Prabowo Subianto Djojohadikusumo

Prabowo Subianto Djojohadikusumo

Prabowo during the 2011 South East Asian Games
Chairman of GERINDRA
Assumed office
September 20, 2014
Preceded by Position established
22nd Commander of Kostrad
In office
March 20, 1998 – May 22, 1998
President Soeharto
Preceded by Soegijono
Succeeded by Johny Lumintang
15th General Commander of Kopassus
In office
December 1, 1995 – March 20, 1998
President Soeharto
Preceded by Subagyo Hadi Siswoyo
Succeeded by Muchdi Purwoprandjono
Personal details
Born Prabowo Subianto Djojohadikusumo
(1951-10-17) 17 October 1951
Jakarta, Indonesia
Political party GERINDRA
Spouse(s) Titiek Suharto (1983-1998)
Children Didit Hediprasetyo
Alma mater Indonesia Military Academy
Religion Islam
Website Official website
Military service
Allegiance  Indonesia
Service/branch Indonesian Army
Rank Lieutenant General
Commands Kostrad
Kopassus

Prabowo Subianto Djojohadikusumo or publicly known as Prabowo Subianto (born 17 October 1951) is an Indonesian businessman, politician and former Lieutenant General in the Indonesian National Armed Forces. In the Indonesian presidential election, 2009 he ran for the vice-presidency as part of Megawati Sukarnoputri's campaign for president.[1] He ran for president in the Indonesian presidential election, 2014[2] but was defeated by Jakarta Governor Joko Widodo in a close finish, which he initially disputed.[3]

Prabowo is the son of Sumitro Djojohadikusumo, an Indonesian economist, and Dora Sigar. He is also the former husband of Titiek Suharto, the late President Suharto's second daughter, they were married in 1983 and divorced in 1998 during Indonesian political crisis.[4]

Family Background

Prabowo, 12 years old (standing right), with his siblings and grandparents, Margono Djojohadikusumo and Siti Katoemi Wirodihardjo

Prabowo's grandfather, Margono Djojohadikusumo, was the founder of Bank Negara Indonesia, the first leader of Indonesia's Provisional Advisory Council (Dewan Pertimbangan Agung Sementara), and Committee for Preparatory Work for Indonesian Independence (Badan Penyelidik Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia).[5]

Prabowo's father, Sumitro Djojohadikusumo, was an economist who served as former President Suharto's minister for the economy and minister for research and technology.[6] Sumitro named Prabowo after his own younger brother, a martyr hero who died in a battle against the Dutch in Yogyakarta during the Indonesian National Revolution.[7] Prabowo has two older sisters, Bintianingsih and Mayrani Ekowati, and one younger brother, Hashim Djojohadikusumo. Hashim's pribumi conglomerate business interests stretch from Indonesia to Canada and Russia.[8] Between 1966 and 1968, the family lived in London, where Prabowo attended and graduated from The American School in London.[9] Sumitro subsequently encouraged his son to attend military academy. One of Prabowo's role models was Turkish military figure Ataturk, and according to peers and observers, Prabowo was talented with a passion for stratagems and had an appetite for political power.[7]

Prabowo married Suharto's daughter, Siti Hediati Hariyadi, in 1983. They have a son, Didit Hediprasetyo, who lived in Boston before settling in Paris to pursue a career in design.[10]

Military career


Prabowo enrolled in Indonesia's Military Academy in Magelang in 1970.[11] He graduated in 1974 with others who would gain senior leadership positions such as Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.[11]

In 1976, Prabowo served in the Indonesian National Army Special Force Kopassus and was assigned as the commander of Group 1 Komando Pasukan Sandhi Yudha (Kopassandha), which was one of the Indonesian Army's Nanggala commando units in East Timor, the former Portuguese territory that Indonesia had invaded the previous year.[11] Prabowo, then 26 years old, was the youngest Nanggala commander.[11] Prabowo led the mission to capture the vice president of Fretilin, who was the first Prime Minister of East Timor, Nicolau dos Reis Lobato.[11] Guiding Prabowo was Antonio Lobato – Nicolau's younger brother. On 31 December 1978, Prabowo's company found and fatally shot Nicolau in the stomach as he was being escorted in Maubisse, fifty kilometres south of Dili.[11]

