The Queen of Spades (opera)

The Queen of Spades
Opera by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Tchaikovsky with Nikolay and Medeya Figner, who sang the roles of Herman and Liza in the premiere in 1890
Native title	Russian: Пиковая дама (Pikovaya dama)
Librettist	Modest Tchaikovsky
Language	Russian
Based on	The Queen of Spades by Alexander Pushkin
Premiere	29 March 1890 Mariinsky Theatre, St. Petersburg

The Queen of Spades, Op. 68 (Russian: Пиковая дама, Pikovaya dama, French: La Dame de Pique )^[1] is an opera in 3 acts (7 scenes) by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky to a Russian libretto by the composer's brother Modest Tchaikovsky, based on a short story of the same name by Alexander Pushkin, but the plot was dramatically altered. The premiere took place in 1890 in St. Petersburg (at the Mariinsky Theatre), Russia.^[2]

Composition history

The management of the Imperial Theatre offered a commission to Tchaikovsky to write an opera based on the plot sketch by Ivan Vsevolozhsky in 1887/88. After turning it down initially, Tchaikovsky accepted it in 1889. Toward the end of that year, he met with the theatre's managers to discuss the material and sketch out some of the scenes.

He completed the full score of the opera in Florence in only 44 days.^[2] Later on, working with the tenor who was to perform the lead character's part, he created two versions of Herman’s aria in the seventh scene, using two different keys. The changes can be found in the proof sheets and inserts for the first and second editions of the printed version of the score.

While composing the music, Tchaikovsky actively edited the libretto, changing some of the text and adding his own lyrics to two arias.

Performance history

Herman, the lead character, sings in all seven scenes. This requires great skill and endurance of the performer. The part was written with the notable Russian tenor Nikolay Figner in mind, and he performed the role at the premiere. His wife Medea Mei-Figner created the role of Liza.

The composer himself took part in the preparation of the Saint Petersburg premiere. Critics gave rave reviews. Tchaikovsky later wrote, "Figner and the Saint Petersburg orchestra... have made true miracles."

The premiere's success was tremendous. The opera was just as successful at the Kiev premiere twelve days later. The Bolshoi Theatre premiere took place the following year. Tchaikovsky was extremely pleased with his effort.

St. Petersburg Premiere (World Premiere)

• Date: 19 December, (O.S. 7 December), 1890^[2]
• Place: Mariinsky Theatre, St. Petersburg
• Conductor: Eduard Nápravník
• Scene Designers: Vasilyev, Yanov, Levot, Ivanov, Andreyev
• Balletmaster: Marius Petipa

Kiev Premiere

• Date: 31 December (O.S. 19 December), 1890^[2]
• Place:
• Conductor: Iosif Pribik

Moscow Premiere

• Date: 4 November 1891^[3]
• Place: Bolshoi Theatre
• Conductor: Ippolit Al'tani
• Scene Designers: Karl Valts (Waltz), Lebedev
• Balletmasters: Marius Petipa, Lev Ivanov

Other Notable Performances

• 11 or 12 October 1892, Prague, first performance outside Russia; conducted by Adolf Čech in the presence of the composer (sung in Czech, trans. V. J. Novotný)^[4]
• 1902, first performance in Vienna, Vienna State Opera, conducted by Gustav Mahler^[5]
• 1904, Moscow, Bolshoi Theatre, conducted by Sergei Rachmaninoff^[6]
• 5 March 1910, Metropolitan Opera, New York City, first performance in the USA (in German), conducted by Gustav Mahler^[7]
• 29 May 1915, London, first performance in England (in Russian); starring Vladimir Rosing.^[8]

