Phaeacius

Phaeacius
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Family: Salticidae
Subfamily: Spartaeinae
Genus: Phaeacius
Thorell, 1891
Type species
Phaeacius fimbriatus
Simon, 1900
Species

See text

Diversity
14 species

Phaeacius is a spider genus of the family Salticidae (jumping spiders), found in sub-tropical China and between India and the Malay Peninsula, including Sri Lanka, Sumatra and the Philippines. Although other spiders can jump, salticids including Phaeacius have significantly better vision than other spiders, and their main eyes are more acute in daylight than a cat's and 10 times more acute than a dragonfly's. The main eyes focus accurately on an object at distances from approximately 2 centimetres (0.79 in) to infinity, and in practice can see up to about 75 centimetres (30 in). They do not spin web .

While most jumping spiders are active hunters, Phaeacius is unusually sedentary, generally resting in its unusual flattened pose for hours or days on logs, tree barks, pieces of wood or any other solid surface, where it is very well camouflaged. Its preferred prey is moths and other insects, and jumping spiders. Insects can usually move around an inactive Phaeacius, or even over its body, but if the insect moves between the spider's first pair of legs, Phaeacius lunges extremely quickly to bite the prey. Sometimes Phaeacius takes a more active approach, especially if without prey for a week or more. Phaeacius does not enter webs voluntary, and moves away if it touches one accidentally. It can bite through the threads and pull strongly with its legs, but cannot escape from very sticky webs.

The closest relatives of Phaeacius are in the genus Holcolaetis, and the next closest genera are Portia and Spartaeus.

Body structure

  Carapace over cephalothorax
  Abdomen
  Eyes
  Legs
  Palps
  Chelicerae, housing fangs
Main features of a jumping spider

Spiders are chelicerates, which differ from other arthropods in that the usual body segments are fused into only two tagmata, the cephalothorax and abdomen.[1] Jumping spiders have a distinctive rectangular carapace.[2]:51 All spiders' abdomens bear appendages that have been modified into spinnerets that extrude silk from up to six types of silk glands within their abdomen. The cephalothorax and abdomen are joined by a small, cylindrical pedicel, which allows the abdomen to move while spinning silk.[3]:571–574 While most jumping spiders do not build webs to catch prey, they use silk for other purposes,[4] including moulting and laying eggs.[5]:495

The whole body of Phaeacius is 7.5 to 11.5 millimetres (0.30 to 0.45 in) long, and notably flattened, including the carapace,[6] while the carapaces of some other groups are raised.[5]:495[6] The cepholothorax of Phaeacius′ is relatively long, and the highest point is a little behind the last pair of eyes.[7]:204, 206-208 Phaeacius is very well camouflaged;[6] for example, P. malayensis has a body with dull grey and brown markings that resemble the surface of tree trunks in the rainforest.[8][9]

Jumping spiders generally have large forelegs and short, powerful back legs,[10] and can leap up to 50 times their own length by powerfully extending the third or fourth pairs of legs.[3]:578[5]:495 In spiders and other chelicerates, there is only one pair of appendages before the mouth,[1] and in spiders these are modified into fangs that inject poison into the prey.[3] Behind the mouth is a pair of pedipalps ("palps" for short),[1] and those of male spiders are quite large and are used for displaying and mating.[3]

Senses

Eye pattern of jumping spiders on "squared-off" cephalothorax

Jumping spiders have eight eyes, the two large ones in the centre-and-front position (the anterior-median eyes, also called "principal eyes"[2]:51) providing acute vision and housed in tubes in the head. The other six are secondary eyes, positioned along the sides of the carapace and acting mainly as movement detectors.[11][12]:16 While the middle pair of secondary eyes in most jumping spiders are small, those of Phaeacius and other members of the sub-family Spartaeinae are almost as large as the other secondary eyes.[13] Although other spiders can jump, salticids including Phaeacius have significantly better vision than other spiders,[14]:521 and their main eyes are more acute in daylight than a cat's and 10 times more acute than a dragonfly's.[11] The main eyes focus accurately on an object at distances from approximately 2 centimetres (0.79 in) to infinity,[2]:51 and in practice can see up to about 75 centimetres (30 in).[2]:53

Spiders, like other arthropods, have sensors, often modified setae (bristles), protruding through their cuticle ("skin") for smell, taste, touch and vibration.[15]:532–533 Unlike insects, spiders and other chelicerates do not have antennae.[1][16]

Movement and being undetected

While most jumping spiders walk quickly, in a stop-go gait and jumping over obstacles, the movements of Phaeacius are very unusual. Phaeacius usually uses a "flattened posture" head-down on a vertical surface, with the body, legs and palps pressed against the surface, the hindmost legs upwards and the other legs downwards,[5]:496–497 and its markings and flattened body make it easily hidden against the bark of a tree trunk. Its habit of walking with its body and legs flattened against a surface helps Phaeacius to be unobtrusive.[9]