In 1985 Prabowo attended the Advanced Infantry Officers Course at Fort Benning, in the United States for commando training.[12] In the early 1990s, as the commander of Kopassus Group 3, the now Major General Prabowo attempted to crush the East Timorese independence movement by using irregular troops (hooded "ninja" gangs dressed in black and operating at night) and, in main towns and villages, militias trained and directed by Kopassus commanders. Human rights abuses rose. The Army's 1997 campaign was called Operation Eradicate.[13]

In 1996, Prabowo led the Mapenduma Operation in the mountainous terrain of Papua, Indonesia. The goal of the operation was the release of 11 scientific researchers, who had been taken hostage by the Free Papua Movement. The researchers were five Indonesians, four Britons, one Dutchman and his pregnant German wife. Two of the Indonesian male hostages were killed shortly before the rescue operation. The mission involved covert support from British Military Attache and SAS veteran Colonel Ivor Helberg. The operation was criticised for using the Red Cross emblem on a white helicopter to deceive the Papuan rebels. When the helicopter landed at Geselema, innocent villagers who had nothing to do with the kidnapping ran towards it, thinking it was their friends from the Red Cross. Instead, white gunmen and Indonesian soldiers jumped out and shot them dead. The Free Papua Movement had been in peaceful negotiations to release the hostages until this massacre sparked violence in which the two Indonesian hostages were killed.[14]

On 20 March 1998, Prabowo was appointed head of the 27,000-strong Army Strategic Reserve Command (Kostrad), the key Jakarta garrison that Suharto had commanded in 1965.[15]

Role in 1998 riots and the Fall of Suharto

As the effect of the East Asian financial crisis began to worsen for Indonesians, and social disorder and open resentment of Suharto's administration increased, Prabowo publicly urged Indonesian Muslims to join him to fight "traitors to the nation".[16] In a private conversation with Sofyan Wanandi, Prabowo said he was willing "to drive all the Chinese out of the country even if that sets the economy back twenty or thirty years."[17] and "You Chinese Catholics are trying to topple Suharto". To which Sofyan replied "Only Muslims or the Army are strong enough to do that. It's ridiculous to think that groups as small as Chinese or Christians could do it."[16] However, a few days later, Mr. Wanandi denied that he ever made such a statement.[18]

Less than three months after his appointment as head of Kostrad, on the first day of the May 1998 riots, Prabowo urged the commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces, Wiranto, to let him bring his Strategic Reserve units from outside Jakarta into the city to help restore order.[19] Hundreds of men trained by Kopassus (Prabowo's former command) were flown from Dili to Yogyakarta in chartered planes, and then on to Jakarta by train.[20] Prabowo publicly urged Indonesians to join him to fight "traitors to the nation".[16] On the morning of 14 May, Kopassus troops escorted young thugs from Lampung in southern Sumatra into the capital.[21] Thus Prabowo was accused of using his contacts in his former command to import and create trouble, while Wiranto had declined to give Prabowo's current command, Kostrad, permission to quell the existing trouble, in line with classic Javanese tactic to stir chaos to discredit a rival and/or seize power.[20]

Troops under Prabowo's command kidnapped and tortured at least nine democracy activists in the months before the May 1998 Riots.[22] In one testimony, a former detainee told of being tortured for days in an unidentified location, allegedly a military camp where most of their time was spent blindfolded, while being forced to answer repeated questions, mainly concerning their political activities. Abuse included being punched, terrorized physically and mentally, and given electric shocks.[23] Later, in 2009, two of the nine men were candidates for Gerinda, Prabowo's political party, and another served as his media adviser.[24] Prabowo was also suspected of organizing the 1997–98 activists kidnappings in Indonesia of another 13 activists (who all remain "missing") between February 1997 and May 1998.[25]

