QS World University Rankings
 | |
| Editor | Ben Sowter (Head of Research) |
|---|---|
| Staff writers | Laura Bridgestock |
| Categories | Higher education |
| Frequency | Annual |
| Publisher | Quacquarelli Symonds Limited |
| First issue |
2004 (in partnership with THE) 2010 (on its own) |
| Country |
 United Kingdom |
| Language | English |
| Website |
www |
QS World University Rankings is an annual publication of university rankings by Quacquarelli Symonds (QS). Previously known as THE-QS World University Rankings, the publisher had collaborated with Times Higher Education magazine (THE) to publish its international league tables from 2004 to 2009 before both started to announce their own versions. QS then chose to still use the pre-existing methodology while THE adopted a new one. The QS system now comprises the global overall and subject rankings, alongside five independent regional tables (Asia, Latin America, Emerging Europe and Central Asia, the Arab Region, and BRICS).[1] It is the only international ranking to have received International Ranking Expert Group (IREG) approval,[2] and is viewed as one of the most widely read of its kind, along with Academic Ranking of World Universities and Times Higher Education World University Rankings.[3][4][5][6] However, allocating undue weight to subjective indicators and having highly fluctuating results are its major criticisms.[7][8][9]
History
A perceived need for an international ranking of universities for UK purposes was highlighted in December 2003 in Richard Lambert's review of university-industry collaboration in Britain[10] for HM Treasury, the finance ministry of the United Kingdom. Amongst its recommendations were world university rankings, which Lambert said would help the UK to gauge the global standing of its universities.
The idea for the rankings was credited in Ben Wildavsky's book, The Great Brain Race: How Global Universities are Reshaping the World,[11] to then-editor of Times Higher Education (THE), John O'Leary. THE chose to partner with educational and careers advice company Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) to supply the data, appointing Martin Ince,[12] formerly deputy editor and later a contractor to THE, to manage the project.
Between 2004 and 2009, QS produced the rankings in partnership with THE. In 2009, THE announced they would produce their own rankings, the Times Higher Education World University Rankings, in partnership with Thomson Reuters. THE cited an asserted weakness in the methodology of the original rankings,[13] as well as a perceived favoritism in the existing methodology for science over the humanities,[14] as two of the key reasons for the decision to split with QS.
QS retained intellectual property in the prior rankings and the methodology used to compile them and continues to produce rankings based on that methodology, which are now called the QS World University Rankings.[15]
THE created a new methodology with Thomson Reuters, and published the first Times Higher Education World University Rankings in September 2010.
Global rankings
Overall
Methodology
| Indicator | Weighting | Elaboration |
|---|---|---|
| Academic peer review |
|
Based on an internal global academic survey |
| Faculty/Student ratio |
|
A measurement of teaching commitment |
| Citations per faculty |
|
A measurement of research impact |
| Employer reputation |
|
Based on a survey on graduate employers |
| International student ratio |
|
A measurement of the diversity of the student community |
| International staff ratio |
|
A measurement of the diversity of the academic staff |
QS publishes the rankings results in the world's media and has entered into partnerships with a number of outlets, including The Guardian in the United Kingdom, and Chosun Ilbo in Korea. The first rankings produced by QS independently of THE, and using QS's consistent and original methodology, were released on September 8, 2010, with the second appearing on September 6, 2011.
QS designed its rankings in order to assess performance according to what it believes to be key aspects of a university's mission: teaching, research, nurturing employability, and internationalisation.[17]
Academic peer review
This is the most controversial part of the methodology. Using a combination of purchased mailing lists and applications and suggestions, this survey asks active academicians across the world about the top universities in their specialist fields. QS has published the job titles and geographical distribution of the participants.[18]
The 2016/17 rankings made use of responses from 74,651 people from over 140 nations for its Academic Reputation indicator, including votes from the previous five years rolled forward provided there was no more recent information available from the same individual. Participants can nominate up to 30 universities but are not able to vote for their own. They tend to nominate a median of about 20, which means that this survey includes over 500,000 data points. The average respondent possesses 20.4 years of academic experience, while 81% of respondents have over a decade of experience in the academic world.[19][18]
In 2004, when the rankings first appeared, academic peer review accounted for half of a university's possible score. In 2005, its share was cut to 40 per cent because of the introduction of the Employer Reputation Survey.
