and Mirrors in 1998.[74]

Gaiman's 2009 Newbery Medal winning book The Graveyard Book will be made into a movie, with Ron Howard as the director.[75]

Gaiman wrote an episode of the long-running BBC science fiction series Doctor Who, broadcast in 2011 during Matt Smith's second series as the Doctor.[76] Shooting began in August 2010 for this episode, the original title of which was "The House of Nothing"[77] but which was eventually transmitted as "The Doctor's Wife".[78] The episode won the 2012 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation (Short Form).[79][80] Gaiman made his return to Doctor Who with an episode titled "Nightmare in Silver", broadcast on 11 May 2013.[81][82]

In 2011, it was announced that Gaiman would be writing the script to a new film version of Journey to the West.[83][84]

Gaiman appeared as himself on The Simpsons episode "The Book Job" broadcast on 20 November 2011.[85][86][87]

In 2015, Starz greenlighted a series adaptation of Gaiman's novel American Gods. Bryan Fuller and Michael Green will write and showrun the series.[88]

Radio

A six-part radio play of Neverwhere was broadcast in March 2013, adapted by Dirk Maggs for BBC Radio 4 and Radio 4 Extra. Featured stars include James McAvoy as Richard, Natalie Dormer, Benedict Cumberbatch, Christopher Lee, Bernard Cribbens and Johnny Vegas.[89]

In September 2014, Gaiman and Terry Pratchett joined forces with BBC Radio 4 to make the first ever dramatisation of their co-penned novel Good Omens, which was broadcast in December in five half-hour episodes and culminated in an hour-long final apocalyptic showdown.[30]

Public performances

Gaiman frequently performs public readings from his stories and poetry, and has toured with his wife, musician Amanda Palmer. In some of these performances he has also sung songs, in "a novelist's version of singing",[90] despite having "no kind of singing voice".[91]

In 2015, Gaiman delivered a 100-minute lecture for the Long Now Foundation entitled How Stories Last about the nature of storytelling and how stories persist in human culture.[92]

Blog and Twitter

In February 2001, when Gaiman had completed writing American Gods, his publishers set up a promotional website featuring a weblog in which Gaiman described the day-to-day process of revising, publishing, and promoting the novel. After the novel was published, the website evolved into a more general Official Neil Gaiman Website.[93]

Gaiman generally posts to the blog describing the day-to-day process of being Neil Gaiman and writing, revising, publishing, or promoting whatever the current project is. He also posts reader emails and answers questions, which gives him unusually direct and immediate interaction with fans. One of his answers on why he writes the blog is "because writing is, like death, a lonely business."[94]

The original American Gods blog was extracted for publication in the NESFA Press collection of Gaiman miscellany, Adventures in the Dream Trade.[95]

To celebrate the seventh anniversary of the blog, the novel American Gods was provided free of charge online for a month.[96]

Gaiman is an active user of the social networking site Twitter with over 2.2 million followers as of June 2015, using the username @neilhimself.[97] In 2013, Gaiman was named by IGN as one of "The Best Tweeters in Comics", describing his posts as "sublime."[98] Gaiman also runs a Tumblr account on which he primarily answers fan questions.[99]

Filmography

Year Title Role Notes
2010 Arthur Himself (Voice) "Falafelosophy/The Great Lint Rush"
2011 The Guild Himself "Downturn"
2011 The Simpsons Himself (Voice) "The Book Job"
2013 Jay and Silent Bob's Super Groovy Cartoon Movie Albert the Manservant (Voice)
2015 The Making of a Superhero Musical Melvin Morel

Personal life

Home and family

Neil Gaiman and Amanda Palmer (Vienna 2011)

Gaiman lives near Menomonie, Wisconsin, United States and has lived there since 1992. Gaiman moved there to be close to the family of his then-wife, Mary McGrath, with whom he has three children: Michael, Holly, and Madeleine.[16][100][101][102][103][104] As of 2013, Gaiman also resides in Cambridge, Massachusetts.[105] In 2014, he took up a five-year appointment as professor in the arts at Bard College, in Annandale-on-Hudson, New York.[106]

Gaiman is married to songwriter and performer Amanda Palmer, with whom he has an open marriage.[107] The couple publicly announced that they were dating in June 2009,[108][109] announced their engagement on Twitter on 1 January 2010.[110] On 16 November 2010, Amanda Palmer hosted a non-legally binding flash mob wedding for Gaiman's birthday in New Orleans.[111] They were legally married on 2 January 2011.[112] The wedding took place in the parlour of writers Ayelet Waldman and Michael Chabon.[2][113] On marrying Palmer, he took her middle name, MacKinnon, as one of his names.[2] On 18 March 2015, they announced through their Facebook and Twitter accounts that Palmer was pregnant with their first child, due in September.[114] Their son Anthony was born 16 September 2015.[115]

