Racism in sport in Australia

Racism in sport in Australia has a long history as stated by the Australian Human Rights Commission (AHRC). In 2006, the AHRC published the report What's the score? A survey of cultural diversity and racism and it stated that:

'Racism in sport is a complex problem. It can include: racism, discrimination, harassment or vilification by players directed at other players; by spectators directed at players; or racist behaviour among rival spectator groups which spill over into disruptions and violence in the stands. It also includes the actions of sporting officials and coaches, as well as media commentators.^[1]

Sport historian Colin Tatz in his research into indigenous athletes stated that: they’re Australians when they’re winning, and Aborigines at other times in summarising the history of racism in Australian sport.^[1]

Background

Tatz in his book Obstacle race: aborigines in sport (1995) traces racism in Australia sport back to the 1800s.^[2] Since the 1990s there have been numerous racial vilification cases reported in the Australian media. This is due to the increase in indigenous athletes participating in Australian Football League (AFL)^[3] and National Rugby League (NRL) and national sports organisations introducing rules to facilitate racial vilification cases.

In 1995, the Australian Football League introduced Rule 30: A Rule to Combat Racial and Religious Vilification on 30 June 1995 as a result of the shortcomings in the Michael Long's racial vilification case against Damian Monkhorst.^[4] The Rule stated that: no player ... shall act towards or speak to any other person in a manner, or engage in any other conduct which threatens, disparages, vilifies or insults another person ... on the basis of that person’s race, religion, colour, descent or national or ethnic origin.^[5]

The AFL's rule was the first racial vilification code in Australia sport. The AFL lead the way with its code and subsequently most major national sports organisations introduced their own rules.^[6]

These voluntary sporting rules of conduct mirror Racial Discrimination Act 1975 and the Racial Hatred Act 1995 Section 18 C.(1) that: It is unlawful for a person to do an act, otherwise than in private, if:
(a) the act is reasonably likely, in all the circumstances, to offend, insult, humiliate or intimidate another person or a group of people; and
(b) the act is done because of the race, colour or national or ethnic origin of the other person or of some or all of the people in the group. to offend, insult, humiliate or intimidate another person or group of people because of their race, colour, or ethnic or national origin. ^[7]

The AFL has been seen to take leadership in the battle against racism in sport through showcasing an Indigenous Round each year and Dreamtime at the 'G.^[8] The NRL has an Indigenous Round and there is an annual game with the Indigenous All Stars.^[9]

The Play by the Rules website established in 2001 provides a wide range of resources in racism in sport to assist administrators, coaches, officials, players and parents.^[10] In 2012, the AHRC launched a Racism. It Stops with Me, a community awareness campaign aimed to empower Australians to counter racial prejudice and discrimination. All the major sports organisations – Australian Football League, National Rugby League, Australian Rugby Union, Football Federation of Australia, Cricket Australia, Netball Australia and Tennis Australia have become part of this campaign.^[6] A television advertisement was produced that included indigenous and non-indigenous athletes.^[11]

Sports

Listed below are cases related to racial vilification in Australian sport. In several of the cases, there was no racial vilification proved. The list concentrates on cases at the elite level of sport relating to athletes, spectators and commentators but there is anecdotal evidence of racism in community sport. These cases consequently received wide media coverage. There appears an increase in cases related to fans either at sporting events or through social media.

Athletics

• 1888 – White sprinters refused to run against indigenous runners in the Sheffield Handicap held at Thargomindah, Queensland. The boycott resulted in an Aborigines-only race being held.^[2]
• 1903 – Queensland Amateur Athletic Association attempted to disbar all aborigines from athletics due to them lacking moral character and lacking intelligence. Australian Amateur Athletic Association rejected this discrimination attempt.^[2]
• 2012 – John Steffensen claimed that an Athletics Australia official called him a "nigger" and "jungle bunny' at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Steffensen's complaint came after was not selected to run the individual 400 m at the 2012 London Olympics. Athletics Australia and the Australian Olympic Committee rejected the claim and stated that Steffensen should have made a complaint at Beijing Olympics.^[12][13]

Australian football League

• 1927 – Doug Nicholls tried out to play for Carlton Football Club but was rejected because of his colour and his smell. Five years later Fitzroy Football Club enlisted his services.^[1][2][14]
• 1960–1990 – Several indigenous players including Carlton's Syd Jackson, North Melbourne's Phil and Jim Krakouer and Footscray's Michael McLean have stated that they were the target of racial slurs by opposition players and spectators^[15][16] There is evidence that the Krakouer brothers were suspended for retaliating against racial abuse on the field.^[14] West Coast Eagles players Chris Lewis and Troy Ugle during their career received hate mail and death threats and were provided with counselling.^[14]
• 1993 – St Kilda indigenous player Nicky Winmar was racially vilified by the Collingwood supporters during an AFL game at Victoria Park, Melbourne. At the end of the game, Winmar lifted his shirt and pointed to his skin and declared "I'm black and I'm proud to be black". This became an iconic image of racism in Australian sport.^[17] Allan McAlister, Collingwood's President commented that Winmar and his team mate Gilbert McAdam would be respected "as long as they conducted themselves like white people on and off the field".^[2][14]
• 1995 – Essendon player Michael Long accused Collingwood's Damian Monkhorst of a racial taunt during the first Anzac Day match at Melbourne Cricket Ground. Long was not satisfied with the outcome of an AFL organised mediation session. However, this case led to the AFL introducing Rule 30: A Rule to Combat Racial and Religious Vilification on 30 June 1995.
• 1995 – Greg Williams, a Carlton player, unreservedly apologised to West Coast Eagles Chris Lewis for racially abusing him during a match at Subiaco Oval. Lewis accepted the apology.^[18]
• 1997 – Collingwood's Robbie Ahmat claimed he was racially vilified by Essendon's Michael Prior. Prior claimed that Ahmat misheard him and he did not vilify Ahmat.^[19][20][21]
• 1997 – Western Bulldogs player Todd Curley allegedly racially vilified Melbourne's David Cockatoo-Collins. Curley was cleared of any offence.^[22]
• 1999 – Peter Everitt, a St Kilda player racially abused Melbourne's Scott Chisholm after kicking a goal in the Round 2 match at Waverley Park. Everritt donated $20,000 to a charity of Chisholm's choice, undertook self-imposed four-match suspension including the loss of match payments and undertook a racial awareness training program. Everitt publicly apologised to Chisholm and his family and to the Aboriginal community.^[23]
• 2011 – Justin Sherman, a Western Bulldogs player was banned for four games for racially vilifying an unnamed Gold Coast Suns player. Sherman was ordered to attend an education program and pay $5000 to a charity chosen by the Suns. He spent four weeks in the VFL while serving his AFL suspension.^[23]
• 2011 – There were several reported incidents of spectator racial abuse. North Melbourne Football Club's Majak Daw was racially abused by a spectator at a VFL game and Hawthorn Football Club's Lance Franklin was also racially abused by a fan at an AFL match in Launceston.^[23]
• 2012 – AFL's national community engagement manager Jason Misfud claimed that Adelaide Football Club recruitment manager Matthew Rendell suggested that clubs may adopt a policy of only recruiting Aboriginal players with at least one white parent. Rendell resigned as a result of the controversy regarding his comments. He apologised for his comments but believed they were taken out of context.^[24]