Faculty student ratio
This indicator accounts for 20 per cent of a university's possible score in the rankings. It is a classic measure used in various ranking systems as a proxy for teaching commitment, but QS has admitted that it is less than satisfactory.[20]
Citations per faculty
Citations of published research are among the most widely used inputs to national and global university rankings. The QS World University Rankings used citations data from Thomson (now Thomson Reuters) from 2004 to 2007, and since then has used data from Scopus, part of Elsevier. The total number of citations for a five-year period is divided by the number of academics in a university to yield the score for this measure, which accounts for 20 per cent of a university's possible score in the Rankings.
QS has explained that it uses this approach, rather than the citations per paper preferred for other systems, because it reduces the effect of biomedical science on the overall picture – bio-medicine has a ferocious "publish or perish" culture. Instead QS attempts to measure the density of research-active staff at each institution. But issues still remain about the use of citations in ranking systems, especially the fact that the arts and humanities generate comparatively few citations.[21]
However, since 2015, QS have made methodological enhancements designed to remove the advantage institutions specializing in the Natural Sciences or Medicine previously received. This enhancement is termed faculty area normalization, and ensures that an institution's citations count in each of QS's five key Faculty Areas is weighted to account for 20% of the final citations score. [22]
QS has conceded the presence of some data collection errors regarding citations per faculty in previous years' rankings.[23]
One interesting issue is the difference between the Scopus and Thomson Reuters databases. For major world universities, the two systems capture more or less the same publications and citations. For less mainstream institutions, Scopus has more non-English language and smaller-circulation journals in its database. But as the papers there are less heavily cited, this can also mean fewer citations per paper for the universities that publish in them.[21] This area has been criticized for undermining universities which do not use English as their primary language.[24] Citations and publications in a language different from English are harder to come across. The English language is the most internationalized language and therefore is also the most popular when citing.
Employer review
This part of the ranking is obtained by a similar method to the Academic Peer Review, except that it samples recruiters who hire graduates on a global or significant national scale. The numbers are smaller – 37,781 responses from over 130 countries in the 2016 Rankings – and are used to produce 10 per cent of any university's possible score. This survey was introduced in 2005 in the belief that employers track graduate quality, making this a barometer of teaching quality, a famously problematic thing to measure. University standing here is of special interest to potential students, and acknowledging this was the impetus behind the inaugural QS Graduate Employability Rankings, published in November 2015.[25] [26]
International orientation
The final ten per cent of a university's possible score is derived from measures intended to capture their internationalism: five percent from their percentage of international students, and another five percent from their percentage of international staff. This is of interest partly because it shows whether a university is putting effort into being global, but also because it tells us whether it is taken seriously enough by students and academics around the world for them to want to be there.[27]
Commentary
Reception & Influence
In September 2015, both The Guardian and The Daily Mail referred to the QS World University Rankings as "the most authoritative of their kind".[28] [29] [30] In 2016, Ben Sowter, Head of Research at the QS Intelligence Unit, was ranked in 40th position in Wonkhe's 2016 'Higher Education Power List'. The list enumerated what the organisation believed to be the 50 most influential figures in UK higher education.[31]
Several universities in the UK and the Asia-Pacific region have commented on the rankings positively. Vice-Chancellor of New Zealand's Massey University, Professor Judith Kinnear, says that the Times Higher Education-QS ranking is a "wonderful external acknowledgement of several university attributes, including the quality of its research, research training, teaching and employability." She said the rankings are a true measure of a university's ability to fly high internationally: "The Times Higher Education ranking provides a rather more and more sophisticated, robust and well rounded measure of international and national ranking than either New Zealand's Performance Based Research Fund (PBRF) measure or the Shanghai rankings."[32] In September 2012 the British newspaper The Independent described the QS World University Rankings as being "widely recognised throughout higher education as the most trusted international tables".[33]
Angel Calderon, Principal Advisor for Planning and Research at RMIT University and member of the QS Advisory Board, spoke positively of the QS University Rankings for Latin America, saying that the "QS Latin American University Rankings has become the annual international benchmark universities use to ascertain their relative standing in the region". He further stated that the 2016/17 edition of this ranking demonstrated improved stability.[34]