Roles

Role	Voice type	St. Petersburg premiere, 19 December (O.S. 7 December) 1890 (Conductor: Eduard Nápravník)	Kiev premiere, 31 December (O.S. 19 December) 1890 (Conductor: Iosif Pribik)	Bolshoy Theatre, Moscow premiere, 4 November 1891 (Conductor: Ippolit Al'tani)
Herman	tenor	Nikolay Figner	Mikhail Medvedev	Mikhail Medvedev
Count Tomsky	baritone	Ivan Melnikov	Nicolay Dementyev	Bogomir Korsov
Prince Yeletsky	baritone	Leonid Yakovlev	Ioakim Tartakov	Pavel Khokhlov
Chekalinsky	tenor	Vasilyev II	Alexander Davydov
Surin	bass	Yalmar Frey
Chaplitsky	tenor	Konstantin Kondaraki
Narumov	bass	Vladimir Sobolev		Ivan Matchinsky
Master of Ceremonies	tenor	Vasily Yefimov
Countess	mezzo-soprano	Marya Slavina	Marya Smirnova	Aleksandra Krutikova
Liza	soprano	Medea Mei-Figner	Aleksandra Matsulevich	Mariya Deysha-Sionitskaya
Polina	contralto	Mariya Dolina		Vera Gnucheva
Governess	mezzo-soprano	Maria-Wilhelmina Pilz (Pilts)
Masha	soprano	Yulya Yunosova
Boy-Commander	spoken
Prilepa	soprano	Olga Olgina
Milovzor	contralto	Nina Fridé (Friede)		Varvara Pavlenkova
Zlatogor	baritone	Aleksandr Klimov II		Aleksandr Strijevskiy
Chorus, silent roles: Nursemaids, governesses, wet-nurses, strollers, children, gamblers
Act 2 Intermezzo
Prilepa, or Chlöe	soprano
Milovzor, or Daphnis	contralto
Zlatogor, or Plutus	baritone
Chorus, silent roles: Cupid, Hymen, shepherds and shepherdesses

Note: The contralto roles of Milovzor and Polina and the baritone roles of Zlatogor and Tomsky can be performed by the same singers. Prilepa has occasionally been double cast with Liza, although Tchaikovsky did not approve of this doubling, unlike the others.^[9]

Synopsis

Time: The close of the 18th century

Place: St. Petersburg, Russia

Act 1

Scene 1

During the reign of Catherine the Great (1762–96), children are at play in St. Petersburg's Summer Garden pretending to be soldiers. Two officers — Tsurin and Chekalinsky — enter, the former complaining about his bad luck at gambling. They remark that another officer, Herman, seems obsessed with the gaming table but never bets, being frugal and methodical. Herman appears with Tomsky, who remarks that his friend hardly seems like his old self: is anything bothering him? Herman admits he is in love with a girl above his station whose name he does not even know. When Prince Yeletsky, an officer, strolls into the park, Chekalinsky congratulates him on his recent engagement. Yeletsky declares his happiness while Herman, aside, curses him enviously. Yeletsky points out his fiancée, Liza, who has just appeared with her grandmother, the old Countess. Catching sight of Herman, the two women note they have seen him before, staring at them with frightening intensity. Herman realizes that Liza is his unknown beloved. When Yeletsky and the women leave, Herman is lost in thought as the other officers discuss the Countess: known as the Queen of Spades and formerly as the Muskovite Venus, due to her beauty, she succeeded at gambling in her youth by trading amorous favors for the winning formula of Count St. Germain in Paris. Tomsky says only two men, her husband and, later on, her young lover, ever learned her secret, because she was warned by an apparition to beware a "third suitor" who would try to force it from her. Musing on the winning sequence of three cards, the others lightly suggest that such a combination would solve Herman's problems. Threatened by approaching thunder, all leave except Herman, who vows to learn the Countess' secret.

Scene 2

At home, Liza plays the spinet as she and her friend Pauline sing a duet about evening in the countryside. Their girlfriends ask to hear more, so Pauline launches into a sad ballad, followed by a dancelike song. As the merriment increases, Liza remains pensively apart. A Governess chides the girls for indulging in unbecoming folk dancing and asks the visitors to leave. Pauline, the last to go, urges Liza to cheer up; Liza replies that after a storm there is a beautiful night and asks the maid, Masha, not to close the French windows to the balcony. Alone, Liza voices her unhappiness with her engagement; she has been stirred by the romantic look of the young man in the park. To her shock, Herman appears on the balcony. Claiming he is about to shoot himself over her betrothal to another, he begs her to take pity on him. When the Countess is heard knocking, Liza hides Herman and opens the door to the old woman, who tells her to shut the windows and go to bed. After the Countess retires, Liza asks Herman to leave but is betrayed by her feelings and falls into his embrace.

