Pseudomonas cichorii
| Pseudomonas cichorii | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Proteobacteria |
| Class: | Gamma Proteobacteria |
| Order: | Pseudomonadales |
| Family: | Pseudomonadaceae |
| Genus: | Pseudomonas |
| Species: | P. cichorii |
| Binomial name | |
| Pseudomonas cichorii (Swingle 1925) Stapp 1928 | |
| Type strain | |
| ATCC 10857 CCUG 32776 | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Phytomonas cichorii Swingle 1925 | |
Pseudomonas cichorii is a Gram-negative soil bacterium that is pathogenic to plants. It has a wide host range, and can have an important economical impact on lettuce, celery and chrysanthemum crops.[1] P. cichorii was first isolated on endives (Cichorium endivia), from which it derives its name. It produces 6-aminopenicillanic acid.[2] Based on 16S rRNA analysis, P. cichorii has been placed in the P. syringae group.[3]
Hosts & Symptoms
Pseudomonas cichorii is non-host specific as it does not infect just one host. Its host range includes lettuce, pepper, celery, coffee, wheat, basil and several other host plants.[4] Symptoms of the causal agent vary depending on the host and the area of the plant infected. In general, pseudomonas cichorii is seen to cause leaf blighting and spotting. The first appearance of symptoms involves a water soaked lesion that develops at the edge of the leaf, midvein or randomly across the leaf [5] These lesions progressively turn black or brown and may be surrounded by yellow halos. These lesions also often “coalesce and progress to severe leaf blight under favorable conditions for the bacterium.”[6] When the infected leaves become dry, the spots often look brittle and crack.
Environment
Pseudomonas cichorii grows in warm, wet and humid areas. It spreads by wind driven rain and survives and infects on wet leaf surfaces. The pathogen is often spread during sprinkler watering and overhead irrigation systems.[7] Free moisture on the leaves are also known to promote disease development and plant infection[8]
Management
To best prevent the spread of pseudomonas cichorii the first intervention is to regulate the free water and watering system of leaves. Overhead sprinklers and hose watering should be replaced with soil irrigation. Soil irrigation is useful because it prevents excess water accumulation on plant surfaces by watering the plant from the root system. Soil irrigation also limits the ability of the seed structures to grow and infect leaf surfaces. A second interventions is watering earlier in the day.[9] Watering earlier in the day gives the leaves more time during the day to dry. Third intervention is to minimize lead splashing. This lessens the chance that the infected water will spread to another host. Sanitation is also important. Workers and those handling the infected leaves should wash their hands and keep infected plant material from uninfected areas. These infected cuttings and seedlings should not be planted or kept near uninfected fiedsm as the pathogen is able to survive on the pathogen's seeds.[10] Chemical control with appropriately labeled copper or other bactericidal products can be used to help manage the disease but is not always successful in preventing disease spread when conditions are wet.
References
- ↑ Smith, Dunez, Lelliot, Phillips and Archer (1988) European Handbook of Plant Disease. Blackwell Scientific Publications.
- ↑ Huang HT, English AR, Production of 6-aminopenicillanic acid. US Patent 3,239,427 dated March 8, 1966.
- ↑ Anzai; Kim, H; Park, JY; Wakabayashi, H; Oyaizu, H; et al. (Jul 2000). "Phylogenetic affiliation of the pseudomonads based on 16S rRNA sequence". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 50 (4): 1563–89. doi:10.1099/00207713-50-4-1563. PMID 10939664.
- ↑ Trantas, Emmanouil A.; Sarris, Panagiotis F.; Mpalantinaki, Evaggelia E.; Pentari, Marianna G.; Ververidis, Filippos N.; Goumas, Dimitrios E. (2013-09-12). "A new genomovar of Pseudomonas cichorii, a causal agent of tomato pith necrosis". European Journal of Plant Pathology. 137 (3): 477–493. doi:10.1007/s10658-013-0258-8. ISSN 0929-1873.
- ↑ "bacterial blight of endive (Pseudomonas cichorii)". www.plantwise.org. Retrieved 2016-11-17.
- ↑ "Plant Disease Update | Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science | Virginia Tech". www.ppws.vt.edu. Retrieved 2016-11-17.
- ↑ "UC IPM: Disease Control Outlines for Floriculture and Ornamental Nurseries: Geranium". ipm.ucanr.edu. Retrieved 2016-11-17.
- ↑ "IPM : Reports on Plant Diseases : Bacterial Diseases of Geranium". ipm.illinois.edu. Retrieved 2016-11-17.
- ↑ "Chrysanthemum – Bacterial leaf spot (Pseudomonas cichorii) | UMass Amherst negreenhouseupdate". negreenhouseupdate.info. Retrieved 2016-11-17.
- ↑ "Chrysanthemum Diseases (Plant Diseases)". Plant Diseases (Penn State Extension). Retrieved 2016-11-17.