Criticisms
Certain commentators have expressed concern about the use or misuse of survey data. However, QS's Intelligence Unit, responsible for compiling the rankings, state that the extent of the sample size used for their surveys mean that they are now "almost impossible to manipulate and very difficult for institutions to ‘game’". They also state that "over 62,000 academic respondents contributed to our 2013 academic results, four times more than in 2010. Independent academic reviews have confirmed these results to be more than 99% reliable". Furthermore, since 2013, the number of respondents to QS's Academic Reputation Survey has increased again. Their survey now makes use of nearly 75,000 academic peer reviews, making it "to date, the world’s largest aggregation of feeling in this [the global academic] community."[35] [36] [37]
The QS World University Rankings have been criticised by many for placing too much emphasis on peer review, which receives 40 percent of the overall score. Some people have expressed concern about the manner in which the peer review has been carried out.[38] In a report,[39] Peter Wills from the University of Auckland, New Zealand wrote of the Times Higher Education-QS World University Rankings:
But we note also that this survey establishes its rankings by appealing to university staff, even offering financial enticements to participate (see Appendix II). Staff are likely to feel it is in their greatest interest to rank their own institution more highly than others. This means the results of the survey and any apparent change in ranking are highly questionable, and that a high ranking has no real intrinsic value in any case. We are vehemently opposed to the evaluation of the University according to the outcome of such PR competitions.
However, QS state that no survey participant, academic or employer, is offered a financial incentive to respond, while no academic is able to vote for their own institution. This renders this particular criticism invalid, as it is based on two incorrect premises: (1) that academics are currently financially incentivized to participate, and (2) that conflicts of interests are created by academics being able to vote for their own institution.
Academicians previously criticized of the use of the citation database, arguing that it undervalues institutions which excel in the social sciences. Ian Diamond, former chief executive of the Economic and Social Research Council and now vice-chancellor of the University of Aberdeen and a member of the THE editorial board, wrote to Times Higher Education in 2007, saying:[40]
The use of a citation database must have an impact because such databases do not have as wide a cover of the social sciences (or arts and humanities) as the natural sciences. Hence the low position of the London School of Economics, caused primarily by its citations score, is a result not of the output of an outstanding institution but the database and the fact that the LSE does not have the counterweight of a large natural science base.
However, in 2015, QS's introduction of faculty area normalization ensured that QS's rankings no longer conferred an undue advantage or disadvantage upon any institution based on their particular subject specialisms. Correspondingly, the London School of Economics rose from 71st in 2014 to 35th in 2015 and 37th in 2016.[41]
Since the split from Times Higher Education in 2009, further concerns about the methodology QS uses for its rankings have been brought up by several experts.
In October 2010, criticism of the old system came from Fred L. Bookstein, Horst Seidler, Martin Fieder and Georg Winckler in the journal Scientomentrics for the unreliability of QS's methods:
Several individual indicators from the Times Higher Education Survey (THES) data base the overall score, the reported staff-to-student ratio, and the peer ratings—demonstrate unacceptably high fluctuation from year to year. The inappropriateness of the summary tabulations for assessing the majority of the "top 200" universities would be apparent purely for reason of this obvious statistical instability regardless of other grounds of criticism. There are far too many anomalies in the change scores of the various indices for them to be of use in the course of university management.[7]
In an article for the New Statesman entitled "The QS World University Rankings are a load of old baloney", David Blanchflower, a leading labour economist, said: "This ranking is complete rubbish and nobody should place any credence in it. The results are based on an entirely flawed methodology that underweights the quality of research and overweights fluff... The QS is a flawed index and should be ignored." [42]
However, Martin Ince,[12] chair of the Advisory Board for the Rankings, points out that their volatility has been reduced since 2007 by the introduction of the Z-score calculation method and that over time, the quality of QS's data gathering has improved to reduce anomalies. In addition, the academic and employer review are now so big that even modestly ranked universities receive a statistically valid number of votes. QS has published extensive data [43] on who the respondents are, where they are, and the subjects and industries to which the academicians and employers respectively belong.
