Broadnose sevengill shark

Broadnose sevengill shark
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Chondrichthyes
Subclass: Elasmobranchii
Superorder: Selachimorpha
Order: Hexanchiformes
Family: Hexanchidae
Genus: Notorynchus
Ayres, 1855
Species: N. cepedianus
Binomial name
Notorynchus cepedianus
(Péron, 1807)
Range of the broadnose sevengill shark
Synonyms

Heptranchias haswelli* Ogilby, 1897
Heptranchias pectorosus Garman, 1884
Heptranchias spilotus Lahille, 1913
Notidanus ferox Perez Canto, 1886
Notidanus indicus Agassiz, 1838
Notidanus medinae Philippi, 1902
Notidanus wolniczkyi Philippi, 1902
Notorynchus macdonaldi Whitley, 1931
Notorynchus maculatus Ayres, 1855
Notorhynchus borealis Gill, 1864
Notorhynchus ocellatus Devincenzi, 1920
Squalus cepedianus Péron, 1807
Squalus platycephalus Tenore, 1809

* ambiguous synonym

The broadnose sevengill shark (Notorynchus cepedianus) is the only extant member of the genus Notorynchus, in the family Hexanchidae. It is recognizable because of its seven gill slits, while most shark species have five gill slits, with the exception of the members of the order Hexanchiformes and the sixgill sawshark. This shark has a large, thick body, with a broad head and blunt snout. The top jaw has jagged, cusped teeth and the bottom jaw has comb-shaped teeth. Its single dorsal fin is set far back along the spine towards the caudal fin, and is behind the pelvic fins. In this shark the upper caudal fin is much longer than the lower, and is slightly notched near the tip. Like many sharks, this sevengill is counter-shaded. Its dorsal surface is silver-gray to brown in order to blend with the dark water and substrate when viewed from above. In counter to this, its ventral surface is very pale, blending with the sunlit water when viewed from below. The body and fins are covered in a scattering of small black & white spots. In juveniles, their fins often have white margins.

It is also known as sevengill shark or simply sevengill and was formerly known as cow shark and mud shark; it is called sevengill due to its seven gill slits. Because of this, it was listed along with the sharpnose sevengill shark (Heptranchias perlo) by Guinness World Records as having the most gill slits.[2] It is similar to the sharpnose sevengill shark but the latter has a pointed snout and lacks spots on its dorsal surface.[3][4] The sevengill species are also related to ancient sharks as fossils from the Jurassic Period (200 to 145 million years ago) also had seven gills. As recently as the 1930s and 1940s, the shark was targeted by fisheries along the coast of California and, once the commercial fishery receded, recreational fishing of the shark started in the 1980s and 1990s.[5]

Description

The length at birth is 40–45 cm (15.5–17.5 in) while the mature male length is 150 cm (1.5 meters) and mature female length is around 220 cm (2.2 m).[6] The maximum length found is 2.9 m. The shark is large and active and has a large head but small eyes and snout. The shark has one dorsal fin at the back of the body that spans from the insertion to the tops of the pelvic fins.[5]

The broadnose sevengill shark is also known as sevengill shark or simply sevengill and was formerly known as cow shark and mud shark; it is called sevengill due to its seven gill slits. Because of this, it was listed along with the sharpnose sevengill shark by Guinness World Records as having the most gill slits.[2] It is similar to the sharpnose sevengill shark but the latter has a pointed snout and lacks spots on its dorsal surface.[3] The sevengill species are also related to ancient sharks as fossils from the Jurassic Period (200 to 145 million years ago) also had seven gills.[2]

Range and habitat

The broadnose sevengill has so far been found in the western Pacific Ocean off China, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, the eastern Pacific Ocean off Canada, United States and Chile, and the southern Atlantic Ocean off Argentina and South Africa. In San Francisco, California, it is significantly found in the San Francisco Bay particularly near the Golden Gate Bridge and Alcatraz Island.[7] Large, old individuals tend to live in deep offshore environments as far down as 446 feet (136 m). However, most individuals live in either the deep channels of bays, or in the shallower waters of continental shelves and estuaries. These sharks are mainly benthic in nature, cruising along the sea floor and making an occasional foray to the surface.[8] Other foreign names are cação-bruxa (Portuguese), cañabota gata (Spanish), ebisuzame (Japanese), gatita (Spanish), gevlekte zevenkieuwshaai (Dutch), kammzähner (German), koeihaai (Afrikaans), k'wet'thenéchte (Salish), minami-ebisuzame (Japanese), platneus-sewekiefhaai (Afrikaans), platnez (French), requin malais (French), Siebenkiemiger Pazifischer Kammzähner (German), siedmioszpar plamisty (Polish), tiburón manchado,[3] tiburón de 7 gallas, tiburón pinto and tollo fume (all Spanish), and tuatini (Maori).[5]

