Paracanoe
Paracanoe is canoeing for athletes with a range of physical disabilities. The sport is governed by the International Canoe Federation (ICF).[1]
Paracanoe will debut at the Summer Paralympics to be held in Rio de Janeiro in 2016 where single kayak races will be contested.[2][3][4] A meeting of the International Paralympic Committee in Guangzhou, China in 2010 decided to add paracanoe to the roster of the Summer Paralympic Games.[5]
Equipment
The two main types of paracanoe boat are kayaks (K), with a double-blade paddle, and outrigger canoes called va'as (V) where the paddler has a second hull as a support float and uses a single blade paddle with a T-top handle.
Competitor classification
Paralympic classification of mobility impairments has since been restructured as of April 2015; in kayak competition (K1), governed by the ICF, there are three different classes for both men and women:
- KL1 (formerly A; Arms) This grouping is for paddlers who have no trunk function (i.e. shoulder function only). A KL1 class paddler is able to apply force predominantly using the arms and/or shoulders.
- KL2 (formerly TA; Trunk and Arms): paddlers who have good use of the trunk and arms, but limited use of their legs. They are unable to apply continuous and controlled force to the footboard or seat to propel the boat.
- KL3 (formerly LTA; Legs, Trunk and Arms): this class is for paddlers with a disability who have good use of their legs, trunk and arms for paddling, and who can apply force to the foot board or the seat to propel the boat.[6][7]
Non-Paralympic competitions including va'a events use the same system of classification (V1 VL1, V1 VL2, V1 VL3).
In other va'a competitions, governed by the International Va'a Federation, a points system is used with a higher number assigned to less impaired paddlers and lower points for more severe impairment.
In team events the total number of points of a boat crew are limited; 26 points in 6-person boats and 52 for 12-person boats. In single-seat boats competition take place in three divisions; division 1 for 5 or 6-point paddlers, division 2 for 4-point paddlers and division 3 is for 2 or 3-point paddlers. 1-point paddlers do not participate in singles races.[8](p1) The three divisions approximately correspond to the three ICF classes.[9] At World Championships only single seat Va'a are used and the paddlers are classified according to the ICF system.
Competition format
Paracanoe is contested at World Championships, World Cups and continental championships; paddlers compete in kayaks (K1, K2) and in va’a outrigger canoes (V1, V2), both men and women, plus mixed pairs events are becoming more numerous.
Paracanoe World Championships will not, from 2016, occur in Paralympic years. The sport makes its Paralympic debut at Rio 2016; only single kayak races will feature in the 2016 race programme, both for men and women.
Currently all international paracanoe competitions are 200 m sprints.
World Championships
2009 (Exhibition event)
The 2009 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships were held on 12–16 August 2009 in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada on Lake Banook. Looking onto potential inclusion in the Paralympic Games, four 'paddability' races featured as non-medal exhibition events including two male-female mixed disciplines in kayak doubles and in doubles canoe ('aka' Canadian or kneeling canoeing).
| Event | First | Time | Second | Time | Third | Time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men's K-1 200 m LTA[10] |  Ciro Ardito (ITA) | 54.762 |  Sebastiao Valdir Dos Santos Abreu (BRA) | 56.270 |  Robert Brown (USA) | 57.786 |
| Women's K-1 200 m LTA[11] |  Christine Gauthier (CAN) | 1:08.594 | Giovanna Chiriu (ITA) | 1:09.278 |  Severine Amiot (FRA) | 1:09.898 |
| Mixed K-2 200 m TA/A[12] | Anna Pani Andreas Biagi (ITA) | 1:05.233 | Rebecca Lloyd Mark Dunford (USA) | 1:20.235 | Christine Selinger Christopher Pearson (CAN) | 1:38.217 |
| Mixed C-2 200 m LTA/TA[13] | Tami Hetke Augusto Perez (USA) | 1:04.070 | Jose de Oliveiras Rodrigues Carlos Roberto Tavares da Conceicao (BRA) | 1:04.401 | Benedetto Nucatola Sandra Truccolo (ITA) | 1:10.113 |
2010
The 2010 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships were held on 19–22 August 2010 in Poznań, Poland; paracanoe featured on the competition programme.
