Pterodaustro
| Pterodaustro Temporal range: Early Cretaceous, 105 Ma | |
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| Cast of a fossil specimen at the Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales in Caballito, Buenos Aires, Argentina | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | †Pterosauria |
| Suborder: | †Pterodactyloidea |
| Family: | †Ctenochasmatidae |
| Subfamily: | †Ctenochasmatinae |
| Genus: | †Pterodaustro Bonaparte, 1969 |
| Species: | †P. guinazui |
| Binomial name | |
| Pterodaustro guinazui Bonaparte, 1969 | |
Pterodaustro is a genus of Cretaceous pterodactyloid pterosaur from South America, which lived 105 million years ago.
Discovery and naming
The first fossils, among them the holotype PLV 2571, a thigh bone, were in the late sixties discovered by Bonaparte in the Lagarcito Formation, situated in the San Luis Province of Patagonia, Argentina, and dating from the Albian. The genus has later also been found in Chile in the Santa Ana Formation. At the Argentine site, the just 50 m² large "Loma del Pterodaustro", since then during several expeditions over 750 Pterodaustro specimens have been collected, 288 of them having been catalogued until 2008. This makes the species one of the best known pterosaurs, with examples from all growth stages, from egg to adult.
The genus was named in 1969 by José Bonaparte as an as yet undescribed nomen nudum. The first description followed in 1970, making the name valid, the type species being Pterodaustro guiñazui.[1] The genus name is derived from Greek pteron, "wing" and Latin auster, "south (wind)". The elements are combined as a condensed pteron de austro, "wing from the south". The specific name honours paleontologist Román Guiñazú. It was emended in 1978 by Peter Wellnhofer into guinazui, because diacritical signs such as the tilde are not allowed in species names.
Description
Pterodaustro has a very elongated skull, up to 29 centimetres long. The portion in front of the eye sockets comprises 85% of skull length. The long snout and lower jaws curve strongly upwards; the tangent at the point of the snout is perpendicular to that of the jaw joint. Pterodaustro has about a thousand bristle-like modified teeth in its lower jaws that might have been used to strain crustaceans, plankton, algae, and other small creatures from the water.[2] These teeth stand for the most part not in separate alveoli but in two long grooves parallel to the edges of the jaw. They have a length of three centimetres and are oval in cross-section, with a width of just 0.2–0.3 millimetres. At first it was suspected these structures were not true teeth at all, but later research established they were built like normal teeth, including enamel, dentine and a pulp. Despite being made of very hard material, they might still have been flexible to some extent due to their extreme length-width ratio, a bend of up to 45° being possible.[3] The upper jaws also carried teeth, but these were very small with a flat conical base and a spatula-formed crown. These teeth also do not have separate tooth sockets but were apparently held by ligaments in a special tooth pad, that was also covered with small ossicles, or bone plates.
The back of the skull was also rather elongated and in a low position; there are some indications for a low parietal crest.
Pterodaustro had an adult wingspan of approximately 250 centimetres (8.20 ft).[4] Its hindlimbs are rather robust and its feet large. Its tail is uniquely elongated for a pterodactyloid, containing 22 caudal vertebrae, whereas other members of this group have at most sixteen.
Paleobiology
Pterodaustro probably strained food with its tooth comb, a method called "filter feeding", also practised by modern flamingos.[5] Once it caught its food, Pterodaustro probably mashed it with the small, globular teeth present in its upper jaw. Like other ctenochasmatoids, Pterodaustro has a long torso and proportionally massive and splayed hindfeet, adaptations for swimming.[6]
Robert Bakker incorrectly suggested that, like flamingos, this pterosaur's diet may have resulted in a pink hue.[7] However, recent studies show that only Neornithes can sequester carotenoids for use as a pigment in the feathers rather than just the skin or beak,[8][9] and even then they require to enhance it with structural colors, so a pink hue for any pterosaur seems extremely unlikely.[10]
At least two specimens of Pterodaustro have been found, MIC V263 and MIC V243, with gizzard stones in the stomach cavity, the first ever reported for any pterosaur. These clusters of small stones with angled edges support the idea that Pterodaustro ate mainly small, hard-shelled aquatic crustaceans using filter-feeding. Such invertebrates are abundant in the sediment of the fossil site.[11]
A study of the growth stages of Pterodaustro concluded that juveniles grew relatively fast in their first two years, attaining about half of the adult size. Then they reached sexual maturity, growing at a slower rate for four to five years until there was a determinate growth stop.[12]
In 2004 a Pterodaustro embryo in an egg was reported, specimen MHIN-UNSL-GEO-V246. The egg was elongated, six centimetres long and 22 millimetres across and its mainly flexible shell was covered with a thin layer, 0.3 mm thick, of calcite.[13] Three-dimensionally preserved eggs were reported in 2014.[14]
Comparisons between the scleral rings of Pterodaustro and modern birds and reptiles suggest that it may have been nocturnal, and may have had similar activity patterns to modern anseriform birds that feed at night.[15]
Because of its long torso and neck and comparatively short legs, Pterodaustro was unique among pterosaurs in having difficulties to launch. Even with the pterosaurian quadrupedal launching mechanism, it would have required frantic and fairly-low angled take-offs possible only in open areas, much like modern geese and swans.[16]
Phylogeny
Bonaparte in 1970 assigned Pterodaustro to the Pterodactylidae; in 1971 to a Pterodaustriidae. However, from 1996 cladistic studies by Alexander Kellner and David Unwin have shown a position in the Ctenochasmatidae, together with other filter feeders.
