Orseolia oryzae

Asian rice gall midge
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Suborder: Nematocera
Family: Cecidomyiidae[1]
Genus: Orseolia
Species: O. oryzae
Binomial name
Orseolia oryzae
Wood-Mason
Synonyms[2]
  • Cecidomyia oryzae Wood-Mason
  • Orseolia oryzicola
  • Pachydiplosis oryzae (Wood-Mason)

Orseolia oryzae, also called the Asian rice gall midge, is a species of small fly in the family Cecidomyiidae. It is a major insect pest of rice.[3][4][5] The damage to the crop is done by the larvae which form galls commonly known as "silver shoots" or "onion shoots". The rice plant is stunted and the seed heads fail to develop.

History

In 1890, an unidentified insect was found to be attacking the rice crop in Munger district of Bihar, in India. The English zoologist James Wood-Mason identified the insect as a midge, called it Cecidomyia oryzae, and wrote about it in the American Naturalist, but did not formally describe it. The original outbreak faded away, but another occurred in Mysore in 1901, and others followed. By 1922, the rice crop in Tonkin Province in northern Vietnam was devastated and in 1936, crops in Indonesia were being attacked. It was the Indian entomologist M.S. Mani who in 1934 formally described the insect, retaining the name given it by Wood-Mason, because this was already widely known. In 1941 the midge was reported to be damaging crops in China and in 1946, it was reported from Sudan. In 1951, the Chinese researchers Li and Chiu worked out its life history.[6]

Description

The Asian rice gall midge is a fly about the size of a mosquito. The females are about 3.5 mm (0.14 in) long, bright red, with broad abdomens and dense short hair, while the males are slightly smaller, yellowish-brown and more slender.[6][7]

Distribution

It is a major insect pest of rice in Southern and Southeast Asia. The pest is distributed in various regions of India,[8][9] Asia,[10] and other neighboring countries and farmers face many problems due to the monetary loss caused by this insect pest.[2][11] It is also found in rice-growing regions of Africa.[7]

Life cycle

The adults are mainly nocturnal and hide during the day. The females lay small batches of eggs (up to six) on the undersides of rice leaves. The eggs are red at first, but by the time they hatch, two to four days later, they are chocolate-brown. The tiny larvae crawl down the leaf sheath till they reach the leaf axil where they bore their way into the stem. After feeding for about ten days and forming a gall, they pupate inside. Four to seven days later they use spines on the tip of the abdomen to make a hole in the gall near its tip. Here the adult insects emerge. They live for three or four days, and there may be as many as eight generations of midge in the year.[7]

Damage

The larvae of the Asian rice gall midge irritate the tissues of the rice plant which forms a gall commonly known as a "silver shoot" or "onion shoot".[6] This is a pale cylindrical, hollow tube with a green tip replacing the normal culm (stem). The gall is formed from the walls of the leaf sheath growing together, after which the culm stops developing. The stem is stunted and the seed-head does not develop. When the adult insects emerge, the gall withers away and the shoot dies. The plant may respond by producing more tillers, but these usually become infected in their turn. The disease may be localised and patchy or widespread throughout the crop.[6]

References

  1. ↑ Kalodea, M. B.; Bentur, J. S. (April 1989). "Characterization of Indian biotypes of the rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzae (Wood-Mason (Diptera:Cecidomyiidae)". International Journal of Tropical Insect Science. Cambridge University Press. pp. 219–224. doi:10.1017/S1742758400010365. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
  2. 1 2 "Distribution Maps of Plant Pests". CABI, Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, 1984, December, Map 171 (Revised).
  3. ↑ Behura, S. K.; et al. (August 1999). "Differentiation of Asian rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzae (Wood-Mason), biotypes by sequence characterized amplified regions (SCARs)". Insect Molecular Biology. 1999 Blackwell Science Ltd. pp. 391–397. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2583.1999.83126.x. Retrieved 18 Jun 2002.
  4. ↑ Katiyar, S K; et al. (2000). "Biodiversity of Asian rice gall midge (Orseolia oryzae Wood Mason) from five countries examined by AFLP analysis". Genome. NRC Research Press. pp. 322–332. doi:10.1139/g99-119.
  5. ↑ Nair, Suresh; et al. "Plant Biology". International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Reddy, D.B. (1967). The Major Insect Pests of the Rice Plant: Proceedings. IRRI. pp. 458–470. WISC:89031297997.
  7. 1 2 3 Economic Zoology. Rastogi Publications. 2007. pp. 110–111. ISBN 978-81-7133-876-4.
  8. ↑ Prasad, Rabindra (2011). "Status of the Rice Gall Midge (Orseolia oryzae W.M.) in the State of Jharkhand" (PDF). Journal of Rice Research.
  9. ↑ Jagadeesha Kumar, B. D.; Chakravarthy, A. K.; Doddabasappa, B.; Basavaraju, B. S. (2009). "Biology of the rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzae (Wood-Mason) in southern Karnataka". Karnataka J. Agric. Sci. pp. 535–537.
  10. ↑ "Resistance Mechanism in Rice to the Midge Orseolia oryzae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)". Journal of Economic Entomology. Entomological Society of America. 2009. pp. 1628–1639. doi:10.1603/029.102.0430.
  11. ↑ "Xenotypes Of the Rice Gall Midge". Bibliotecha Digital De La Universidad De Chile.

Further reading

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