| Event | Gold | Time | Silver | Time | Bronze | Time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men's K-1 200 m A[14] | Fernando Fernandes Padua (BRA) | 56.151 |  Antonio De Diego (ESP) | 1:06.215 |  Jono Broome (GBR) | 1:07.179 |
| Men's K-1 200 m LTA[15] |  Iulian Serban (ROU) | 44.176 | Martin Farineaux (FRA) | 44.448 | Andrea Testa (ITA) | 45.440 |
| Men's K-1 200 m TA[16] |  Markus Mendy Swoboda (AUT) | 44.617 | Paolo Bressi (ITA) | 53.437 |  Henry Manni (FIN) | 56.281 |
| Men's V-1 200 m LTA, TA, A[17] |  Patrick Viriamu (TAH) | 54.918 |  Gerhard Bowitzky (GER) | 57.046 |  George Thomas (NZL) | 1:00.918 |
| Women's K-1 200 m LTA[18] | Christine Gauthier (CAN) | 53.190 | Marta Santos Ferreira (BRA) | 1:04.334 | Giovanna Chiriu (ITA) | 1:04.346 |
| Women's K-1 200 m TA[19] | Marta Santos Ferreira (BRA) | 1:02.942 | Christine Selinger (CAN) | 1:04.534 | Séverine Amiot (FRA) | 1:06.090 |
| Women's V-1 200 m LTA, TA, A[20] | Christine Selinger (CAN) | 1:12.096 | Tami Hetke (USA) | 1:12.520 | Lorella Bellato (ITA) | 1:20.444 |
2011
The 2011 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships were held on 17–21 August 2011 in Szeged, Hungary; paracanoe featured on the competition programme.
| Event | Gold | Time | Silver | Time | Bronze | Time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men's K–1 200 m A[21] | Fernando Fernandes de Padua (BRA) | 54.340 |  Alexey Malyshev (RUS) | 1:02.620 | Antonio de Diego Álvarez (ESP) | 1:05.140 |
| Men's K–1 200 m TA[22] | Markus Mendy Swoboda (AUT) | 44.055 |  Tomasz Mozdzierski (POL) | 51.087 |  Bence Pál (HUN) | 53.721 |
| Men's K–1 200 m LTA[23] | Iulian Şerban (ROU) | 43.294 | Andrea Testa (ITA) | 45.166 | Mateusz Surwilo (POL) | 45.898 |
| Men's V–1 200 m TA[24] | Sándor Szabó (HUN) | 1:02.958 | Robert Balk (USA) | 1:02.988 | Daniel Hopwood (GBR) | 1:08.778 |
| Men's V–1 200 m LTA[25] | Patrick Mahoney (GBR) | 57.648 | George Thomas (GBR) | 58.392 | Gerhard Bowitzky (GER) | 59.358 |
| Women's K–1 200 m TA[26] | Marta Santos Ferreira (BRA) | 1:04.139 | Christine Selinger (CAN) | 1:06.053 | Anna Pani (ITA) | 1:08.723 |
| Women's K–1 200 m LTA[27] | Christine Gauthier (CAN) | 56.425 | Silvia Elvira Lopez (ESP) | 1:05.743 | Marta Santos Ferreira (BRA) | 1:06.571 |
| Women's V–1 200 m LTA[28] | Christine Selinger (CAN) | 1:11.882 | Brit Gottschalk (GER) | 1:13.490 | Tami Hetke (USA) | 1:14.660 |
2012
The 2012 ICF Paracanoe World Championships were held on 16–17 May 2012 in Poznań, Poland; a single standing event as, where it was an Olympic year (London 2012) no ICF Canoe Sprint World Championship was held, plus paracanoe was not yet part of the Paralympic programme until 2016.[29]
| Event | Gold | Time | Silver | Time | Bronze | Time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men's K–1 200 m A[30] | Fernando Fernandes de Pádua (BRA) | 53.550 | Jakub Tokarzn (POL) | 58.882 | Alexey Malyshev (RUS) | 1:01.250 |
| Men's K–1 200 m TA[31] | Markus Mendy Swoboda (AUT) | 44.614 | Tomasz Mozdzerski (RUS) | 49.938 | Janos Bencze (HUN) | 52.934 |
| Men's K–1 200 m LTA[32] | Serban Iulian (ROU) | 43.259 | Surwilo Mateusz (POL) | 44.299 | Andrea Testa (ITA) | 44.695 |