Behavior

An opportunistic predator, the broadnose sevengill preys on a great variety of animals and has been found at a depth of 1,870 feet (570 meters) in offshore waters.[5] It has been found to feed on sharks (including gummy shark, one of its main prey,[9] and cowsharks), rays, chimaeras, cetaceans, pinnipeds, bony fishes and carrion and will also feed on whatever it finds such as shark egg cases, sea snails and remains of rats and humans. Research in 2003 found that its diet consisted of 30% mammals with a frequency of occurrence of 35%.[10] It is a frequent top predator in shallow waters[11] and has comb-like teeth,[12] with the upper teeth having slender, smooth edged cusps to swallow small enough prey whole and lower teeth broad enough to bite prey to pieces.[13] These sharks occasionally hunt in packs to take down larger prey, using tactics such as stealth to succeed. After feeding, it slowly digests the food for several hours and days and can go weeks until eating again.[14] Large predatory sharks such as the great white shark can be a threat and cannibalism among this shark has also been recorded. When not highly active, it hunts stealthily while making very little movement except for moving its caudal fin until dashing to strike.[5]

It can be one of the most abundant predators in coastal waters in summer and, in southeast Tasmania, there is a high abundance of elasmobranches including the gummy shark in coastal regions in summer. In New Zealand, it is also one of the most common inshore sharks.[15] While it is mainly a nocturnal forager, it may opportunistically feed on prey casually found during the day, however, research in 2010, found even amounts of activity during day and night. During this research, this shark was consistently detected at all depths from bottom to near surface whereas it was the substrate during the day. It also found that as Norfolk Bay does not have adequate shelter cover, this species may use group formation to avoid predation.[9]

This sevengill, like all other members of Hexanchiformes, is ovoviviparous. The broadnose sevengill lives for about 30 years[6] although the Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife in Washington lists a maximum of 49 years.[16] with the male maturing at 4 to 5 years and the female 11 to 21 years; the average reproductive age for a female is 20 to 25 years.[17] After a 12-month gestation period, the female moves to a shallow bay or estuary to give birth between April and May[18] to a large litter of between 82 and 95 pups, measuring 40–45 cm (15.5–17.5 in).

In 2004 and 2005, along with research for the sand tiger shark, there was research for the broadnose sevengill shark for development techniques for semen collection and artificial insemination to potentially increase breeding and lower overreliance on natural mating.[19] Research in 2010 found that this shark has very poorly calcified vertebrae that cannot be used for age and growth estimations.[20] Research in 2009 in Ría Deseado (RD) and Bahía San Julián (SJ), Argentina found that females were larger in RD than SJ and the heaviest female in RD was 70 kg while it was 36.9 kg in SJ. For the males, the heaviest in RD was 40 kg while it was 32.5 in SJ. Both locations also found the most significant to occur December and January.[21]

Research in 2014 also found that for the first time, reproductive hormones levels were found in the broadnose sevengill shark.[22] for a few years before venturing out. The probable predators of this species are larger sharks. Research from 2002 showed that although juvenile sevengill sharks utilize nursery areas in a similar way, males mature faster than females even if they are the same size and thus males are more likely to leave the nursery area before females.[23]

In 2004, John G Maisey of the American Museum of Natural History published a detailed analysis, 52 pages to be exact, of the broadnose sevengill shark including imagery such as CT scans and morphology of its braincase.[24]