Later investigations into the May riots revealed that violence in Jakarta was the result of an internal struggle within the military elite to become Suharto's successor.[26] Many believed Prabowo, as Strategic Reserve commander, sought to become his father-in-law's successor and coveted the Commander of the Armed Forces position held by General Wiranto, who was favored to succeed Suharto. Together with Operations Commander for Greater Jakarta (Panglima Komando Operasi Jakarta Raya, Pangkoops Jaya) Major General Sjafrie Sjamsoeddin, Prabowo aimed to terrorize opponents of the government and to show that Wiranto was "an incompetent commander who could not control disorder".[27][28] During the months of August and September, the fact finding team interviewed Prabowo, Sjafrie, and other military commanders regarding their movements during the Jakarta riots. Prabowo asserted that he was unsure of the precise movements of military forces in the capital and deferred to Sjafrie.[29] In its final report, the fact finding team suspected that, on the night of 14 May, Prabowo met with several Armed Forces and prominent civilian figures at the Kostrad headquarters to discuss organization of the violence.[30] However, this was later refuted by several people who attended the meeting, including prominent human rights lawyer Adnan Buyung Nasution and Joint Fact Finding Team member Bambang Widjojanto.[31] Further testimonies by Prabowo[32] in the years following the investigation contradicted the team's report and led to skepticism of the team's allegations.[33]

On 21 May 1998, Suharto announced his resignation from the Presidency and Vice President BJ Habibie took over as President.

On the afternoon following Habibie's inauguration as President, Lt Gen Prabowo demanded of Habibie that he be put in charge of the army in place of Wiranto. However, Habibie and Wiranto demoted Prabowo from Kostrad commander instead, and the following day announced Wiranto's promotion to Minister of Defence and Security and to TNI commander. A furious Prabowo went to the Presidential Palace packing a side arm and with trucks of his Kostrad troops. On being blocked from entering the Habibie's office, he instead went to Suharto who rebuked him.[34][35] Prabowo was visited by Wiranto at his home over the weekend of 23–24 May and subsequently reassigned to a non-combat role at the Armed Forces Command and General Staff College in Bandung.[36]

Following the TNI investigation,[37] Prabowo acknowledged responsibility for the kidnapping of the activists.[38] He was discharged from military service in August. He and Wiranto denied that the discharge was a result of disciplinary action.[39] In August 1998, the Dewan Kehormatan Perwira (Officers Council of Honor) tried, and found Prabowo guilty of "misinterpreting orders" in the kidnapping of anti-Suharto activists in 1998.[37] He was discharged from military services, and went into a voluntary exile in Jordan[39] where he knew that country's new young King Abdullah as a fellow commander of special forces.[38] In an interview for Asia Now in 2000, Prabowo said "I never threatened Habibie. I was not behind the riots. That is a great lie. I never betrayed Pak Harto. I never betrayed Habibie. I never betrayed my country...There was a certain group that wanted to make me a scapegoat, maybe to hide their involvement.""[37] Rights groups have long questioned Prabowo's eligibility to run for president, noting that he was discharged dishonourably from the Army in August 1998 for "misinterpreting orders" in the abduction of the democracy activists. While that was the military's official statement, observers have long believed that it was a coup conspiracy that saw Prabowo, then the commander of the Army Strategic Reserves, given his marching orders.[40]

As a 2014 presidential candidate, Prabowo's past came under renewed scrutiny, with many organisations calling for him to step down. A coalition, which consisted of Imparsial, Kontras, the Setara Institute, and the Human Rights Working Group (HRWG), combined under the Civil Society Coalition Against Forgetting, visited the National Commission on Human Rights (Komnas HAM) in Jakarta on 7 May 2014 to urge the commission to re-investigate Prabowo.[41] A June 27, 2014 report indicated that an investigative journalist, Allan Nairn, had been threatened with arrest "for revealing the former general’s role in human rights abuses."[42]

Business career

After leaving the military, Prabowo joined his brother Hashim Djojohadikusumo's business. He purchased Kiani Kertas, a paper pulp and plantation company based in Mangkajang, East Kalimantan.[43] Prior to Prabowo's purchase, Kiani was owned by Bob Hasan, a businessman close to former Presiden Suharto.[43] Today, Prabowo's Nusantara Group controls 27 companies in Indonesia and abroad. Prabowo's companies includes Nusantara Energy (oil and natural gas, coal), Tidar Kerinci Agung (palm oil plantations) and Jaladri Nusantara (fishery industry).[44]