| Men's V–1 200 m A[33] | Daniel Hopwood (GBR) | 1:13.143 | Luis Cardoso (BRA) | 1:18.267 | Jakob Tokarz (POL) | 1:28.731 |
| Men's V–1 200 m TA[34] | Nicholas Heald (GBR) | 59.024 | Ronan Bernard (FRA) | 1:01.500 | Dave Waters (CAN) | 1:02.432 |
| Men's V–1 200 m LTA[35] | Gerhard Browitzky (GER) | 54.749 | Patrick Viriamu (TAH) | 55.469 | Patrick Mahoney (GBR) | 59.593 |
| Women's K–1 200 m A[36] | Jeanette Chippington (GBR) | 1:05.684 |  Marie Brtova (CZE) | 1:07.112 |  Kara Kennedy (AUS) | 1:12.024 |
| Women's K–1 200 m TA[37] | Jeanette Chippington (GBR) | 1:04.693 | Maria Dos Santos (BRA) | 1:05.489 | Christine Selinger (CAN) | 1:09.921 |
| Women's K–1 200 m LTA[38] | Christine Gautier (CAN) | 57.775 | Silvia Elvira Lopez (ESP) | 1:01.191 | Mihaela Lulea (ROU) | 1:03.071 |
| Women's V–1 200 m A/TA*[39] | Jeanette Chippington (GBR) | 1:08.655 | Christine Selinger (CAN) | 1:15.419 | Kara Kennedy (AUS) | 1:29.711 |
| Women's V–1 200 m LTA[40] | Jeanette Chippington (GBR) | 1:08.028 | Anja Pierce (USA) | 1:10.828 | Christine Selinger (CAN) | 1:14.236 |
- Combined categories such as the 2012 Women's V1 A/TA have since been dissolved from the World Championship programme.
2013
The 2013 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships were held 29 August–1 September 2013 in Duisburg, Germany; paracanoe featured on the competition programme.
| Event | Gold | Time | Silver | Time | Bronze | Time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men's K–1 200 m A[41] | Fernando Fernandes de Pádua (BRA) | 51.330 | Ian Marsden (GBR) | 51.920 | Christian Mathes (GER) | 53.021 |
| Men's K–1 200 m TA[42] | Markus Mendy Swoboda (AUT) | 40.790 | Victor Potanin (RUS) | 43.205 | Pier Alberto Buccoliero (ITA) | 45.892 |
| Men's K–1 200 m LTA[43] | Tom Kierey (GER) | 38.891 | Iulian Serban (ROU) | 39.505 |  Yuriy Kikhayev (UKR) | 39.840 |
| Men's V–1 200 m A[44] | Oleksandr Hrechko (UKR) | 1:01.610 | Jakub Tokarz (POL) | 1:03.813 | Daniel Hopwood (GBR) | 1:11.275 |
| Men's V–1 200 m TA[45] | Javier Reja (ESP) | 56.111 | Nicholas Heald (GBR) | 56.719 | Tomasz Mozdzierski (POL) | 56.754 |
| Men's V–1 200 m LTA[46] | Caio Ribeiro de Carvalho (BRA) | 50.613 | Patrick Viriamu (TAH) | 51.713 | Miroslaw Rosinski (POL) | 52.561 |
| Women's K–1 200 m A[47] | Jeanette Chippington (GBR) | 59.808 | Svitlana Kupriianova (UKR) | 1:03.305 | Alexandra Dupik (RUS) | 1:06.423 |
| Women's K–1 200 m TA[48] | Emma Wiggs (GBR) | 56.892 | Megan Blunk (USA) | 57.507 | Nataliia Lagutenko (UKR) | 1:04.271 |
| Women's K–1 200 m LTA[49] | Christine Gauthier (CAN) | 54.317 | Anne Dickins (GBR) | 54.889 | Cindy Moreau (FRA) | 54.977 |
| Women's V–1 200 m A[50] | Jeanette Chippington (GBR) | 1:05.628 | Kara Kennedy (AUS) | 1:17.466 | Anne Yoshida (USA) | 1:31.382 |
| Women's V–1 200 m TA[51] | Jeanette Chippington (GBR) | 1:03.243 | Megan Blunk (USA) | 1:10.838 | Tamara Oliveira da Silva (BRA) | 1:11.469 |
| Women's V–1 200 m LTA[52] | Andrea Green (GBR) | 59.967 | Christine Gauthier (CAN) | 1:01.878 | Anya Pierce (USA) | 1:03.898 |
2014
The 2014 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships were held 6–8 August 2014 in Moscow, Russia; paracanoe featured on the competition programme.