Act 2

Scene 1

Not long afterward, at a masked ball, Herman's comrades comment on his obsession with the secret of the winning cards. Yeletsky passes with Liza, noting her sadness and reassuring her of his love. This is where the famous aria ya vas lublyu is sung. Herman receives a note from Liza, asking him to meet her later. Tsurin and Chekalinsky sneak up behind him with the intent of playing a joke on him, muttering he is the "third suitor" who will learn the Countess's secret, then melt into the crowd as Herman wonders whether he is hearing things. The master of ceremonies announces a tableau of shepherdesses. Liza slips Herman the key to her grandmother's room, saying the old woman will not be there the next day, but Herman insists on coming that very night. Thinking fate is handing him the Countess' secret, he leaves. The guests' attention turns to the imminent arrival of Catherine the Great, for which a polonaise by O. Kozlovsky is played and sung in greeting.

Scene 2

Herman slips into the Countess' room and looks in fascination at the portrait of Muskovite Venus and how their fates, he feels, are linked: one of them will die because of the other. He lingers too long before he can go to Liza's room and hears the Countess' retinue coming, so he conceals himself as the old lady approaches. The Countess deplores the manners of the day and reminisces about the better times of her youth, when she sang in Versailles "Je crains de lui parler la nuit" (Laurette's Aria) from André Grétry's opera Richard Cœur-de-Lion before the Pompadour herself. As she dozes off, Herman stands before her. She awakens in horror as he pleads with her to tell him her secret. When she remains speechless, he grows desperate and threatens her with a pistol — at which she dies of fright. Liza rushes in, only to learn that the lover to whom she gave her heart was more interested in the Countess's secret. She orders him out and falls sobbing.

Act 3

Scene 1

In his room at the barracks, as the winter wind howls, Herman reads a letter from Liza, who wants him to meet her at midnight by the river bank. He imagines he hears the chorus chanting at the old Countess' funeral, then is startled by a knock at the window. The old woman's ghost appears, announcing that against her will she must tell him the secret so that he can marry and save Liza. Dazed, Herman repeats the three cards — three, seven, ace.

Scene 2

By the Winter Canal, Liza waits for Herman: it is already near midnight, and though she clings to a forlorn hope that he still loves her, she sees her youth and happiness swallowed in darkness. At last he appears, but after uttering words of reassurance, he starts to babble wildly about the Countess and her secret. No longer even recognizing Liza, he rushes away. Realizing that all is lost, she commits suicide.

Scene 3

At a gambling house, Herman's fellow officers are finishing supper and getting ready to play faro. Yeletsky, who has not gambled before, joins the group because his engagement has been broken: "unlucky in love, lucky at cards." Tomsky entertains the others with a song. Then Chekalinsky leads a traditional gamblers' song. Settling down to play, they are surprised when Herman arrives, wild and distracted. Yeletsky senses a confrontation and asks Tomsky to be his second if a duel should result. Herman, intent only on betting, starts with a huge bet of 40,000 rubles. He bets the three and wins, upsetting the others with his maniacal expression. Next he bets the seven and wins again. At this he takes a wine glass and declares that life is but a game. Yeletsky accepts his challenge to bet on the next round. Herman bets everything he has on the ace but when he shows his card he is told he is holding the queen of spades. Seeing the Countess' ghost laughing at her vengeance, Herman takes his own life and asks Yeletsky's and Liza's forgiveness. The others pray for his tormented soul.

