Palko v. Connecticut

Palko v. Connecticut
Supreme Court of the United States
Argued November 12, 1937 Decided December 6, 1937
Full case name	Palko v. State of Connecticut
Citations	302 U.S. 319 (more)
Prior history	Appeal from the Supreme Court of Errors of the State of Connecticut
Holding
The Fifth Amendment right to protection against double jeopardy is not a fundamental right incorporated by the Fourteenth Amendment to the individual states.
Court membership
Chief Justice Charles E. Hughes Associate Justices James C. McReynolds · Louis Brandeis George Sutherland · Pierce Butler Harlan F. Stone · Owen J. Roberts Benjamin N. Cardozo · Hugo Black
Case opinions
Majority	Cardozo, joined by McReynolds, Brandeis, Sutherland, Stone, Roberts, Black
Dissent	Butler
Laws applied
U.S. Const. amend. V, U.S. Const. amend. XIV
Overruled by
Benton v. Maryland, 395 U.S. 784 (1969)

Palko v. Connecticut, 302 U.S. 319 (1937),^[1] was a United States Supreme Court case concerning the incorporation of the Fifth Amendment protection against double jeopardy.

Background

In 1935, Frank Palka (whose name was misspelled as Palko in Court documents), a Connecticut resident, broke into a local music store and stole a phonograph, proceeded to flee on foot, and when cornered by law enforcement, shot one police officer and made his escape. He was captured a month later.^[2]

Palka had been charged with first-degree murder but was instead convicted of the lesser offense of second-degree murder and given a sentence of life imprisonment. Prosecutors appealed per Connecticut law and won a new trial, in which Palko was found guilty of first-degree murder and sentenced to death. Palka appealed, arguing that the Fifth Amendment protection against double jeopardy applied to state governments through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Court had previously held in the Slaughterhouse cases that the protections of the Bill of Rights should not be applied to the states under the Privileges or Immunities clause, but Palka held that since the infringed right fell under a due process protection, Connecticut still acted in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Court's Decision

Justice Benjamin Cardozo held that the Due Process Clause protected only those rights that were "of the very essence of a scheme of ordered liberty" and that the court should therefore gradually incorporate the Bill of Rights onto the States as justiciable violations arose, based on whether the infringed right met that test.

Applying this subjective case-by-case approach (known as selective incorporation), the Court upheld Palko's conviction on the basis that the Double Jeopardy appeal was not "essential to a fundamental scheme of ordered liberty." The case was decided by an 8-1 vote. Justice Pierce Butler was the lone dissenter, but he did not author a dissenting opinion.

Palko was executed in Connecticut's electric chair on April 12, 1938.^[3]

Later developments

The Court eventually reversed course and overruled Palko by incorporating the protection against double jeopardy with its ruling in Benton v. Maryland, 395 U.S. 784 (1969).

See also

• List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 302

References

1. Text of Palko v. Connecticut, 302 U.S. 319 (1937) is available from:  Findlaw  Justia 
2. "Double Jeopardy--Two Bites of the Apple or Only One?" by Charles A. Riccio Jr., July 1997.
3. The Oyez Project, Palko v. Connecticut , 302 U.S. 319 (1937) available at: (http://oyez.org/cases/1901-1939/1937/1937_135) (last visited Sunday, March 22, 2009).

External links

• Palko v. Connecticut at Oyez