| Event | Gold | Time | Silver | Time | Bronze | Time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men's K–1 200 m A[53] | András Rozbora (HUN) | 49.375 | Ian Marsden (GBR) | 49.866 | Igor Korobeynikov (RUS) | 50.095 |
| Men's K–1 200 m TA[54] | Markus Mendy Swoboda (AUT) | 40.928 | Fernando Rufino de Paulo (BRA) | 41.872 | Victor Potanin (RUS) | 42.906 |
| Men's K–1 200 m LTA[55] | Yuriy Kikhayev (UKR) | 39.208 | Iulian Serban (ROU) | 39.467 | Leonid Krylov (RUS) | 39.962 |
| Men's V–1 200 m A[56] | Luis Carlos Cardoso da Silva (BRA) | 54.944 | Oleksandr Hrechko (UKR) | 57.481 | Róbert Suba (HUN) | 59.136 |
| Men's V–1 200 m TA[57] | Curtis McGrath (AUS) | 48.596 | Johnathan Young (GBR) | 49.613 | Victor Potanin (POL) | 52.356 |
| Men's V–1 200 m LTA[58] | Pier Alberto Buccoliero (ITA) | 50.368 | Martin Tweedie (GBR) | 51.369 | Aleksei Egorov (POL) | 51.806 |
| Women's K–1 200 m A[59] | Jeanette Chippington (GBR) | 55.213 | Svitlana Kupriianova (UKR) | 59.292 | Alexandra Dupik (RUS) | 59.856 |
| Women's K–1 200 m TA[60] | Emma Wiggs (GBR) | 53.128 | Christine Gauthier (CAN) | 53.505 | Nataliia Lagutenko (UKR) | 55.235 |
| Women's K–1 200 m LTA[61] | Anne Dickins (GBR) | 49.700 | Cindy Moreau (FRA) | 49.813 | Amanda Reynolds (AUS) | 51.247 |
| Women's V–1 200 m A[62] | Jeanette Chippington (GBR) | 1:00.016 | Kara Kennedy (AUS) | 1:06.718 | Zoia Ovsii (UKR) | 1:31.382 |
| Women's V–1 200 m TA[63] | Emma Wiggs (GBR) | 1:00.358 | Christine Gauthier (CAN) | 1:02.565 | Natalia Lagutenko (UKR) | 1:03.666 |
| Women's V–1 200 m LTA[64] | Andrea Green (GBR) | 57.948 | Larisa Volik (RUS) | 1:00.749 | Christine Gauthier (CAN) | 1:01.908 |
2015
The 2015 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships were held from the 19–23 August 2015 in Milan, Italy; paracanoe featured on the competition programme. The event was also a qualifier for the 2016 Summer Paralympics.[65]
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men's K–1 200 m KL1 [66] | Luis Cardoso da Silva (BRA) | 50.863 | Jakub Tokarz (POL) | 52.533 | Fernando Fernandes de Padua (BRA) | 52.970 |
| Men's K–1 200 m KL2 [67] | Markus Swoboda (AUT) | 42.542 | Curtis McGrath (AUS) | 43.185 | Fernando Rufino de Paulo (BRA) | 43.415 |
| Men's K–1 200 m KL3 [68] | Tom Kierey (GER) | 39.270 | Robert Oliver (GBR) | 39.739 | Leonid Krylov (RUS) | 39.784 |
| Men's V–1 200 m VL1 [69] | Luis Cardoso da Silva (BRA) | 57.912 | Jakub Tokarz (POL) | 58.639 | Robert Suba (HUN) | 1:02.919 |
| Men's V–1 200 m VL2 [70] | Curtis McGrath (AUS) | 49.489 | Javier Reja (ESP) | 52.205 | Ivo Kilian (GER) | 53.985 |
| Men's V–1 200 m VL3 [71] | Caio Ribeiro de Carvalho (BRA) | 50.656 | Jonathan Young (GBR) | 51.058 | Daniel Geri (HUN) | 52.311 |