The genus Puntanipterus might be a subjective junior synonym of Pterodaustro.
Cladogram following Andres, Clark & Xu, 2014.[17]
| Ctenochasmatidae |
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See also
References
- ↑ Bonaparte, J. F. (1970). "Pterodaustro guinazui gen. et sp. nov. Pterosaurio de la Formacion Lagarcito, Provincia de San Luis, Argentina y su significado en la geologia regional (Pterodactylidae)". Acta Geologica Lilloana. 10: 209–225.
- ↑ Wellnhofer, Peter (1996) [1991]. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Pterosaurs. New York: Barnes and Noble Books. p. 132. ISBN 0-7607-0154-7.
- ↑ John D. Currey (1999). "The design of mineralised hard tissues for their mechanical functions". Journal of Experimental Biology. 202 (23): 3285–3294. PMID 10562511.
- ↑ Mark P. Witton (2013), Pterosaurs: Natural History, Evolution, Anatomy
- ↑ Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 104. ISBN 1-84028-152-9.
- ↑ Witton, Mark P. (2013). Pterosaurs: Natural History, Evolution, Anatomy. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691150613.
- ↑ Jinny Johnson (2000). Fantastic Facts About Dinosaurs. Parragon Book Service. ISBN 978-0-7525-3166-3.
- ↑ Hill, G.E. (2010). National Geographic Bird Coloration. National Geographic Books.
- ↑ Thomas, D.B.; McGraw, K.J.; Butler, M.W.; Carrano, M.T.; Madden, O.; James, H.F. (2014). "Ancient origins and multiple appearances of carotenoid-pigmented feathers in birds". Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Biological Sciences. 281 (1788): 20140806. doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.0806.
- ↑ Shawkey MD, Hill GE (June 2005). "Carotenoids need structural colours to shine". Biology Letters. 1 (2): 121–4. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2004.0289. PMC 1626226
. PMID 17148144. - ↑ Codorniú, L., Chiappe, L.M., Arcucci, A., and Ortiz-Suarez, A. (2009). "First occurrence of gastroliths in Pterosauria (Early Cretaceous, Argentina)". XXIV Jornadas Argentinas de Paleontología de Vertebrados
- ↑ Chinsamy, A., Codorniú, L., and Chiappe, L. M. (2008). "Developmental growth patterns of the filter-feeder pterosaur, Pterodaustro guinazui". Biology Letters. 4 (3): 282–285. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0004. PMC 2610039. PMID 18308672.
- ↑ Chiappe, L. M., Codorniú, L., Grellet-Tinner, G. and Rivarola, D. (2004). "Argentinian unhatched pterosaur fossil". Nature. 432 (7017): 571–572. Bibcode:2004Natur.432..571C. doi:10.1038/432571a. PMID 15577899.
- ↑ Grellet-Tinner, G.; Thompson, M.; Fiorelli, L. E.; Argañaraz, E. S.; Codorniú, L.; Hechenleitner, E. M. N. (2014). "The first pterosaur 3-D egg: Implications for Pterodaustro guinazui nesting strategies, an Albian filter feeder pterosaur from central Argentina". Geoscience Frontiers. 5 (6): 759. doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2014.05.002.
- ↑ Schmitz, L.; Motani, R. (2011). "Nocturnality in dinosaurs inferred from scleral ring and orbit morphology". Science. 332 (6030): 705–708. Bibcode:2011Sci...332..705S. doi:10.1126/science.1200043. PMID 21493820.
- ↑ Witton, Mark P. (2013). Pterosaurs: Natural History, Evolution, Anatomy. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691150613.
- ↑ Andres, B.; Clark, J.; Xu, X. (2014). "The Earliest Pterodactyloid and the Origin of the Group". Current Biology. 24 (9): 1011. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.030. PMID 24768054.