Painting by Kawahara Keiga

Conservation and relationship to humans

Painting by Frederick Schoenfeld

The broadnose sevengill is listed by the IUCN Red List as Data Deficient throughout most of its range, and as possibly Vulnerable in the northeast Pacific and Near Threatened in the eastern Pacific.[5] This species likely suffers great ongoing pressure[25] from various types of fisheries, and from frequently being caught as bycatch. In Argentina, it's fished by rod and reel and broadnose sevengill shark fishing competitions have been occurring since the 1960s.[21] It is also threatened by water pollution and is hunted for its liveroil and hide which is considered good quality in places such as China. In the early 1980s, intense fishing in the San Francisco Bay caused a local decline. Its meat and fins are in demand in countries such as the USA, Brazil, Spain, Germany, Netherlands and Israel, and is packaged for frozen food.[26] The broadnose sevengill is also a source of vitamin A and utilized by South African sport anglers for winter tournaments, however, this shark is not easy to land despite being readily hooked.[4]

It is frequently seen by tourists[27] and in temperate water aquariums and can adapt to captivity.[28] One of the aquariums that houses the broadnose sevengill shark, Oregon Coast Aquarium in Newport, Oregon, has featured it as a "keynote species".[29] There is also an app Sevengill Shark Tracking "Shark Observers" that allows divers to log sightings that are added to the Shark Observation Network, where the information supports "environmental awareness, assessment and policy making, and public participation at a global level".[30]

Not many conservation measures are known but it has been recorded from one marine reserve in South Africa and it occurs in La Jolla Cove, La Jolla, San Diego, California with the latter having an apparent population increase in 2013.[31] 2009 research also suggested that Bahía Anegada be made a conservation area given the high amount of sharks there.[21] In Washington, United States, recreational fishing of broadnose sevengill shark is closed on all state waters.[16] In Victoria, Australia, the Department of Environment and Primary Industries sets a one bag limit and must be whole or in carcass form.[32] The International Shark Attack File considers this shark to be potentially dangerous because of its proximity to humans, and because of its aggressive behavior when provoked. It has also been noted as being aggressive towards divers in both public aquariums and the wild and spearfishermen. Human remains were also found in one specimen's stomach therefore divers should be wary of this shark. Six attacks on humans by the broadnose sevengill, the latest being in 2013 in New Zealand, have been recorded since the 16th century, with no known fatalities.[5][33]

As shown in the picture, Japanese painter Kawahara Keiga made a pencil drawn and water colored painting of the broadnose sevengill shark between 1823 and 1829 and is displayed at the Naturalis Biodiversity Center but no further information about this is known. In the 1860s, Swiss-Australian painter Frederick Schoenfeld also painted the shark in a work he made along with the ornate wobbegong.[34]