The QS Subject Rankings have been dismissed as unreliable by Brian Leiter, who points out that programmes which are known to be high quality, and which rank highly in the Blackwell rankings (e.g., the University of Pittsburgh) fare poorly in the QS ranking for reasons that are not at all clear.[44] However, the University of Pittsburgh was ranked in the number one position for Philosophy in the 2016 QS World University Rankings by Subject, while Rutgers University - another university that Leiter argued was given a strangely low ranking - was ranked number three in the world in the same ranking. An institution's score for each of QS's metrics can be found on the relevant ranking page, allowing those wishing to examine why an institution has finished in its final position to gain access to the scores that contributed to the overall rank.[45]
In an article titled The Globalisation of College and University Rankings and appearing in the January/February 2012 issue of Change magazine, Philip Altbach, professor of higher education at Boston College and also a member of the THE editorial board, said: "The QS World University Rankings are the most problematical. From the beginning, the QS has relied on reputational indicators for half of its analysis … it probably accounts for the significant variability in the QS rankings over the years. In addition, QS queries employers, introducing even more variability and unreliability into the mix. Whether the QS rankings should be taken seriously by the higher education community is questionable."[46]
Simon Marginson, professor of higher education at University of Melbourne and a member of the THE editorial board, in the article "Improving Latin American universities' global ranking" for University World News on 10 June 2012, said: "I will not discuss the QS ranking because the methodology is not sufficiently robust to provide data valid as social science." [47] QS's Intelligence Unit counter these criticisms by stating that "Independent academic reviews have confirmed these results to be more than 99% reliable".[48]
Results
| Institution | 2010/11[49] | 2011/12[50] | 2012/13[51] | 2013/14[52] | 2014/15[53] | 2015/16[54] | 2016/17[55] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Massachusetts Institute of Technology | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Stanford University | 13 | 11 | 15 | 7 | 7 | 3 | 2 |
| Harvard University | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 |
| University of Cambridge | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| California Institute of Technology | 9 | 12 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 5 | 5 |
| University of Oxford | 6 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 6 |
| University College London | 4 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 7 |
 Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich | 18 | 18 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 9 | 8 |
| Imperial College London | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 2 | 8 | 9 |
| University of Chicago | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 10 | 10 |
- For the rankings before 2010, see THE-QS World University Rankings.
Young Universities
QS also releases a list of QS Top 50 under 50 annually to rank universities which have been established for under 50 years. These institutions are judged based on their positions on the overall table of the previous year.[56] From 2015, QS's "'Top 50 Under 50" ranking was expanded to include the world's top 100 institutions under 50 years of age. In 2015, the table was topped by Nanyang Technological University of Singapore.[57]
Faculties and subjects
QS also ranks universities by academic discipline organized into 5 faculties, namely Arts & Humanities, Engineering & Technology, Life Sciences& Medicine, Natural Sciences and Social Sciences & Management. These annual rankings are drawn up on the basis of academic opinion, recruiter opinion and citations. In the 2016/17 QS World University Rankings by Subject, university performance is compared across 42 different subjects.[58]
| Art & Humanities | Engineering & Technology | Life Sciences & Medicine | Natural Sciences [note 2] | Social Sciences |
| Art & Design | Architecture & Built Environment | Agriculture & Forestry | Physics & Astronomy | Accounting & Finance |
| English Language & Literature | Chemical Engineering | Biological Sciences | Mathematics | Business & Management |
| History | Civil & Structural Engineering | Dentistry | Environmental Sciences | Communication & Media Studies |
| Linguistics | Computer Science & Information Systems | Medicine | Earth & Marine Sciences | Development Studies |
| Modern Languages | Electrical & Electronic Engineering | Nursing | Chemistry | Economics & Econometrics |
| Philosophy | Mechanical, Aeronautical & Manufacturing Engineering | Pharmacy & Pharmacology | Materials Sciences | Education |
| Performing Arts | Mineral and Mining Engineering | Psychology | Law | |