| Women's K–1 200 m KL1 [72] | Jeanette Chippington (GBR) | 56.865 | Edina Müller (GER) | 57.513 | Svitlana Kupriianova (UKR) | 59.365 |
| Women's K–1 200 m KL2 [73] | Emma Wiggs (GBR) | 53.023 | Nicola Paterson (GBR) | 54.521 | Susan Seipel (AUS) | 55.616 |
| Women's K–1 200 m KL3 [74] | Amanda Reynolds (AUS) | 50.501 | Anne Dickins (GBR) | 50.521 | Cindy Moreau (FRA) | 50.951 |
| Women's V–1 200 m VL1 [75] | Katarzyna Leskiewicz (POL) | 1:15.299 | Ann Yoshida (USA) | 1:18.539 | none awarded | |
| Women's V–1 200 m VL2 [76] | Susan Seipel (AUS) | 59.916 | Nadezda Andreeva (RUS) | 1:04.289 | Débora Benivides (BRA) | 1:05.536 |
| Women's V–1 200 m VL3 [77] | Anja Pierce (USA) | 1:02.536 | Frances Bateman (GBR) | 1:03.208 | Aline Souza Lopes (BRA) | 1:05.432 |
References
- ↑ "Canoe | IPC". Paralympic.org. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
- ↑ "BBC Sport - Disability Sports - Canoeing and triathlon added to 2016 Paralympic Games". BBC News. 2010-12-11. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
- ↑ "Canoe | IPC". Paralympic.org. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
- ↑ "Para-Canoeing added to roster for 2016 Paralympic Games in Rio". Paddling Life. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
- ↑ "Paratriathlon and canoeing for 2016 - Paralympics news - London 2012 | MSN Sport UK". Sport.uk.msn.com. 2010-12-16. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
- ↑ http://www.paralympics.org.nz/canoe.htm Definitions on New Zealand Paralympics
- ↑ http://canoe.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/AC-Paracanoe-direction-2014-2016.pdf
- ↑ "AP Rules and Classification System" (PDF). International Va'a Federation. 2009-10-01.
- ↑ "Paracanoe Leaflet" (PDF). International Canoe Federation. Retrieved 2014-07-11.
- ↑ "2010 C-2 200 m LTA/TA Mixed Finals results". Canoe'09.ca organising committee. 16 August 2009. Retrieved 16 August 2009.
- ↑ "2010 C-2 200 m LTA/TA Mixed Finals results". Canoe'09.ca organising committee. 16 August 2009. Retrieved 15 August 2009.
- ↑ "2010 K-2 200 m TA/A Mixed Final results". Canoe'09.ca organising committee. 16 August 2009. Retrieved 16 August 2009.
- ↑ "2010 C-2 200 m LTA/TA Mixed Finals results". Canoe'09.ca organising committee. 16 August 2009. Retrieved 16 August 2009.
- ↑ 2010 Men's K-1 200 m A Final results. – Retrieved 20 August 2010.
- ↑ 2010 Men's K-1 200 m LTA results. – Retrieved 20 August 2010.
- ↑ 2010 Men's K-1 200 m TA final results. – Retrieved 20 August 2010.
- ↑ 2010 Men's V-1 200 m LTA, TA, A final results. – Retrieved 20 August 2010.
- ↑ 2010 Women's K-1 LTA final results. – Retrieved 20 August 2010.
