Porous set

In mathematics, a porous set is a concept in the study of metric spaces. Like the concepts of meagre and measure zero sets, a porous set can be considered "sparse" or "lacking bulk"; however, porous sets are not equivalent to either meagre sets or measure zero sets, as shown below.

Definition

Let (X, d) be a complete metric space and let E be a subset of X. Let B(x, r) denote the closed ball in (X, d) with centre x ∈ X and radius r > 0. E is said to be porous if there exist constants 0 < α < 1 and r₀ > 0 such that, for every 0 < r ≤ r₀ and every x ∈ X, there is some point y ∈ X with

${\displaystyle B(y,\alpha r)\subseteq B(x,r)\setminus E.}$

A subset of X is called σ-porous if it is a countable union of porous subsets of X.

Properties

• Any porous set is nowhere dense. Hence, all σ-porous sets are meagre sets (or of the first category).
• If X is a finite-dimensional Euclidean space Rⁿ, then porous subsets are sets of Lebesgue measure zero.
• However, there does exist a non-σ-porous subset P of Rⁿ which is of the first category and of Lebesgue measure zero. This is known as Zajíček's theorem.
• The relationship between porosity and being nowhere dense can be illustrated as follows: if E is nowhere dense, then for x ∈ X and r > 0, there is a point y ∈ X and s > 0 such that

${\displaystyle B(y,s)\subseteq B(x,r)\setminus E.}$

However, if E is also porous, then it is possible to take s = αr (at least for small enough r), where 0 < α < 1 is a constant that depends only on E.

References

• Reich, Simeon; Zaslavski, Alexander J. (2002). "Two convergence results for continuous descent methods". Electronic Journal of Differential Equations. 2002 (24): 1–11. ISSN 1072-6691.
• Zajíček, L. (1987–1988). "Porosity and σ-porosity". Real Anal. Exchange. 13 (2): 314–350. ISSN 0147-1937. MR 943561