| Geography | Veterinary Science | Politics & International Studies | ||
| Sociology | ||||
| Statistics & Operational Research | ||||
| Archaeology | ||||
| Anthropology |
Regional rankings
Asia
In 2009, QS launched the QS Asian University Rankings or QS University Rankings: Asia in partnership with The Chosun Ilbo newspaper in Korea to rank universities in Asia independently. The eighth instalment, released for the 2016/17 academic year, ranks the 350 best universities in Asia, and is led by the National University of Singapore. [59]
These rankings use some of the same criteria as the world rankings, but there are changed weightings and new criteria. One addition is the criterion of incoming and outgoing exchange students. Accordingly, the performance of Asian institutions in the QS World University Rankings and the QS Asian University Rankings released in the same academic year are different from each other.[1]
| Institution | 2009[60] | 2010[61] | 2011[62] | 2012[63] | 2013[64] | 2014[65] | 2015[66] | 2016[67] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 National University of Singapore | 10 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
 The University of Hong Kong | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 |
| Nanyang Technological University | 14 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 10 | 7 | 4 | 3 |
| The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 4 |
 Tsinghua University | 15 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 11 | 5 |
 Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology | 7 | 13 | 11 | 7 | 6 | 2 | 3 | 6 |
| The City University of Hong Kong | 18 | 15 | 15 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 9 | 7 |
| The Chinese University of Hong Kong | 2 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 8 |
| Peking University | 10 | 12 | 13 | 6 | 5 | 8 | 7 | 9 |
| Seoul National University | 8 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 10 |
Latin America
The QS Latin American University Rankings or QS University Rankings: Latin America were launched in 2011. They use academic opinion (30%), employer opinion (20%), publications per faculty member, citations per paper, academic staff with a PhD, faculty/student ratio and web visibility (10 per cent each) as measures.[68]
The 2016/17 edition of the QS World University Rankings: Latin America ranks the top 300 universities in the region. The Universidade de São Paulo retained its status as the region's best university.[69]
BRICS
This set of rankings adopts 8 indicators to select the top 100 higher learning institutions in BRICS countries. Institutions in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan are not ranked here, leaving those in mainland China alone.
| Institution | 2013[70] | 2014[71] | 2015[72] | 2016[73] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tsinghua University | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Peking University | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Fudan University | 4 | 5 | 3 | 3 |
| University of Science and Technology of China | 6 | 4 | 6 | 4 |
| Shanghai Jiao Tong University | 6 | 8 | 6 | 5 |
 Indian Institute of Science Bangalore | - | - | 5 | 6 |
 Lomonosov Moscow State University | 3 | 3 | 4 | 7 |
| Nanjing University | 5 | 6 | 8 | 8 |
| Zhejiang University | 9 | 11 | 11 | 9 |
 University of São Paulo | 8 | 7 | 9 | 10 |
QS Stars
QS also offers universities an auditing service that provides in-depth information about institutional strengths and weaknesses. Called QS Stars, this service is separate from the QS World University Rankings. It involves a detailed look at a range of functions which mark out a modern university. Universities can get from one star to five, or Five Star Plus for the truly exceptional. The QS Stars audit process evaluates universities according to 50 different indicators. By 2016, 16 different universities worldwide had been awarded the maximum possible Five Star Plus rating.[74]
QS Stars ratings are derived from scores on eight criteria. They are:
- Research Quality
- Teaching Quality
- Graduate Employability
- University Infrastructure
- Internationalisation
- Innovation and knowledge transfer
- Third mission activity, measuring areas of social and civic engagement
- Special criteria for specific subjects
Stars is an evaluation system, not a ranking. About 100 institutions had opted for the Stars evaluation as of early 2013. In 2012, fees to participate in this program were $9850 for the initial audit and an annual license fee of $6850.[75]
Notes
- 1 2 3 Order shown in accordance with the latest result.
- ↑ The term "Natural Sciences" here actually refers to physical sciences since life sciences are also a branch of natural sciences.
References
- 1 2 "Asian University Rankings - QS Asian University Rankings vs. QS World University Rankings™".
The methodology differs somewhat from that used for the QS World University Rankings...