Feeding and defence

While almost all jumping spiders are predators, mostly preying on insects, on other spiders, and on other arthropods,[17] Phaeacius does not use the usual hunting tactics.[5]:502 Most jumping spiders walk throughout the day, so that they maximise their chances of a catch,[18] and jump on their prey and then bite it.[19] Unlike most jumping spiders, Phaeacius and other spartaeines do not leap on prey, but lunge from about half the predator's body length away.[9]

Phaeacius is unusually sedentary for a jumping spider, generally resting in the flattened pose for hours or days on logs, pieces of wood or any other solid surface,[5]:502 and captures particular types of prey more often when the predator matches this background.[8] Insects can usually move around an inactive Phaeacius, or even over its body or legs. However, if the insect moves between the spider's first pair of legs, Phaeacius lunges extremely quickly, driving its body upward 2 to 3 millimetres (0.079 to 0.118 in) and forward about half the length of its body. The lunge ends with the spider's fangs in the prey and often with the foremost two pairs of legs forming a basket over the prey. When the prey stops struggling, Phaeacius resumes the flattened pose and then feeds.[5]:502

However, Phaeacius can adopt other, more active approaches, with different gaits for each. If an insect remains almost stationary while Phaeacius is in the flattened pose and facing the insect, the spider may step slowly forward to its prey, rocking and keeping its flattened pose. To rock, Phaeacius moves about half a body length forward then, without pausing, smoothly back almost to the previous position. It performs about 10 cycles of those movements, progressing by 1 to 2 millimetres (0.039 to 0.079 in) per cycle, and then rests.[5]:502–504 This rocking motion may disguise Phaeacius as shadows on the tree trunk.[5]:514–515 The insect occasionally keeps stationary until Phaeacius reaches within about half a body length and then lunges.[5]:502–504

When hunting other jumping spiders and when the background matches its coloration,[20] Phaeacius uses "insinuation", in which it waits, sometimes up to an hour, while a jumping spider moves around nearby, and then Phaeacius suddenly turns up to 180° toward the prey and then resumes the flattened pose. Phaeacius then moves a few millimetres toward the prey and resumes the flattened pose. If the prey moves away, Phaeacius continues the insinuation manoeuvre, but if the prey moves toward it, Phaeacius lunges.[9] Other jumping spiders show no awareness of a flattened Phaeacius on a matching background, and apparently survive by luck.[5]:502–504 When the background does not matches Phaeacius′ coloration, other jumping spiders recognise Phaeacius as a threat.[9]

Sometimes, especially if without prey for a week or more, Phaeacius may approach insects faster, from 50 to 100 millimetres (2.0 to 3.9 in) away, and if necessary turning round to face the prey. Often Phaeacius then adopts the flattened pose after the turn, but sometimes it walks faster than usual and, without pausing, lunges from about half its body length. [5]:502–504

In a test on a background matching its own coloration, Phaeacius was most successful against other salticids and then against moths, and was also successful against flies and hunting spiders. On a non-matching background, Phaeacius was most successful against moths.[9]

Phaeacius does not try to eat other spiders' eggs, does not enter webs voluntarily, and moves away if it touches one accidentally. It can bite through the threads and pull strongly with its legs, but cannot escape from very sticky webs.[5]:502 This behaviour is quite different from that of its close relative, Portia, which hunts actively and can enter any type of web to catch spiders and their eggs.[11][5]:491

When disturbed, some jumping spiders usually run away quickly and leap if chased. Phaeacius stays in its flattened posture unless harassed, when it runs quickly for about 100 to 300 millimetres (3.9 to 11.8 in) and then adopts the flattened posture, and finally walks away about 10 minutes later.[5]:499–500

Reproduction

Before courtship, male spiders spin a small web and ejaculate on to it, and then store the semen in reservoirs on his pedipalps,[3]:581–583 which are larger than those of females.[3]:572–573 Phaeacius spins a flimsy silken, horizontal or vertical platform, about twice the spider's length in diameter, to moult and lay eggs, but not at other times. After the moult, Phaeacius leaves the discarded exuvia hanging from the platform.[9] A female's egg sac is placed in a shallow cavity on the surface of a log.[5]:495

Taxonomy and distribution

Phaeacius is a spider genus of the Salticidae family (jumping spiders). Phaeacius is in the subfamily Spartaeinae,[6] which is thought to be primitive.[5]:491 Molecular phylogeny, a technique that compares the DNA of organisms to reconstruct the tree of life, indicates that Phaeacius is a member of the clade Spartaeinae, that Spartaeinae is basal (quite similar to the ancestors of all jumping spiders), and that Phaeacius′s closest relative is the genus Holcolaetis, and that the next closest are Portia and Spartaeus.[21]:53

The genus is found in sub-tropical China[13] and between India and Malaya,[6] including Sri Lanka, Sumatra and the Philippines.[22]