Advocacy

In 2016, Gaiman, as well as Cate Blanchett, Chiwetel Ejiofor, Peter Capaldi, Douglas Booth, Jesse Eisenberg, Keira Knightley, Juliet Stevenson, Kit Harington, and Stanley Tucci, appear in the video "What They Took With Them", from the United Nations' refugee agency UNHCR, to help raise awareness of the issue of global refugees.[116][117]

Gaiman is a supporter and board member of the Comic Book Legal Defense Fund.[118]

Friendship with Tori Amos

One of Gaiman's most commented-upon friendships is with the musician Tori Amos, a Sandman fan who became friends with Gaiman after making a reference to "Neil and the Dream King" on her 1991 demo tape. He included her in turn as a character (a talking tree) in his novel Stardust.[119] Amos also mentions Gaiman in her songs, "Tear in Your Hand" ("If you need me, me and Neil'll be hangin' out with the dream king. Neil says hi by the way"),[120] "Space Dog" ("Where's Neil when you need him?"),[121] "Horses" ("But will you find me if Neil makes me a tree?"),[122] "Carbon" ("Get me Neil on the line, no I can't hold. Have him read, 'Snow, Glass, Apples' where nothing is what it seems"),[123] "Sweet Dreams" ("You're forgetting to fly, darling, when you sleep"),[124] and "Not Dying Today" ("Neil is thrilled he can claim he's mammalian, 'but the bad news,' he said, 'girl you're a dandelion'").[123] He also wrote stories for the tour book of Boys for Pele and Scarlet's Walk, a letter for the tour book of American Doll Posse, and the stories behind each girl in her album Strange Little Girls. Amos penned the introduction for his novel Death: the High Cost of Living, and posed for the cover. She also wrote a song called "Sister Named Desire" based on his Sandman character, which was included on his anthology, Where's Neil When You Need Him?.

Gaiman is godfather to Tori Amos's daughter Tash,[125] and wrote a poem called "Blueberry Girl" for Tori and Tash.[126] The poem has been turned into a book by the illustrator Charles Vess.[127] Gaiman read the poem aloud to an audience at the Sundance Kabuki Theater in San Francisco on 5 October 2008 during his book reading tour for The Graveyard Book.[128] It was published in March 2009 with the title, Blueberry Girl.

Litigation

In 1993, Gaiman was contracted by Todd McFarlane to write a single issue of Spawn, a popular title at the newly created Image Comics company. McFarlane was promoting his new title by having guest authors Gaiman, Alan Moore, Frank Miller, and Dave Sim each write a single issue.

In issue No. 9 of the series, Gaiman introduced the characters Angela, Cogliostro, and Medieval Spawn. Prior to this issue, Spawn was an assassin who worked for the government and came back as a reluctant agent of Hell but had no direction. In Angela, a cruel and malicious angel, Gaiman introduced a character who threatened Spawn's existence, as well as providing a moral opposite. Cogliostro was introduced as a mentor character for exposition and instruction, providing guidance. Medieval Spawn introduced a history and precedent that not all Spawns were self-serving or evil, giving additional character development to Malebolgia, the demon that creates Hellspawn.

As intended,[129] all three characters were used repeatedly throughout the next decade by Todd McFarlane within the wider Spawn universe. In papers filed by Gaiman in early 2002, however, he claimed that the characters were jointly owned by their scripter (himself) and artist (McFarlane), not merely by McFarlane in his role as the creator of the series.[130][131] Disagreement over who owned the rights to a character was the primary motivation for McFarlane and other artists to form Image Comics (although that argument related more towards disagreements between writers and artists as character creators).[132] As McFarlane used the characters without Gaiman's permission or royalty payments, Gaiman believed his copyrighted work was being infringed upon, which violated their original, oral, agreement. McFarlane initially agreed that Gaiman had not signed away any rights to the characters, and negotiated with Gaiman to effectively 'swap' McFarlane's interest in the character Marvelman[133] (McFarlane believes he purchased interest in the character when Eclipse Comics was liquidated; Gaiman is interested in being able to continue his aborted run on that title) but later claimed that Gaiman's work had been work-for-hire and that McFarlane owned all of Gaiman's creations entirely. The presiding judge, however, ruled against their agreement being work for hire, based in large part on the legal requirement that "copyright assignments must be in writing."[134]

The Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the district court ruling in February 2004[135] granting joint ownership of the characters to Gaiman and McFarlane. On the specific issue of Cogliostro, presiding Judge John C. Shabaz proclaimed, "The expressive work that is the comic-book character Count Nicholas Cogliostro was the joint work of Gaiman and McFarlane—their contributions strike us as quite equal—and both are entitled to ownership of the copyright".[136] Similar analysis led to similar results for the other two characters, Angela and Medieval Spawn.