References

  1. ↑ Compagno, L.J.V. (2005). Notorynchus cepedianus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2005.RLTS.T39324A10200310.en
  2. 1 2 3 Glenday, Craig (2013). Guinness World Records 2013. Guinness World Records. p. 61. ISBN 034554711X.
  3. 1 2 3 Castro, Jose I.; Peebles, Diane Rome (2011). "The Sharks of North America". Oxford University Press. p. 38. ISBN 0195392949.
  4. 1 2 Van der Elst, Rudy (1993). A Guide to the Common Sea Fishes of Southern Africa. Struik. p. 55. ISBN 1868253945.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Sevengill shark". flmnh.ufl.edu. Retrieved June 19, 2015.
  6. 1 2 Compagno (2000). "Notorynchus cepedianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2006. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 12 May 2006.
  7. ↑ "Fascinating Facts About Sevengill Sharks". kqed.org. August 2, 2013. Retrieved June 23, 2015.
  8. ↑ Compagno, Leonardo, Dando, Marc and Fowler, Sarah. Sharks of the World. Princeton University Press. 2005. p. 67-68
  9. 1 2 Barnett, Adam; Abrantes, Kátya G.; Stevens, John D.; Bruce, Barry D.; Semmens, Jayson M. (2010). "Fine-Scale Movements of the Broadnose Sevengill Shark and Its Main Prey, the Gummy Shark". PLoS ONE. 5 (12): e15464. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015464. PMID 21151925.
  10. ↑ Crespi-Abril, A. C.; García, N. A.; Crespo, E. A.; Coscarella, M. A. (2003). "Consumption of marine mammals by broadnose sevengill shark Notorynchus cepedianus in the northern and central Patagonian shelf". Latin American Jouranal of Aquatic Mammals. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
  11. ↑ Castro, José Ignacio; Woodley, Christa M.; Brudek, Rebecca L. (1999). A Preliminary Evaluation of the Status of Shark Species, Issue 380. Food and Agriculture Organization. p. 9. ISBN 9251042993.
  12. ↑ Lubke, Roy; De Moor, Irene J. (1998). Field Guide to the Eastern and Southern Cape Coasts. Juta and Company Ltd. p. 139. ISBN 1919713034.
  13. ↑ Rathbone, Jim; Rathbone, LeAnn (2009). Sharks Pasta and Present. DomoAji Publications (self-published). p. 26. ISBN 160702960X.
  14. ↑ "Broadnose sevengill shark". montereybayaquarium.org. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
  15. ↑ "Summer Series 6: Broadnose Sevengill Shark". National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. January 31, 2012. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
  16. 1 2 "Bottomfish – Broadnose sevengill shark". wdfw.wa.gov. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
  17. ↑ Fowler, Sarah L. (2005). Sharks, Rays and Chimaeras: The Status of the Chondrichthyan Fishes : Status Survey. IUCN. p. 224. ISBN 2831707005.
  18. ↑ Helfman, Gene; Burgess, George H. (2014). Sharks. Johns Hopkins University. p. 121. ISBN 1421413108.
  19. ↑ "Grey Nurse Shark Research". waza.org. Retrieved June 23, 2015.
  20. ↑ Braccini, J. M.; Troynikov, V. S.; Walker, T. I.; Mollet, H. F.; Ebert, D. A.; Barnett, A. and Kirby, N. (2010). "Incorporating heterogeneity into growth analyses of wild and captive broadnose sevengill sharks Notorynchus cepedianus". Moss Landing Marine Laboratories/California State University. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
  21. 1 2 3 Cedrola, Paula V.; Caille, Guillermo M.; Chiaramonte, Gustavo E.; Pettovello, Alejandro D. (2009). "Demographic structure of broadnose seven-gill shark, Notorynchus cepedianus, caught by anglers in southern Patagonia, Argentina". Marine Biodiversity Records. 2. doi:10.1017/S1755267209990558.
  22. ↑ Awruch, C. A.; Jones, S. M.; Asorey, M. G.; Barnett, A. (2014). "Non-lethal assessment of the reproductive status of broadnose sevengill sharks (Notorynchus cepedianus) to determine the significance of habitat use in coastal areas". Conservation Physiology. 2 (1): cou013. doi:10.1093/conphys/cou013. PMC 4806732Freely accessible. PMID 27293634.
  23. ↑ "Long-term trends in catch composition from elasmobranch derbies in Elkhorn Slough, California.". Marine Fisheries Review. January 1, 2007. Retrieved June 19, 2015.
  24. ↑ Maisey, John G. (February 27, 2004). "Morphology of the Braincase in the Broadnose Sevengill Shark Notorynchus (Elasmobranchii, Hexanchiformes), Based on CT Scanning" (PDF). American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
  25. ↑ "Classifications – Threats". iucnredlist.org. Retrieved August 14, 2015.
  26. ↑ Vannuccini, Stefania (1999). Shark Utilization, Marketing, and Trade. Food and Agriculture Organization. p. 282. ISBN 9251043612.
  27. ↑ Techera, Erika J.; Klein, Natalie (2014). Sharks: Conservation, Governance and Management. Routledge. p. 242. ISBN 113501261X.
  28. ↑ Michael, Scott W. (2005). Reef Sharks and Rays of the World. ProStar Publications. p. 341577855388. ISBN 1577855388.
  29. ↑ "Swimming with sharks: 'You're going to be in their space'". kval.com. March 31, 2012. Retrieved June 18, 2015.
  30. ↑ "Shark Observation Network". scientificamerican.com. Retrieved June 23, 2015.
  31. ↑ "Sharks Attracting Attention In San Diego Waters". kpbs.org. June 4, 2013. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
  32. ↑ "Shark". depi.vic.gov.au. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved June 23, 2015.
  33. ↑ "Shark Attacks Diver in Fiordland". stuff.co.nz. January 19, 2013. Retrieved June 19, 2015.
  34. ↑ "Caught and Coloured: Government Bounty". museumvictoria.com.au. Retrieved August 14, 2015.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Notorynchus cepedianus.

coastal areas]

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 12/1/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.