Principal arias and numbers

Act 1

Aria: "I don't even know her name" «Я имени ее не знаю»(Ya imyeni yeyo nye znayu) (Herman)

Aria: "Once in Versailles (Three Cards)" «Однажды в Версале (Три Карты)» (Odnazhdï v Versalye) (Tomsky)

Arioso: "Why these tears" «Откуда эти слëзы» (Otkuda eti slyozï) (Liza)

Aria: "Forgive me, celestial creature" «Прости, небесное созданье» (Prosti, nyebesnoye sozdanye) (Herman)

Act 2

Aria: "I love you beyond measure" «Я вас люблю» (Ya vas lyublyu) (Yeletsky)

Aria: "Je crains de lui parler la nuit" (in French) (Countess)

Act 3

Arioso: "I am worn out by grief" «Ax! истoмилacь я гopeм» (Akh! istomilas ya goryem) (Liza)

Song: "If pretty girls could fly like birds" «Если б милые девицы» (Yesli b milïye dyevitsï) (Tomsky)

Aria: "What is our life? A game!" «Что наша жизнь? Игра!» (Shto nasha zhizn? Igra!) (Herman)

Instrumentation

Source: Tchaikovsky Research

• Strings: Violins I, Violins II, Violas, Cellos, Double Basses
• Woodwinds: Piccolo, 2 Flutes, 2 Oboes, Cor Anglais, 2 Clarinets (B-flat, A), Bass Clarinet (B-flat), 2 Bassoons
• Brass: 4 Horns (F), 2 Trumpets (B-flat, A), 3 Trombones, Tuba
• Percussion: Timpani, Snare Drum, Bass Drum
• Other: Harp, Piano

In popular culture

"Life is but a game" (Russian: «Что наша жизнь? Игра!» (Shto nasha zhizn? Igra!), literally, "What is our life? A game!") a quote from Act 3 of the opera, became a proverb in Russian. What? Where? When?, a trivia game and one of the most popular TV-shows in Russia and former Soviet countries, starts with a musical quotation from the opera, Herman singing the phrase "Life is but a game."

Recordings

• 1974- Melodia - Mark Ermler (conductor), The Bolshoi Theatre Soloists, Chorus and Orchestra.
• 1976- Deutsche Grammophon - Mstislav Rostropovitch (conductor), Orchestre National de France, Choeur Tchaikovsky, Maitrise de Radio France, Bernd Weikl (Yeletsky), Regina Resnik (Countess), Galina Vishnevskaya (Liza), Dan Iordachescu (Tomsky), Hanna Schwartz (Pauline), Peter Gougaloff Herman
• 1993- Philips Records - Valery Gergiev (conductor), Kirov Theater Orchestra and Chorus, Vladimir Chernov (Yeletsky), Irina Arkhipova (Countess), Maria Guleghina (Liza), Nikolai Putilin (Tomsky), Olga Borodina (Polina), Gegam Grigorian (Herman)^[10]

References

Notes

1. The Pique Dame title, while derived from French, had its origin in German-speaking countries and is now also used in English. It is popularly assumed to be the French title. However, the actual French title is Dame de Pique. See Latham (2004) p. 133.
2. Poznansky, pg. 138
3. Poznansky, pg. 139
4. Brown, pg. 232
5. Rzhevsky, pg. 153
6. Harrison, pg. 114
7. Richard Aldrich (February 27, 1910). "First Production of a Tschaikowsky Opera in America this Week". The New York Times.
8. Lascelles, pg. 813
9. Boris Gasparov, Five Operas and a Symphony, p. 147
10. Tommasini, pg. 230

Sources

• Brown, Brown (1992). Tchaikovsky: The final years, 1885-1893. New York City: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-03099-7.
• Harrison, Max (2005). Rachmaninoff: Life, Works, Recordings. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8264-9312-5.
• Lascelles, George (1954). The New Kobbé's Complete Opera Book. London: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
• Latham, Alison (2004). Oxford Dictionary Of Musical Works. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-198-61020-5
• Poznansky, Alexander (1999). Tchaikovsky Through Others' Eyes. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-33545-6.
• Rzhevsky, Nicholas (2005). An Anthology of Russian Literature From Earliest Writings to Modern Fiction. New York: M. E. Sharpe. ISBN 0-7656-1246-1.
• Tommasini, Anthony (2004). Opera: A Critic's Guide to the 100 Most Important Works and the Best Recordings. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 0-8050-7459-7.

External links

• Пиковая дама: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
• Tchaikovsky Research