- ↑ "IREG Ranking Audit". IREG Observatory on Academic Ranking and Excellence. International Ranking Expert Group (IREG). Retrieved 14 September 2016.
- ↑ "University rankings: which world university rankings should we trust?". The Telegraph. 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
It is a remarkably stable list, relying on long-term factors such as the number of Nobel Prize-winners a university has produced, and number of articles published in Nature and Science journals. But with this narrow focus comes drawbacks. China's priority was for its universities to "catch up" on hard scientific research. So if you're looking for raw research power, it's the list for you. If you're a humanities student, or more interested in teaching quality? Not so much.
- ↑ Ariel Zirulnick. "New world university ranking puts Harvard back on top". The Christian Science Monitor.
Those two, as well as Shanghai Jiao Tong University, produce the most influential international university rankings out there
- ↑ Indira Samarasekera & Carl Amrhein. "Top schools don't always get top marks". The Edmonton Journal. Archived from the original on October 3, 2010.
There are currently three major international rankings that receive widespread commentary: The Academic World Ranking of Universities, the QS World University Rankings and the Times Higher Education Rankings.
- ↑ Philip G. Altbach (11 November 2010). "The State of the Rankings". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
The major international rankings have appeared in recent months — the Academic Ranking of World Universities, the QS World University Rankings, and the Times Higher Education World University Rankings (THE).
- 1 2 "Scientometrics, Volume 85, Number 1". SpringerLink. Retrieved 2010-09-16.
- ↑ "Methodology of QS rankings comes under scrutiny". www.insidehighered.com. Retrieved 2016-04-29.
- ↑ "Competition and controversy in global rankings - University World News". www.universityworldnews.com. Retrieved 2016-04-29.
- ↑ Lambert Review of Business-University Collaboration Archived October 19, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. (since archived)
- ↑ Princeton University Press, 2010
- 1 2 "Martin Ince Communications". Martin Ince Communications. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
- ↑ Mroz, Ann. "Leader: Only the best for the best". Times Higher Education. Retrieved 2010-09-16.
- ↑ Baty, Phil (2010-09-10). "Views: Ranking Confession". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved 2010-09-16.
- ↑ Labi, Aisha (2010-09-15). "Times Higher Education Releases New Rankings, but Will They Appease Skeptics?". The Chronicle of Higher Education. London, UK. Retrieved 2010-09-16.
- ↑ "QS World University Rankings: Methodology". QS (Quacquarelli Symonds). 2014. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
- ↑ "MS and MBA in USA". MS MBA in USA. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
- 1 2 "2011 Academic Survey Responses". Archived from the original on February 6, 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
- ↑ http://www.iu.qs.com/academic-survey-responses/
- ↑ QS Intelligence Unit | Faculty Student Ratio Archived October 12, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.. Iu.qs.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-12.
- 1 2 QS Intelligence Unit | Citations per Faculty Archived October 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.. Iu.qs.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-12.
- ↑ http://content.qs.com/qsiu/Faculty_Area_Normalization_-_Technical_Explanation.pdf
- ↑ Richard Holmes. "University Ranking Watch". Retrieved 31 May 2015.
- ↑ "Global university rankings and their impact,". "European University Association". Retrieved 3, September, 2012
- ↑ QS Intelligence Unit | Employer Reputation Archived October 12, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.. Iu.qs.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-12.
- ↑ http://www.iu.qs.com/university-rankings/ger/
- ↑ QS Intelligence Unit | International Indicators Archived October 24, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.. Iu.qs.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-12.
- ↑ Weale, Sally. "British universities slip down in global rankings". The Guardian. The Guardian. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
- ↑ Robinson, Julian. "American universities take the top THREE places in the world rankings: MIT crowned the best just ahead of Harvard and Stanford". The Daily Mail. The Daily Mail. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
- ↑ Kich, Martin. "U.S. Higher Education News for September 15, 2015". Academe Blog. Martin Kich. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
- ↑ Leach, Mark. "Higher Education Power List - 2016". WonkHe. WonkHe. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
- ↑ Flying high internationally Archived December 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ "Cambridge loses top spot to Massachusetts Institute of Technology". The Independent. 11 September 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
- ↑ Calderon, Angel. "How to boost your university's ranking position". University World News. University World News. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
- ↑ "2016 Academic Survey Responses". QS Intelligence Unit. QS Quacquarelli Symonds. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
- ↑ "Academic Reputation". QS Intelligence Unit. QS Quacquarelli Symonds. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
- ↑ Moran, Jack. "Top 200 universities in the world 2016: the global trends". The Guardian. The Guardian. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
- ↑ Holmes, Richard (2006-09-05). "So That's how They Did It". Rankingwatch.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2010-09-16.
