President's Guest House

President's Guest House
Blair House logo

the President's Guest House

The President's Guest House pictured in 2007.
Blair House
location of the President's Guest House in Washington, D.C.
Alternative names Blair House
General information
Type official residence
Architectural style

Federal (Blair House and Lee House) [1]

Victorian (Peter Parker House and 704 Jackson Place) [1]
Address 1651 Pennsylvania Ave NW
Town or city Washington, DC
Country United States
Coordinates Coordinates: 38°53′56.5″N 77°2′18.93″W / 38.899028°N 77.0385917°W / 38.899028; -77.0385917
Construction started 1824
Completed 1989
Owner United States
Landlord Chief of Protocol of the United States
Technical details
Material brick and stucco [1]
Floor count 4 [2]
Floor area 18,807 m2 [2]
Design and construction
Architecture firm Mendel, Mesick, Cohen, Waite, Hall Architects (1982 merger of four existing structures)[1]
Other information
Number of rooms 119[2]
Website
www.state.gov/s/cpr/blair/

The President's Guest House, commonly known as Blair House, is a complex of four formerly separate buildings—Blair House, Lee House, Peter Parker House, and 704 Jackson Place—located in Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States. A major interior renovation of these 19th century residences between the 1950s and 1980s resulted in their reconstitution as a single facility.

The President's Guest House is one of several residences owned by the United States government for use by the President and Vice-President of the United States; other such residences include the White House, Camp David, One Observatory Circle, the Presidential Townhouse, and Trowbridge House. The President's Guest House has been called "the world's most exclusive hotel" because it is primarily used to host visiting dignitaries and other guests of the president.[3] It is larger than the White House and, unlike that building, is closed to the public.

Name

Strictly speaking, "Blair House" refers to one of four existing structures that were merged to form a single building. The U.S. State Department generally uses the name Blair House to refer to the entire facility, saying, "Blair House is the building officially known as The President's Guest House."[4][5] The General Services Administration refers to the entire complex as the "President's Guest House" and uses the name Blair House to denote the historic Blair House portion of the facility.[1]

History

Pre-unification

Blair House, as a separate building, pictured in about 1919

Blair House

Blair House was constructed in 1824; it is the oldest of the four structures that comprise the President's Guest House.[6] The original brick house was built as a private home for Joseph Lovell, eighth Surgeon General of the United States Army. It was acquired in 1836 by Francis Preston Blair, a newspaper publisher and influential advisor to President Andrew Jackson, and remained in his family for the following century.[6]

Francis Blair's son Montgomery Blair succeeded his father as resident of Blair House. Montgomery Blair was Postmaster General in Abraham Lincoln's administration; at a conference at Blair House in 1861, it was decided Admiral David Farragut would command an assault on New Orleans during the American Civil War.[7]

In 1939, Blair House was designated a National Historic Landmark, becoming the first building to acquire the designation; prior landmarks had been monuments and historic sites other than buildings.[8]

A marker on the exterior of Blair House memorializes police officer Leslie Coffelt, who was killed defending the building in 1950.

Beginning in 1942, the Blair family began leasing the property to the U.S. government for use by visiting dignitaries; the government purchased the property outright the following December.[2] The move was prompted in part by a request from Eleanor Roosevelt, who found the casual familiarity Winston Churchill displayed during his visits to the White House off-putting.[3] On one occasion, Churchill tried to enter Franklin Roosevelt's private apartments at 3:00 a.m. to wake the president for a conversation.[9]

During much of the presidency of Harry Truman, Blair House served as the temporary residence of President Truman while the interior of the White House was being renovated.[10] On November 1, 1950, Puerto Rican nationalists Griselio Torresola and Oscar Collazo attempted to assassinate President Truman in Blair House.[10] The assassination was foiled, in part by White House policeman Leslie Coffelt, who killed Torresola but was mortally wounded by him.[10]

Lee House

In 1859, Francis Preston Blair built a house next to Blair House for his daughter Elizabeth Blair Lee and son-in-law Samuel Phillips Lee; the property became known as Lee House.[11]