This legal battle was brought by Gaiman and the specifically formed Marvels and Miracles, LLC, which Gaiman created to help sort out the legal rights surrounding Marvelman. Gaiman wrote Marvel 1602 in 2003 to help fund this project.[137] All of Marvel Comics' profits for the original issues of the series went to Marvels and Miracles.[137] In 2009, Marvel Comics purchased Marvelman.[138]

Gaiman returned to court over three more Spawn characters, Dark Ages Spawn, Domina and Tiffany, that are claimed to be "derivative of the three he co-created with McFarlane."[139] The judge ruled that Gaiman was right in his claims and gave McFarlane until the start of September 2010 to settle matters.[140]

Literary allusions

Gaiman's work is known for a high degree of allusiveness.[141] Meredith Collins, for instance, has commented upon the degree to which his novel Stardust depends on allusions to Victorian fairy tales and culture.[142] Particularly in The Sandman, literary figures and characters appear often; the character of Fiddler's Green is modelled visually on G. K. Chesterton, both William Shakespeare and Geoffrey Chaucer appear as characters, as do several characters from within A Midsummer Night's Dream[143] and The Tempest. The comic also draws from numerous mythologies and historical periods.

Clay Smith has argued that this sort of allusiveness serves to situate Gaiman as a strong authorial presence in his own works, often to the exclusion of his collaborators.[144] However, Smith's viewpoint is in the minority: to many, if there is a problem with Gaiman scholarship and intertextuality it is that "... his literary merit and vast popularity have propelled him into the nascent comics canon so quickly that there is not yet a basis of critical scholarship about his work."[145]

David Rudd takes a more generous view in his study of the novel Coraline, where he argues that the work plays and riffs productively on Sigmund Freud's notion of the Uncanny, or the Unheimlich.[146]

Though Gaiman's work is frequently seen as exemplifying the monomyth structure laid out in Joseph Campbell's The Hero with a Thousand Faces,[147] Gaiman says that he started reading The Hero with a Thousand Faces but refused to finish it: "I think I got about half way through The Hero with a Thousand Faces and found myself thinking if this is true – I don’t want to know. I really would rather not know this stuff. I’d rather do it because it’s true and because I accidentally wind up creating something that falls into this pattern than be told what the pattern is."[148]