Species

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Ruppert, E.E., Fox, R.S. and Barnes, R.D. (2004). "Chelicerata: Form". Invertebrate Zoology (7th ed.). Brooks/Cole. p. 555. ISBN 0-03-025982-7.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Forster, Lyndsay M. (1977). "A qualitative analysis of hunting behaviour in jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 4: 51–62. doi:10.1080/03014223.1977.9517936.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ruppert, E.E., Fox, R.S., and Barnes, R.D. (2004). "Chelicerata: Araneae". Invertebrate Zoology (7th ed.). Brooks/Cole. pp. 571–584. ISBN 0-03-025982-7.
  4. ↑ Hillyard, Paul D. (2007). "Jumping spiders". The Private Life of Spiders. New Holland Publishers. pp. 33–35. ISBN 978-1-84537-690-1. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Jackson, Robert R.; Susan E.A. Hallas (1986). "Predatory versatility and intraspecies interactions of spartaeine jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae): Brettus adonis, B. cingulata, Cyrba algerina, and Phaeacius sp. indet.". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 13: 491–520. doi:10.1080/03014223.1986.10422979. ISSN 0301-4223. Retrieved 1 April 2011.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Barrion, A.T.; J.A. Litsinger (1995). Riceland spiders of South and Southeast Asia. International Rice Research Institute / CAB International. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-85198-967-9.
  7. ↑ Wanless, F.R. (November 1981). "A revision of the spider genus Phaeacius (Araneae: Salticidae)" (PDF). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Zoology. 41 (4): 199–212. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  8. 1 2 Li, Daiqin (2000). "Prey preferences of Phaeacius malayensis, a spartaeine jumping spider (Araneae: Salticidae) from Singapore". Canadian Journal of Zoology. NRC Canada. 78: 2218–2226. doi:10.1139/z00-176. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Jackson, Robert R. (1990). "Ambush predatory behaviour of Phaeacius malayensis and Phaeacius sp. indef. (Araneae: Salticidae) from tropical Asia". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 17: 491–498. doi:10.1080/03014223.1990.10422948. Retrieved 3 May 2011.
  10. ↑ Hogue, Charles Leonard (1993). "Jumping spiders". Latin American Insects and Entomology. University of California Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-520-07849-9. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
  11. 1 2 3 Harland, Duane P.; Robert R. Jackson (2000). "'Eight-legged cats' and how they see – a review of recent research on jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)" (PDF). Cimbebasia. Proceedings of the 6th International Colloquium of the African Arachnological Society. The African Arachnological Society. 16: 231–240. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
  12. ↑ Hill, David Edwin (October 2010). "Use of location (relative direction and distance) information by jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae, Phidippus) during movement toward prey and other sighted objectives" (PDF). Peckhamia. 83 (1): 1–103. ISSN 1944-8120. Retrieved 12 April 2011.
  13. 1 2 Zhang, J.X.; D.Q. Li (December 2005). "Four new and one newly recorded species of the jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Lyssomaninae & Spartaeinae) from (sub)tropical China" (PDF). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. National University of Singapore. 53 (2): 221–229. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
  14. ↑ Jarman, Elizabeth A.R.; Robert R. Jackson (1986). "The biology of Taieria erebus (Araneae, Gnaphosidae), an araneophagic spider from New New Zealand: silk utilisation and predatory versatility". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 13: 521–540. doi:10.1080/03014223.1986.10422980. ISSN 0301-4223. Retrieved 1 April 2011.
  15. ↑ Ruppert, E.E., Fox, R.S., and Barnes, R.D. (2004). "Arthropoda: Sense organs". Invertebrate Zoology (7th ed.). Brooks/Cole. pp. 532–537. ISBN 0-03-025982-7.
  16. ↑ Ruppert, E.E., Fox, R.S., and Barnes, R.D. (2004). "Chelicerata: Arachnida". Invertebrate Zoology (7th ed.). Brooks/Cole. pp. 559–564. ISBN 0-03-025982-7.
  17. ↑ Hoefler, Chad D.; Andy Chen; Elizabeth M. Jakob (2006). "The Potential of a Jumping Spider, Phidippus clarus, as a Biocontrol Agent" (PDF). Journal of Economic Entomology. 99 (2): 432–436. doi:10.1603/0022-0493-99.2.432. ISSN 0022-0493. PMID 16686143. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
  18. ↑ Forster, Lyn M. (November 1977). "Some factors affecting feeding behaviour in young Trite auricoma spiderlings (Araneae: Salticidae)". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. The Royal Society of New Zealand. 4: 435–442. doi:10.1080/03014223.1977.9517967. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  19. ↑ Richman, David B. (2008). "Jumping Spiders (Class Arachnidae, Order Araneae, Family Salticidae)". In John L. Capinera. Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer. pp. 2066–2068. ISBN 978-1-4020-6242-1. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
  20. ↑ Nelson, Ximena J.; Robert R. Jackson (2011). "Flexibility in the foraging strategies of spiders". In Marie Elisabeth Herberstein. Spider Behaviour: Flexibility and Versatility. Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–47. ISBN 978-0-521-74927-5. Retrieved 29 May 2011.
  21. ↑ Maddison, Wayne P.; Melissa R. Bodner; Karen M. Needham (2008). "Salticid spider phylogeny revisited, with the discovery of a large Australasian clade (Araneae: Salticidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1893: 49–64. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
  22. ↑ Wijesinghe, D.P. (1991). "New species of Phaeacius from Sri Lanka, Sumatra and the Philippines". Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society. 8 (8): 249–255.
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