Peter Parker House and 704 Jackson Place

Peter Parker House located at 700 Jackson Place and an adjacent home at 704 Jackson Place were constructed in 1860. Peter Parker House is so named because it was originally the home of physician Peter Parker. The U.S. government acquired both properties between 1969 and 1970, after having rented them for office space. Peter Parker House previously served as the headquarters of the Civil War Centennial Commission and the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.[12]

Unifications

Facade of the original Blair House during the state visit of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom in 2007. The Royal Standard of the United Kingdom is displayed on the flag pole.

Unification of Blair House and Lee House

During a renovation in the early 1950s, Blair House and Lee House were joined into a single facility that was informally known as Blair–Lee House.[13]

Unification of Blair–Lee House with Jackson Place buildings

Two women and several men meeting around a table
President Park Geun-hye of South Korea (left) hosts a 2013 meeting with World Bank leaders in the President's Guest House.

In the early 1980s, Congress appropriated $9.7 million for the property's further renovation and improvement. Federally appropriated funds were augmented with $5 million in private donations. The Jackson Place properties were internally combined into a single building and then merged with Blair–Lee House by way of a connecting structure occupying the alleyway that had separated them. The renovation and merger of the four properties resulted in their closure from 1982 through 1988.[14]

Notable residents

Notable guests who have stayed at the President's Guest House or the formerly separate Blair House include Vyacheslav Molotov, Emperor Akihito, Queen Elizabeth II, Charles de Gaulle, François Mitterrand, Vladimir Putin, Boris Yeltsin, Hosni Mubarak, Margaret Thatcher, Javier Perez de Cuellar, Nambaryn Enkhbayar, Narendra Modi, Hamid Karzai, and Justin Trudeau.[15][2][16]

In addition to foreign dignitaries, the President's Guest House has traditionally been made available by the outgoing President of the United States to the President-elect in the five days prior to his inauguration.[17] In 1992, Bill Clinton chose to stay at the Hay–Adams Hotel instead of the guest house and, in 2009, a request by President-elect Barack Obama to take-up residence at the President's Guest House two weeks early was rejected because of its prior commitment to former Australian prime minister John Howard.[18][19]

During the state funeral of a former President of the United States, the former president's family customarily resides in the guest house for the duration of the observances.[20]

Layout

Exterior spaces

Aerial view, with the White House diagonally across from the President's Guest House
Aerial view of Pennsylvania Avenue, with the President's Guest House in relation to other presidential facilities near President's Park.

The President's Guest House is located at the intersection of Pennsylvania Avenue and Jackson Place. Its southern side faces the Eisenhower Executive Office Building, while its eastern side faces Lafayette Square. To its western side along Pennsylvania Avenue, it is adjacent to the Renwick Gallery. Its northern side along Jackson Place abuts Trowbridge House, a separate presidential residence. Immediately behind the gardens of the President's Guest House is the New Executive Office Building.[14] The Ross Garden is an enclosed garden at the rear of the property; it is named after Arthur Ross, who established an endowment to maintain the grounds in perpetuity.[21]

Interior spaces

The residence consists of 119 rooms, including 14 bedrooms and 35 bathrooms. At nearly 70,000 sq ft (6,500 m2), the President's Guest House is—by floor area—larger than the White House.[1][14]

Basement

The Coffelt Memorial Room is located in the basement of the property; it is named after police officer Leslie Coffelt, who was killed while defending Blair House against an attack by Puerto Rican separatists in 1950. The room is used as a day room by the United States Secret Service Uniformed Division detachment assigned to the property. It was dedicated in 1990 and contains a portrait of Coffelt and his framed medals, which were donated by his step-daughter.[22][23]

Notable interior spaces in the Blair–Lee wing

The wallpaper in the Dillon Room dates to 1770.