Selected awards and honours

Bibliography

References

  1. ↑ "Neil Gaiman". Saturday Live. 12 October 2013. BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Born as Neil Richard Gaiman, with "MacKinnon" added on the occasion of his marriage to Amanda Palmer. "Wedding: Palmer — Gaiman", Lexington Minuteman, 14 January 2011, archived from the original on 12 October 2013
  3. ↑ "Author Name Pronunciation Guide – Neil Gaiman". Teachingbooks.net. Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
  4. ↑ Miller, John Jackson (10 June 2005). "Comics Industry Birthdays". Comics Buyer's Guide. Iola, Wisconsin. Archived from the original on 29 October 2010.
  5. 1 2 3 Flood, Alison (24 June 2010). "Neil Gaiman wins Carnegie Medal". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 26 October 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
  6. 1 2 3 "Neil Gaiman wins children's book prize". BBC News. 25 June 2010. Archived from the original on 11 September 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
  7. 1 2 Press Association (26 December 2013). "Neil Gaiman novel wins Book of the Year". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
  8. ↑ Wagner, Hank; Golden, Christopher; Bissette, Stephen R. (2008). "The Interview". Prince of Stories: The Many Worlds of Neil Gaiman. New York, New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 447–449. ISBN 978-0-312-38765-5.
  9. ↑ Gaiman, Neil (16 January 2009). "Journeys End". Neil Gaiman's Journal. Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2009. My paternal great-grandfather came to the UK before 1914; and he would have come from Antwerp.
  10. ↑ Lancaster, James (11 October 2005). "Everyone has the potential to be great". The Argus. pp. 10–11. David Gaiman quote: "It's not me you should be interviewing. It's my son. Neil Gaiman. He's in the New York Times Bestsellers list. Fantasy. He's flavour of the month, very famous
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  12. 1 2 3 4 Goodyear, Dana (25 January 2010). "Kid Goth Neil Gaiman's fantasies". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 27 April 2013.
  13. ↑ Whitaker, Steve (January 1989). "Neil Gaiman interview". FA (109): 24–29.
  14. ↑ Abbey, Cherie D. (ed.) (2010). Biography Today General Series. Omnigraphics Inc. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-7808-1058-7.
  15. ↑ "Before there was Ian Fleming, there was Dennis Wheatley". Bloomsburyreader.wordpress.com. 10 October 2013. Archived from the original on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
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  17. 1 2 "East Grinstead Hall of Fame - Neil Gaiman". East Grinstead Community Web Site. n.d. Archived from the original on 18 August 2013.
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  19. ↑ "Head Bars Son of Cult Man". The Times. 13 August 1968. p. 2. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. A headmaster has refused the son of a scientologist entry to a preparatory school until, he says, the cult "clears its name". The boy, Neil Gaiman, aged 7, (...) Mr. David Gaiman, the father, aged 35, former South Coast businessman, has become in recent weeks a prominent spokesman in Britain for scientology, which has its headquarters at East Grinstead.
  20. ↑ Gaiman, Neil (18 October 2014). "My hero : Mary Shelley by Neil Gaiman". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 6 June 2015.
  21. 1 2 3 Olsen, Steven P. (2005). Neil Gaiman (Library of Graphic Novelists). New York, New York: Rosen Publishing. pp. 16–18. ISBN 978-1404202856.
  22. ↑ Ball, Natasha (11 May 2014). "Lafferty Lost and Found". This Land Press. Archived from the original on 20 September 2015.
  23. ↑ Barnett, David (13 August 2014). "RA Lafferty – the secret sci-fi genius more than ready for a comeback". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 June 2015.
  24. 1 2 "Works by Gaiman - Book Reviews". NeilGaimanBibliography.com. n.d. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013.
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  26. ↑ Gaiman, Neil (2 January 2009). "Rumour control?". Neil Gaiman's Journal. Archived from the original on 15 February 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
  27. ↑ "Neil Gaiman – Journalism". Twitter.com. 29 January 2010. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
  28. ↑ Kanazawa, Satoshi (24 January 2010). "Psychology Today – British Newspapers Make Things Up". Psychologytoday.com. Archived from the original on 19 August 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
  29. ↑ Huddleston, Kathie (n.d.). "Neil Gaiman hitchhikes through Douglas Adams' hilarious galaxy". Science Fiction Weekly. Archived from the original on 12 June 2008.
  30. 1 2 Williams, Gwyneth (5 September 2014). "Radio 4 to make first ever dramatisation of Good Omens - Media Centre". BBC. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  31. ↑ Bender, Hy (1999). The Sandman Companion. DC Comics. pp. 20–22. ISBN 978-1563894657.
  32. ↑ Irvine, Alex (2008). "Black Orchid". In Dougall, Alastair. The Vertigo Encyclopedia. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. pp. 32–34. ISBN 0-7566-4122-5. OCLC 213309015.
  33. ↑ Manning, Matthew K.; Dolan, Hannah, ed. (2010). "1980s". DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 235. ISBN 978-0-7566-6742-9. Neil Gaiman scripted the complex Black Orchid prestige format limited series in December [1988], re-envisioning the character with the help of artist Dave McKean.
  34. ↑ Manning "1980s" in Dolan, p. 238: "In arguably one of the greatest achievements in serialized modern comic books, writer Neil Gaiman crafted the seventy-five-issue ongoing series The Sandman, introducing its readers to a complex world of horror and fantasy."