Prabowo rebranded Kiani Kertas to Kertas Nusantara, and is part of the Nusantara Energy. The company established in 1990 has an area of 3,400 hectares used for paper mills, employee housing, private schools, and various company facilities.[45] Kiani has been awarded ISO 900-2005 as one of the highest quality management company. It is reported that Kiani Kertas has been experiencing financial difficulties and in early 2014, workers took to the streets to demand their wages which had not been paid in five months.[46]

Prabowo was the wealthiest presidential candidate in the 2009 election, with ownership of Rp 1.5 trillion (about US$150 million) and US$7.5 million.[47]

In 2007, PT Ridlatama whose majority stakeholder was British-based Churchill PLC conducted a geo-survey in East Kalimantan area for coal. Two months after the survey yielded positive result, East Kutai officials granted mining licenses to Nusantara Energy (subsidiary of Nusantara Group, conglomerate owned by Prabowo Subianto's family) to operate in the area surveyed by Ridlatama. In 2010, Ridlatama's license was revoked, effectively completing Nusantara's take over of Churchill's operation. Churchill appealed to the Supreme Court of Indonesia but lost the case. In 2012, Churchill filed a case against the government of Indonesia in International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes, demanding $2 billions of compensation. Indonesia argued that ICSID had no authority to arbitrate. In 2014 ICSID ruled that it has the authority and the case is still on going.[48][49][50][51]
In 2014, the regent of East Kutai, Isran Noor, publicly endorsed Prabowo Subianto as presidential candidate.[52] He also considers pressing a criminal charge against Churchill, alleging that Churchill forged its license.[53]

NGOs

Prabowo opens the 2011 Pencak Silat SEA Games tournament held in Taman Mini, Jakarta. He is the Chairman of Indonesia's pencak silat organisation.

Politics

Using Prabowo's connections to President Suharto, he and his brother worked to silence journalistic and political critics in the 1990s. Hashim unsuccessfully pressured Goenawan Mohamad to sell his outspoken and banned Tempo magazine to him.[59] As lieutenant colonel, Prabowo invited Gus Dur to his battalion headquarters in 1992 and warned him to stick to religion and to stay out of politics, or face unspecified actions if he continued to oppose the President.[60] He later warned the intellectual Nurcholish Madjid (Cak Nur) to resign from the KIPP, the election monitoring unit set up by Goenawan Mohamad, which armed forces commander Feisal Tanjung had denounced as "obviously unconstitutional".[61]

In 2004, Prabowo was one of five contenders vying to become Golkar party's presidential candidate. He received the lowest number of votes, just 39, and was eliminated in the first round.[62] The second round of voting was won by Wiranto. In early 2008, Prabowo's inner circle, including Fadli Zon, established the Great Indonesia Movement Party (Gerindra), which nominated Prabowo for presidency in the 2009 elections.[63] However, having won 26 out of 560 seats in the Indonesian parliament, the party did not have the required numbers and Prabowo ran as vice presidential candidate to Megawati Soekarnoputri, daughter of Indonesia's first president Sukarno. The pair, referred to colloquially by the Indonesian media as Mega–Pro, earned 27% of the vote and lost to Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and his running mate, economist Boediono.[64]

In November 2011, Prabowo announced his intentions run in the 2014 presidential elections.[65] Surveys published by the Center for Policy Studies and Strategic Development (Puskaptis)[66] and by the Indonesian Survey Institute published on 23 February 2012[67] gave him the lead - but observers and activists cast doubt on the polls.[68]

In March 2012, the Great Indonesia Movement Party named Prabowo their 2014 presidential candidate.[69] As of then, the party's slogan was changed to Gerindra Menang Prabowo Presiden (Gerindra Wins, Prabowo Becomes President)[70] Prabowo said he would run an investment-friendly administration if he won and that Indonesia needed more energy exploration; furthermore, he said he had been in close contact with labor unions and believed rising worker discontent could be managed with a wise national budget.[71] He promised to use military-style efficiency to push through chronically delayed infrastructure projects, as well as to create jobs in the archipelago's backwaters by improving agricultural productivity.[72] Another pillar to Prabowo's platform was that he was solidly secular, and his party planned to protect the rights of minority religious groups in the Muslim-majority country.[72]

