Operation Most III

Home Army intelligence report with V1 and V2 schematic drawings.
Memorial at the Motyl landing site

Operation Most III (Polish for Bridge III) or Operation Wildhorn III (in British documents) was a World War II operation in which Poland's Armia Krajowa provided the Allies with crucial intelligence on the German V-2 rocket.

Background

From November 1943 onwards, the Intelligence Division of the Polish Home Army (Armia Krajowa) obtained parts of the V-2 rocket, which was being tested near Blizna, central Poland. The availability of parts increased from April 1944, when numerous test rockets fell near Sarnaki village, in the vicinity of the Bug River, south of Siemiatycze. Parts of the rocket were secured by the Armia Krajowa, and analyzed at its secret laboratories in Warsaw. The analysis was performed by Professor Janusz Groszkowski (radio and guidance), Marceli Struszyński (fuel), Bogdan Stefanowski (engine), Antoni Kocjan, and others.

Operation

On the night of July 25, 1944, just past 10:00 p.m., a slowly lurching American C-47 transport plane, also known as a Dakota to the British, lifted off from Brindisi in southern Italy bound for an abandoned airfield in Poland. This abandoned airfield was code-named Motyl. The transport plane was piloted by a New Zealander known as Flight Lieutenant Stanley G. Culliford and co-piloted by a Polish native, Flight Lieutenant Kazimierz Szrajer. The plan was to land the plane in the center of a territory surrounded with German military units retreating westward under pressure by the Russian army and obtain the V-2 missile components. At just past midnight, the Dakota circled above the landing location and the partisans (who had been previously informed through encrypted codes over BBC radio) recognized the transport plane. Upon landing, the partisans emerged from the woods nearby pulling carts with key V-2 components. Once the cargo was loaded, the pilots attempted to take off, but the Dakota did not budge.

Upon inspection, the crew found the wheels of the plane lodged in the muddy ground. Hastily, the mud was shoveled away and another attempt was made to take off. Once again, the plane wouldn't budge. Crew members quickly rushed out to investigate the problem. The wheels of the plane were found even deeper within the mud. They attempted to lodge sticks to aid the plane but that didn't quite work either. The wheels had sunk ever deeper into the mud. A few of the partisans began digging around the wheels with their bare hands. Some other partisans found wooden slats in the nearby woods that were subsequently wedged underneath the wheels. A successive attempt was made once again and astonishingly, the plane pulled out of the mud and was able to take off with the V-2 components before detection by German military units.[1]

Two days later the C-47 transport plane arrived in London. British scientists began devising a way to interfere with the guidance of the V-2 missile using radio waves, but it was discovered that the V-2 mechanism was not designed to "react to countermeasures by radio."[2]

Participants

On the outgoing flight from Brindisi the aircraft had 4 passengers: Kazimierz Bilski, Jan Nowak-Jeziorański, Leszek Starzyński and Bogusław Wolniak.

On the return flight, Jerzy Chmielewski, Józef Retinger Tomasz Arciszewski, Tadeusz Chciuk, and Czesław Miciński were ferried from occupied Poland to Brindisi, Italy. It was intended that Antoni Kocjan (who had personally studied parts of V-2 missiles) would take part, but he was arrested by the Gestapo and therefore was replaced by Jerzy Chmielewski.

The aircraft's crew included: F/Lt S.G. (George) Culliford (Captain), F/O Kazimierz Szrajer (Co-pilot and translator)(Polish), F/O J.P. Williams (Navigator), F/Sgt J. Appleby (Radio-operator).[3]

Security for the operation was provided by Armia Krajowa group “Urban”, which included Adam Gondek 'Kruk'. The security commander of the Motyl landing site was Captain Wladyslaw Kabat ps.'Brzechwa'.

Other participants were : Kpr. Franciszek Nowak 'Pomidor', Dr Jan Deszcz 'Wacek', Kpr. pchor. Władysław Bysiek 'Morena', Plut. Józef Lupa 'Czarny Sęp', Ppor. Franciszek Kuczek 'Deska', Por. Mieczysław Czech 'Jurand', Por. Paweł Chwała 'Skory', Ppor. Jan Gomoła 'Jawor'.

Media appearance

The operation was featured in the 1977 BBC TV series The Secret War episode, "Terror Weapons", which included Janusz Groszkowski's memories of the operation.

Operaion Most III was also one of the major plot elements in Frozen Flashes ("Gefrorene Blitze"), a GDR movie about the development of the V2 and the history of the resistance movement in Peenemünde during the Second World War and its attempt to sabotage the V-2 program.

See also

References

  1. Breuer, William B. (1993). Race to the Moon: America's Duel with the Soviets. Westport; Connecticut: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0-275-94481-6
  1. ↑ Breuer, William B. (1993). Race to the Moon: America's Duel with the Soviets. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. p. 55. ISBN 0-275-94481-6.
  2. ↑ Breuer, William B. (1993). Race to the Moon. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. p. 56. ISBN 0-275-94481-6.
  3. ↑ Szrajer, Kazimierz. ""Trzeci Most" - Wspomnienia Kaziemierza Szrajera.". Archived from the original on 27 March 2010.

Bibliography

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