  35. ↑ Manning "1980s" in Dolan, p. 240: "Neil Gaiman, aided by penciller Mike Dringenberg, introduced the character Death to a fascinated readership...Death was an instant hit and arguably became more popular than the Sandman himself."
  36. ↑ Manning "1990s" in Dolan, p. 262: "In March 1993, DC Comics debuted a three-issue limited series entitled Death: The High Cost of Living...Written by Neil Gaiman and drawn by future comics superstar Chris Bachalo, The High Cost of Living had one notable trait besides a brilliant story: its cover bore a new logo. With this debut, DC's provocative new mature-reader imprint, Vertigo, was born."
  37. ↑ Hoad, Phil (21 October 2013). "Neil Gaiman and Dave McKean: how we made The Sandman". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 October 2013.
  38. ↑ Daniels, Les (1995). "The Sandman's Coming: A New Approach to Making Myths". DC Comics: Sixty Years of the World's Favorite Comic Book Heroes. New York, New York: Bulfinch Press. p. 206. ISBN 0821220764.
  39. ↑ Levitz, Paul (2010). "The Dark Age 1984-1998". 75 Years of DC Comics The Art of Modern Mythmaking. Cologne, Germany: Taschen. p. 567. ISBN 9783836519816.
  40. ↑ Duncan, Randy; Smith, Matthew J. (2013). Icons of the American Comic Book: From Captain America to Wonder Woman, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 741–742. ISBN 978-0313399237. DC's censorship of Veitch's Swamp Thing #88 (1989) had a lasting negative impact on the series...With Veitch's immediate departure, the team that had been groomed to follow Veitch (writers Neil Gaiman and Jamie Delano) also left the title in solidarity with Veitch.
  41. ↑ Manning, Matthew K.; Dougall, Alastair, ed. (2014). "1980s". Batman: A Visual History. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 183. ISBN 978-1465424563. Secret Origins No. 36 Neil Gaiman gave readers a rare glimpse into the inner workings of Poison Ivy's mind.
  42. ↑ Manning "1980s" in Dougall (2014), p. 179: Secret Origins Special No. 1 "Gaiman wrote the Riddler's tale, with the help of artist Bernie Mireault."
  43. ↑ Manning "1990s" in Dolan, p. 247: "Neil Gaiman chronicled the adventures of magic pupil Timothy Hunter in this miniseries. each issue explored the realms of magic as portrayed by a different painter."
  44. ↑ Johnston, Rich (5 June 2012). "Get Your Free Neil Gaiman And Michael Zulli Sweeney Todd Comic Here". Bleeding Cool. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
  45. ↑ "Teknophage". Neilgaiman.info. 23 July 2008. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
  46. ↑ Ogline, Tim E. (20 November 2007). "Myth, Magic and the Mind of Neil Gaiman". Wild River Review. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012.
  47. ↑ Manning, Matthew K.; Gilbert, Laura, ed. (2008). "2000s". Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 317. ISBN 978-0756641238. Neil Gaiman...took his creative vision and penchant for times past to Marvel, crafting this eight-issue limited series alongside fan-favorite artist Andy Kubert. Digitally painted by Richard Isanove...this series took an alternative look at what the classic Marvel pantheon would be like if they had existed in the 17th century.
  48. ↑ Richards, Dave (9 June 2006). "Following in the Footsteps: Romita Talks Eternals". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
  49. ↑ MacQuarrie, Jim (3 August 2007). "CCI XTRA: Spotlight on Neil Gaiman". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
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  53. ↑ Cowsill "2000s" in Dolan, p. 338: "The [series] contained fifteen continuous stories, including...'Metamorpho' scripted by Neil Gaiman and illustrated by Michael Allred."
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  58. ↑ Sunu, Steve (21 March 2013). "Gaiman Returns to Marvel, Brings Spawn's Angela". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on 23 March 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2013. Later this year, writer Neil Gaiman makes his return to Marvel Comics...Perhaps even more intriguing is the announcement that Gaiman plans to introduce Angela to the Marvel U.
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  63. ↑ Byatt, AS (3 July 2013). "The Ocean at the End of the Lane by Neil Gaiman – review". Guardian. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
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  66. ↑ "Neil Gaiman Puts His Spin On Thor In Norse Mythology Novel". Comicbook.com. Retrieved 2016-09-18.
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  73. ↑ The Vulture Transcript: Neil Gaiman on Comics, Twilight, Twitter Etiquette, Killing Batman, and Sharing Porn With His Son
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  92. ↑ Neil Gaiman How Stories Last Filmed on Tuesday 9 June 2015 at The Long Now Foundation. Audio and video available.
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  129. ↑ See Judge Shabaz's ruling for the legal reasoning: "As a co-owner, McFarlane was not violating the Copyright Act by unilaterally publishing the jointly owned work, but, as in any other case of conversion or misappropriation, he would have to account to the other joint owner for the latter's share of the profits."
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  131. ↑ See also the official decision by Judge John Shabaz in The United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit Nos. 03–1331, 03–1461. Retrieved 22 September 2008.
  132. ↑ See Khoury, George, Image Comics: The Road To Independence (TwoMorrows Publishing, 2007), ISBN 1-893905-71-3
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  134. ↑ Judge Shabaz, Official ruling, as per "Schiller & Schmidt, Inc. v. Nordisco Corp., 969 F.2d 410, 413 (7th Cir. 1992)"
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  142. ↑ Collins, Meredith. "Fairy and Faerie: Uses of the Victorian in Neil Gaiman's and Charles Vess's Stardust." ImageTexT 4.1.
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