The Dillon Drawing Room, which was originally known as the Lee Drawing Room, was renamed in honor of former U.S. Secretary of the Treasury C. Douglas Dillon, who donated its unique wallpaper, a Chinese print from 1770. Dillon's wife Phyllis purchased the wallpaper on the recommendation of interior designer Eleanor Brown in 1964.[24] The wallpaper was removed and refurbished between 1982 and 1988. The room is furnished with 18th century English pieces, along with vases from the Ming and Kang Xi dynasties.[24] The Dillon Drawing Room is used by resident heads of state and chiefs of government to formally receive visitors.[14]

The head-of-state suite is the apartments designated for use by the principal resident. It consists of a sitting room, two bedrooms with adjoining dressing rooms, two bathrooms, and a powder room.[25] It is furnished with 18th-century English antiques, which were valued at more than $1 million in 1987.[26]

The library at the President's Guest House hosts a collection of books deposited by the home's former guests.

The small library in the Blair House wing is stocked with approximately 1,500 books. Guests staying at the house traditionally present a book to deposit in the library. A portrait of Francis Blair hangs over the library's fireplace mantle.[2]

The centerpiece of the Lincoln Room is a portrait of Abraham Lincoln painted by 19th-century American portraitist Edward Dalton Marchant; it is one of a number of drawings, paintings, and photographs of Lincoln used to decorate this room. The sitting room in the Blair House wing of the complex was originally used by the Blair family to receive U.S. presidents. In this room in 1861, Montgomery Blair, acting on Lincoln's orders, offered the command of the Union Army to Robert E. Lee, an offer that Lee declined.[2]

In the Truman Study is a fireplace mantel that was originally installed in the White House. It was removed to Blair House during Truman's occupancy, when he used this room as his personal office. In 1987, the mantel was refinished in white enamel with gold-leaf accents. In 2004, before the state funeral of Ronald Reagan, Nancy Reagan used the Truman Study to receive visitors.[27]

Notable interior spaces in the Jackson Place wing

The centerpiece of the Treaty Room in the former Peter Parker House is a 22-seat mahogany table that sits on an 1890 Sarouk rug. A photographic portrait of Empress Dowager Cixi that was presented as a diplomatic gift to the United States by the Great Qing in 1905 hangs in the room.[28]

French president Francois Hollande hosts U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton for an informal working lunch in the Treaty Room in 2012.

The Lee Dining Room is used for formal banquets. It is lit by an 1825 Irish crystal chandelier. One hundred place settings of fine china and 150 place settings of sterling silver flatware were acquired from Tiffany & Co. in 1988 for use in the dining room.[29]

Management

Administration and staff

Two special agents of the Diplomatic Security Service guard a motorcade vehicle outside the President's Guest House in 2005.

The President's Guest House is owned by the U.S. government and is managed by the office of the Chief of Protocol of the United States in cooperation with the Diplomatic Security Service, the Department of State's Bureau of Administration, and the Department of State's Office of Fine Arts.[2] Maintenance and operation of the facility are paid for by the U.S. government, and a private foundation, known as the Blair House Restoration Fund, finances the preservation of historic furnishings and art. The board of trustees of the Blair House Restoration Fund is chaired by Selwa Roosevelt.[30]

The house is operated by full-time staff who are non-residential but customarily live-in during periods of occupancy by a visiting dignitary. In 2001, the staff included a general manager, an assistant general manager, two butlers, a doorman, four housekeepers, two chefs, a launderer, a curator, and several maintenance workers.[20][31] Security for the facility is provided by the United States Secret Service during periods of occupancy by foreign heads of state and chiefs of government. During visits by other guests such as foreign ministers, the Diplomatic Security Service assumes the leading role.[32]