- ↑ 2010 Women's K-1 TA final results. – Retrieved 20 August 2010.
- ↑ 2010 Women's V-1 200 m LTA, TA, A final results. – Retrieved 21 August 2010.
- ↑ "2011 Results – K1 Men 200m (Paracanoe-A) Final A". Sportline Ltd. 18 August 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
- ↑ "2011 Results – K1 Men 200m (Paracanoe-TA) Final A". Sportline Ltd. 18 August 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
- ↑ "2011 Results – K1 Men 200m (Paracanoe-LTA) Final A". Sportline Ltd. 18 August 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
- ↑ "2011 Results – V1 Men 200m (Paracanoe-TA) Final A". Sportline Ltd. 18 August 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
- ↑ "2011 Results – V1 Men 200m (Paracanoe-LTA) Final A". Sportline Ltd. 18 August 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
- ↑ "2011 Results – K1 Women 200m (Paracanoe-TA) Final A". Sportline Ltd. 18 August 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
- ↑ "2011 Results – K1 Women 200m (Paracanoe-LTA) Final A". Sportline Ltd. 18 August 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
- ↑ "2011 Results – V1 Women 200m (Paracanoe-LTA) Final A". Sportline Ltd. 18 August 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
- ↑ http://www.kayakpl.com/2012/PARACANOE/index.htm
- ↑ 2012 Men's K–1 200 m A Results
- ↑ 2012 Men's K–1 200 m TA Results
- ↑ 2012 Men's K–1 200 m LTA Results
- ↑ 2012 Men's V–1 200 m A Results
- ↑ 2012 Men's V–1 200 m TA Results
- ↑ 2012 Men's V–1 200 m LTA Results
- ↑ 2012 Women's K–1 200 m A Results
- ↑ 2012 Women's K–1 200 m TA Results
- ↑ 2012 Women's K–1 200 m LTA Results
- ↑ 2012 Women's V–1 200 m A/TA Results
- ↑ 2012 Women's V–1 200 m LTA Results
- ↑ 2013 Men's K–1 200 m A Results
- ↑ 2013 Men's K–1 200 m TA Results
- ↑ 2013 Men's K–1 200 m LTA Results
- ↑ 2013 Men's V–1 200 m A Results
- ↑ 2013 Men's V-1 200 m TA Results
- ↑ 2013 Men's V-1 200 m LTA Results
- ↑ 2013 Women's K–1 200 m A Results
- ↑ 2013 Women's K–1 200 m TA Results
- ↑ 2013 Women's K–1 200 m LTA Results
- ↑ 2013 Women's V–1 200 m A Results
- ↑ 2013 Women's V–1 200 m TA Results
- ↑ 2013 Women's V–1 200 m LTA Results
- ↑ 2014 Men's K–1 200 m A Results
- ↑ 2014 Men's K–1 200 m TA Results
- ↑ 2014 Men's K–1 200 m LTA Results
- ↑ 2014 Men's V–1 200 m A Results
- ↑ 2014 Men's V-1 200 m TA Results
- ↑ 2014 Men's V-1 200 m LTA Results
- ↑ 2014 Women's K–1 200 m A Results
- ↑ 2014 Women's K–1 200 m TA Results
- ↑ 2014 Women's K–1 200 m LTA Results
- ↑ 2014 Women's V–1 200 m A Results
- ↑ 2014 Women's V–1 200 m TA Results
- ↑ 2014 Women's V–1 200 m LTA Results
- ↑ "Results" (PDF).
- ↑ Men's K-1 200 m KL1 Results
- ↑ Men's K-1 200 m KL2 Results
- ↑ Men's K–1 200 m KL3 Results
- ↑ Men's V-1 200 m VL1 Results
- ↑ Men's V-1 200 m VL2 Results
- ↑ Men's V-1 200 m VL3 Results
- ↑ Women's K–1 200 m KL1 Results
- ↑ Women's K-1 200 m KL2 Results
- ↑ Women's K-1 200 m KL3 Results
- ↑ Women's V-1 200 m VL1 Results
- ↑ Women's V-1 200 m VL1 Results
- ↑ Women's V-1 200 m VL3 Results