According to numerous quick counts after the April 9 legislative election, Gerinda came in third place, positioning Prabowo as one of two main presidential candidates for the election to be held July 9, the other being Jakarta governor, Joko Widodo.[73] On Tuesday, May 20, 2014, Golkar, along with the United Development Party (PPP), the National Mandate Party (PAN), the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS), and the Crescent Star Party (PBB), officially endorsed Prabowo Subianto to run for the 2014 presidential election; the coalition collected 48.9 percent of votes and 52.1 seats in the parliament.[74] The day before, Prabowo had picked former Coordinating Minister for Economics Hatta Rajasa as his vice-presidential running mate.[75]

Prabowo accepts the Great Indonesia Party's nomination for the 2014 presidential election in Lembah Hambalang, on 17 March 2012[69]

On 22 July 2014, the day that the KPU was due to announce its official tally, Prabowo withdrew from the race after having insisted on his victory since the initial quick counts were released, although the majority showed Jokowi ahead. He attributed this withdrawal to Indonesia "fail[ing] in its duty to democracy" because of "massive cheating that is structured and systematic",[76] and stated that he and Hatta "exercise our constitutional right to reject the presidential election and declare it unconstitutional".[77] His speech, aired live, implied that he would challenge the results in the Constitutional Court.[76][76] Later reports indicated confusion over whether Prabowo had resigned from the election or simply rejected the count.[78]

According to Douglas Ramage of the Jakarta-based Bower's Asia Group, this was the first time since reformasi began in 1998 that the legitimacy of the election process has been questioned; he declared that the country was entering "uncharted territory".[77] The legality of a Prabowo challenge is questionable, as – if he withdrew – he is no longer considered a presidential candidate.[77] If he can make the challenge, according to The Jakarta Post, the gap between the two is sufficient to make such a challenge difficult.[79] Under the presidential election law, Prabowo could face up to six years in prison and a 100 billion rupiah ($10 million) fine for withdrawing.[76][77] Later that evening, Joko Widodo was officially announced as president and began to receive congratulations from world leaders.[80]

Following the announcement, the value of the Indonesian rupiah dropped by 0.3 percent, and the JSX Composite fell by 0.9 percent.[78] Observers denied Prabowo's allegations of cheating, finding that the elections were "generally fair and free"; Maswadi Rauf of the University of Indonesia stated that there were "no sign of significant fraud", and that Prabowo's withdrawal simply reflected "the real attitudes of the elite, who are not yet ready to accept losing".[81] On 21 August 2014, the Indonesian Constitutional Court rejected his claim of fraud, confirming his election loss.[82]