Protocol

When a visiting foreign dignitary is in residence at the President's Guest House, the dignitary's official standard is displayed on the building's flagpole. In cases where dignitaries have no official standards, the dignitary's national flag is displayed instead.[2] If two or more foreign visitors of equal rank are visiting Washington, neither is invited to stay at the President's Guest House to avoid the perception of favoritism.[33]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "President's Guest House". gsa.gov. General Services Administration. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 French, Mary Mel (2010). United States Protocol. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 297–300. ISBN 1-4422-0319-6.
  3. 1 2 Stephey, M.J. (15 January 2009). "Blair House: World's Most Exclusive Hotel". TIME Magazine. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  4. ↑ "Protocol Frequently Asked Questions". state.gov. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
  5. ↑ "Blair House". state.gov. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
  6. 1 2 Ferris, Gary (1999). Presidential Places. John F Blair Publishers. ISBN 0-89587-176-9.
  7. ↑ "Blair House". nps.gov. National Park Service. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
  8. ↑ Moeller, G. Martin (2006). AIA Guide to the Architecture of Washington. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 168.
  9. ↑ "Becoming the President's Guest House". blairhouse.org. Blair House Preservation Fund. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  10. 1 2 3 "An assassination attempt threatens President Harry S. Truman". history.com. History Channel. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  11. ↑ Brinker, Nancy (1 October 2008). "Blair House: A Witness to History". Washington Life Magazine. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  12. ↑ Cook, Robert (2007). Troubled Commemoration: The American Civil War Centennial, 1961–1965. Louisiana State University Press. p. 36. ISBN 0-8071-3227-6.
  13. ↑ Eads, Jane (4 February 1958). "President's Guest House Receives Face Lifting". Tuscaloosa News. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
  14. 1 2 3 4 John Bainbridge Jr., Connie Doebele, David Kusnet (2009). Blair House: The President's Guest House. CSPAN. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
  15. ↑ Stone, Laura (March 9, 2016). "Justin Trudeau's sunny ways arrive in Washington for state dinner". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved September 2, 2016.
  16. ↑ "Blair House Guest Book". blairhouse.org. Blair House Restoration Fund. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
  17. ↑ Cooper, Helene (12 December 2008). "Sorry, We're Booked, White House Tells Obamas". New York Times. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  18. ↑ Quinn, Sally (16 January 2009). "The Obstacle to the Obamas' Stay at Blair House: Former Aussie Leader John Howard". Washington Post. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  19. ↑ "The Accommodations; Blair House It Isn't, but It Isn't Inexpensive, Either". New York Times. 18 November 1992. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
  20. 1 2 Armstrong, Monique (November 2001). "Blair House" (PDF). State Magazine. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
  21. ↑ "Major Gifts". blairhouse.org. Blair House Restoration Fund. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  22. ↑ Conrey, Sarah (4 November 1990). "Room honors officer who helped save president". The Bulletin. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  23. ↑ Oliver, Willard (2010). Killing the President: Assassinations, Attempts, and Rumored Attempts on U.S. Commanders-in-Chief. Praeger. p. 110. ISBN 0-313-36474-5.
  24. 1 2 Feeser, Andrea (2012). The Materiality of Color. Ashgate. p. 259. ISBN 1-4094-2915-6.
  25. ↑ Slesin, Susan (16 June 1988). "Fit for Dignitaries, Blair House Reopens Its Stately Doors". New York Times. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
  26. ↑ Conroy, Sarah (27 September 1987). "BLAIR-LEE'S RENEW DEAL". Washington Post. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
  27. ↑ "Truman Study". blairhouse.org. Blair House Restoration Fund. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
  28. ↑ "Jackson Place Conference Room". blairhouse.org. Blair House Restoration Fund. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  29. ↑ "Tiffany & Co. China and Silver". blairhouse.org. Blair House Restoration Fund. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  30. ↑ "Blair House Restoration Fund". blairhouse.org. Blair House Restoration Fund. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  31. ↑ Koncius, Jura (15 January 2009). "Blair House, Now Home to the Obamas, Has Hosted Decades' Worth of VIP Guests". Washington Post. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
  32. ↑ "Ask the White House". georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved 23 January 2006.
  33. ↑ "Inside Foggy Bottom". twc.edu. The Washington Center. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
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