- ↑ Response to Review of Strategic Plan by Peter Wills
- ↑ "Social sciences lose 1". Timeshighereducation.co.uk. 2007-11-16. Retrieved 2010-09-16.
- ↑ "Faculty Area Normalization – Technical Explanation" (PDF). QS Quacquarelli Symonds. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
- ↑ "The QS World University Rankings are a load of old baloney". Retrieved 31 May 2015.
- ↑ "QS Intelligence Unit - QS World University Rankings". Retrieved 31 May 2015.
- ↑ Leiter Reports: A Philosophy Blog: Guardian and "QS Rankings" Definitively Prove the Existence of the "Halo Effect". Leiterreports.typepad.com (2011-06-05). Retrieved on 2013-08-12.
- ↑ "QS World University Rankings by Subject 2016 - Philosophy". Top Universities. QS Quacquarelli Symonds. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
- ↑ Change Magazine - Taylor & Francis (13 January 2012). "Change Magazine - January-February 2012". Retrieved 31 May 2015.
- ↑ "Improving Latin American universities' global ranking - University World News". Retrieved 31 May 2015.
- ↑ "Academic Reputation". QS Intelligence Unit. QS Quacquarelli Symonds. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
- ↑ "QS World University Rankings (2010/11)". Archived from the original on April 3, 2011.
- ↑ "QS World University Rankings (2011/12)" (PDF).
- ↑ "QS World University Rankings (2012/13)".
- ↑ "QS World University Rankings (2013/14)".
- ↑ "QS World University Rankings (2014/15)".
- ↑ "QS World University Rankings (2015/16)".
- ↑ "QS World University Rankings (2016/17)".
- ↑ "QS Top 50 under 50". Quacquarelli Symonds. Retrieved 2013-07-07.
- ↑ "QS University Rankings: Top 50 Under 50 2015". TopUniversities.com. QS Quacquarelli Symonds. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
- 1 2 "QS World University Rankings by Subject 2016". Top Universities. QS Quacquarelli Symonds. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
- ↑ "QS University Rankings: Asia 2016". Top Universities. QS Quacquarelli Symonds. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
- ↑ "QS Asian University Rankings (2009)". Archived from the original on 16 January 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
- ↑ "QS Asian University Rankings (2010)". Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
- ↑ "QS Asian University Rankings (2011)". Archived from the original on 12 June 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
- ↑ "QS Asian University Rankings (2012)". Archived from the original on 2 June 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
- ↑ "QS Asian University Rankings (2013)".
- ↑ "QS Asian University Rankings (2014)".
- ↑ "QS Asian University Rankings (2015)".
- ↑ "QS Asian University Rankings (2016)".
- ↑ "Methodology (QS University Rankings – Latin America)". Quacquarelli Symonds. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
- ↑ "QS World University Rankings: Latin America". Top Universities. QS Quacquarelli Symonds. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
- ↑ "QS University Rankings: BRICS 2013". Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2015.
- ↑ "QS University Rankings: BRICS 2014". Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. 2014. Retrieved August 23, 2015.
- ↑ "QS University Rankings: BRICS 2015". Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. 2015. Retrieved August 23, 2015.
- ↑ "QS University Rankings: BRICS 2016". Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
- ↑ "QS Stars University Ratings". Top Universities. QS Quacquarelli Symonds.
- ↑ "Ratings at a Price for Smaller Universities". The New York Times. 30 December 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
External links
- QS Intelligence Unit Blog — blog on rankings and higher education from the team that compiles the QS World University Rankings
- Interactive maps comparing the QS World University Rankings with the Academic Ranking of World Universities and Times Higher Education rankings