Notes

  1. ↑ "PDI-P hails Prabowo as Megawati's running mate". thejakartapost.com.
  2. ↑ "Prabowo Runs for President". 22 November 2011.
  3. ↑ "Jakarta governor Widodo wins Indonesian presidential election". Indonesia News.Net. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
  4. ↑ Bellman, Eric (3 August 2012). "Indonesians Turn Gaze to Suharto-Era General". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
  5. ↑ Djojohadikusumo, Margono (2000). Kenang-Kenangan dari Tiga Zaman. Penerbit Indira.
  6. ↑ Ready Susanto, Mari mengenal kabinet Indonesia [Let's know the cabinet of Indonesia], Lazuardi Buku Utama, Jakarta, 2011.
  7. 1 2 Friend (2003), p. 323
  8. ↑ "Hashim's new horizons". The Jakarta Globe.
  9. ↑ The American School in London - 1968: Gateway, p. 32 [yearbook]
  10. ↑ http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/02/06/didit-meets-parisian-haute-couture’s-challenge.html
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Conboy, Ken (2003). Kopassus: Inside Indonesia's Special Forces. Equinox Publishing
  12. ↑ U.S.-Trained Unit Suspected of Torture, Washington Post, May 23, 1998, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/indonesia/stories/rights052398.htm
  13. ↑ John G. Taylor, East Timor: The Price of Freedom (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999; 1st ed., 1991), p. xv. (in Friend (2003), p. 433.)
  14. ↑ Davis, Mark (12 July 1999). "Blood on the Cross". Four Corners, Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
  15. ↑ Friend (2003), p. 325
  16. 1 2 3 Friend (2003), p. 315
  17. ↑ Adam Schwartz, A Nation in Waiting (Boulder: Westview Press, 2nd ed., 2000), pp. 346–347, 496n133; interview, Sofyan Wanandi, 21 Oct 98 (both in Friend (2003), p. 315)
  18. ↑ "Sofjan Wanandi bantah berkata Prabowo akan usir orang Cina.".
  19. ↑ Friend (2005), p. 330
  20. 1 2 Friend (2003), p. 331
  21. ↑ Berfield and Loveard, Ten Days, in The Last Days of President Suharto, Edward Aspinall, Herb Feith, and Gerry van Klinken, eds. (Clayton, Victoria: Monash Asia Institute, 1999), pp. 57–58.
  22. ↑ "Korban yang Dikembalikan". Kontras. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  23. ↑ "PRD INDONESIA: TESTIMONY OF ANDI ARIEF". xs4all.nl.
  24. ↑ Thompson, Geoff (31 March 2009). "The Farmer Wants a Country". ABC Foreign Correspondent. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  25. ↑ "Kronik Kasus Penculikan dan Penghilangan Paksa Aktivis 1997 – 1998" (PDF). kotras.org. Kontras. Retrieved 2014-09-24.
  26. ↑ Purdey 2006, p. 106
  27. ↑ Sijabat, Ridwan Max (13 May 2004). "Six years after, May 1998 tragedy still unresolved". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 8 June 2011.
  28. ↑ Purdey 2006, p. 107
  29. ↑ Purdey 2006, pp. 150–151
  30. ↑ Purdey 2006, p. 148
  31. ↑ Purdey 2006, p. 153
  32. ↑ "Prabowo, Gerindra Fight Accusations of Past Rights Abuses". etan.org.
  33. ↑ Purdey 2006, p. 154
  34. ↑ Adam Schwartz, A Nation in Waiting, pp. 367–369; Donald Emmerson, Indonesia Beyond Suharto, p. 309; Kees Van Dijk, A Country in Despair, pp. 209–210. All three from Friend (2003), p. 346
  35. ↑ Jusuf Habibie, "Detik-detik yang Menentukan: Jalan Panjang Indonesia Menuju Demokrasi" (trans. "Decisive Moments: Indonesia's Long Road towards Democracy")
  36. ↑ McBeth, John (4 June 1998). "Soldiering On: Military chief faces down one threat but others loom". Far Eastern Economic Review. Retrieved 25 February 1998. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  37. 1 2 3 "ASIANOW - Asiaweek - Cover: The Scapegoat? - Page 1 - 3/3/2000". cnn.com.
  38. 1 2 Friend (2003), p. 347
  39. 1 2 Purdey 2006, p. 155
  40. ↑ Sihaloho, Markus (30 May 2014). "A Checkered Past Continues to Dog Would-Be Leader". Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
  41. ↑ "Prabowo unsuitable for president, rights campaigners say". The Jakarta Post. 7 May 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
  42. ↑ "Journalist Allan Nairn Threatened for Exposing Indonesian Pres. Candidate's Role in Mass Killings". Democracy Now!. 2014-06-27. Retrieved 2014-07-04.
  43. 1 2 "Pulp Factory Kiani Kertas in the limelight again, August 05". watchindonesia.org.
  44. ↑ "asiaviews.org at Directnic". asiaviews.org.
  45. ↑ PT. VIVA MEDIA BARU - VIVA.co.id. "Bisnis Prabowo yang Menggurita". viva.co.id.
  46. ↑ "5 Bulan Tak Digaji Karyawan Prabowo Subianto Mogok - Tempo Nasional". Tempo.
  47. ↑ http://mediacenter.kpu.go.id/berita/635-kpu-umumkan-harta-kekayaan-dan-dana-awal-kampanye-caprescawapres.html
  48. ↑ "Churchill Mining seeks $2 billion from Indonesia". Reuters UK.
  49. ↑ http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/07/business/global/british-mining-company-sues-indonesia-over-1-8-billion-coal-project.html?_r=0
  50. ↑ http://www.economist.com/node/21531017
  51. ↑ "Rich seam of conflict over coal discovery". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  52. ↑ "Bupati Kutai Timur: Opini Masyarakat, Prabowo Layak Jadi Presiden - Kompas.com: Indonesia Satu". kompas.com.
  53. ↑ "East Kutai Regent Claims to have New Evidences Against Churchill". tempo.co.
  54. ↑ Tempointeraktif (3 December 2004). "Prabowo Ikut Bursa Calon Ketua HKTI" (in Indonesian). Tempointeraktif. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
  55. ↑ Himpunan Kerukunan Tani Indonesia. "Ketua Umum Prabowo Subianto" (in Indonesian). HKTI. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
  56. ↑ did. "Prabowo Terpilih Secara Aklamasi Pimpin HKTI". detiknews.
  57. ↑ hen (6 August 2008). "Prabowo Subianto Jadi Ketua Asosiasi Pedagang Pasar". detikfinance.
  58. ↑ Suara Merdeka CyberNews. "SUARA MERDEKA CETAK - Lagi, Prabowo Pimpin PB IPSI". suaramerdeka.com.
  59. ↑ Friend (2003), p. 324
  60. ↑ Friend (2003), pp. 203, 324
  61. ↑ "Surat Dari Redaksi" (Letter from the Editor), Tempo, 6–12 Oct 98, p. 7; Schwarz, Nation in Waiting, pp. 161–162, 320, 490n35.
  62. ↑ Ananta, Aris (November 2005). Emerging Democracy in Indonesia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 94. ISBN 978-981-230-322-6.
  63. ↑ M. Rizal Maslan (9 May 2008). "Datangi KPU, Partai Gerindra Usung Prabowo Sebagai Capres" (in Indonesian). Detik.com. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
  64. ↑ "Megawati-Prabowo team files lawsuit protesting presidential election result". The Jakarta Post. 28 July 2009. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
  65. ↑ "Prabowo Runs for President". Kompas.com. 22 November 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
  66. ↑ "Prabowo Receives Presidential Nod In 2nd Public Poll". The Jakarta Globe. 28 February 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  67. ↑ "Mencari Calon Presiden 2014". Lembaga Survei Indonesia. 23 February 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
  68. ↑ Ronna Nirmala (24 February 2012). "President Prabowo? LSI Survey Says Yes". The Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
  69. 1 2 "Prabowo Resmi Jadi Capres Partai Gerindra". Republika Online.
  70. ↑ JPNN. "Muzani: Gerindra Menang, Prabowo Presiden". jpnn.com.
  71. ↑ Paul Goddard. "Newsmaker Interview: Prabowo Subianto". American Chamber of Commerce in Indonesia.
  72. 1 2 Eric Bellman (1 August 2012). "Indonesians Turn Gaze to Suharto-Era General". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
  73. ↑ Indonesia Investments. "Analysis of Quick Count Results of the Indonesian Legislative Election 2014". indonesia-investments.com.
  74. ↑ Reza Aditya (20 May 2014). "Prabowo Signs Coalition Agreement with Six Parties". Tempo. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
  75. ↑ Ericssen (19 May 2014). "BREAKING: Prabowo Subianto Declares Hatta Rajasa as VP Pick in Indonesian Election". Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  76. 1 2 3 4 Bachelard, Michael (22 July 2014). "Prabowo Subianto 'withdraws' from Indonesian presidential election on day vote was to be declared". Sidney Morning Herald. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
  77. 1 2 3 4 Kathy Quiano, Madison Park and Casey Tolan (22 July 2014). "Prabowo withdraws from Indonesian election process". CNN. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
  78. 1 2 Novrida Manurung, Rieka Rahadiana and Yoga Rusmana (22 July 2014). "Widodo Heads for Indonesia Win as Prabowo Withdraws From Count". Bloomberg. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
  79. ↑ "Official, final tally: Jokowi 53.15%, Prabowo 46.85%". The Jakarta Post. 22 July 2014. Archived from the original on 22 July 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
  80. ↑ Joe Cochrane (22 July 2014). "Joko Widodo, Populist Governor, Is Named Winner in Indonesian Presidential Vote". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 July 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
  81. ↑ Niniek Karmini and Ali Kotarumalos (22 June 2014). "Jakarta Governor Wins Indonesian Presidency". ABC News. Archived from the original on 22 July 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
  82. ↑ "Indonesian court: No proof of election fraud - Asian Correspondent". asiancorrespondent.com.

References

Further reading

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