Adam Goodes, indigenous Sydney Swans player

• 2013 – Adam Goodes, a Sydney Swans player in a match against Collingwood Magpies at Melbourne Cricket Ground during the AFL's Indigenous Round was called an ape by a 13-year-old Collingwood supporter. Upon hearing the abuse, Goodes pointed the girl out to security and she was ejected from the stadium.^[25] Goodes stated he was gutted by the comments but stated that: "People need to get around her. She's 13, she's uneducated." ^[25] Goodes subsequently was criticised by several commentators for pillaring a 13-year-old girl.^[26]
• 2014 – a 70-year-old man received a penalty notice for offensive behaviour after allegedly making racists comments about Sydney Swans players Lance Franklin and Adam Goodes during a match against Western Bulldogs at Etihad Stadium. The man was reported to police by other spectators.^[27]
• 2014 – Majak Daw, a North Melbourne Kangaroos player was racially abused in a match against Hawthorn at Aurora Stadium, Launceston. The male spectator was evicted from the ground.^[28]
• 2014 – Nic Naitanui, a West Coast Eagles player was racially abused three times by the Vinh Phuc Nguyen on Twitter. Nguyen pleaded guilty to three counts of using a carriage service to menace, harass or cause offence. He was banned from contacting the Naitanui or other West Coast Eagles players and creating a Twitter account.^[29][30]
• 2015 – Adam Goodes during matches played outside Sydney was constantly booed by spectators. It was suggested that Goodes was booed as a result of an incident in 2013 with a 13-year-old girl who called him an ape, comments made during his 2014 Australian of the Year award and the way he plays and stages for free kicks.^[31][32] After the match between the Sydney Swans and the West Coast Eagles at Domain Stadium, Goodes stepped down from playing as he believed the sustained booing had racist overtones. Whilst there were several commentators arguing that the booing was not due to racism, the AFL community including clubs and players and political and community leaders stated that the booing had cease as it was racist.

Boxing

• 1890s – Peter Jackson, who was born in the West Indies but adopted Australia as his country, was discriminated in the United States with several boxers including Jim Corbett and John L. Sullivan refusing to fight coloured men.^[2]

Cricket

Indigenous fast bowler Eddie Gilbert

• 1900–1930 – Several researchers have suggested that indigenous cricketers Eddie Gilbert, Jack Marsh and Albert Henry were discriminated because of their race by Australian cricket selectors.^[1][33]
• 2003 – Australia batsman Darren Lehmann was banned for five one-day games for yelling a "racially motivated obscenity" after he was run out during victory over Sri Lanka in the VB Triangular Series in Adelaide.^[34]
• 2006 – International Cricket Board investigated racial taunts by Australian cricket crowds at black members of the South African team during tour of Australia 2005–2006.^[1][35]
• 2008 – Indian cricketer Harbhajan Singh allegedly called Andrew Symonds a 'monkey' during a Test match in Australia. Singh was handed a three-Test ban for racial abuse but this was made void on appeal.^[17]

Football

• 2008 – South Korean-born Lee Corey, a referee, abandoned a South Australian State League fixture between NAB and Port Pirie-based Northern Demons at thelstone Reserve due to numerous racial taunts by spectators.^[36]
• 2012 – Adelaide United fan was banned for two years after racially abusing [Paul Ifill] from the Wellington Phoenix at Hindmarsh Stadium. The fan was found to have breached the Football Federation of Australia (FFA) Spectator Code of Behaviour. A member of the public identified the fan.^[37]
• 2014 – Ali Abbas Al-Hilfi , a Sydney FC player, alleged that Western Sydney Wanderers FC striker Brendon Santalab racially vilified him during a match at Allianz Stadium. The FFA Disciplinary Committee dropped the charges of racial vilification against Santalab, citing a lack of evidence and the possibility that Abbas may have misheard the comments made. Abbas was disappointed with the outcome.^[38]

Hockey

• 1993 – Nova Peris, gold medallist at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics has stated she encountered racial abuse during the National Championships.^[17]

Rugby league

• 1980s – Olsen Filipaina, a New Zealand international, revealed he was racially abused when he started playing professional rugby league in Australia.^[39]
• 1997 – Chris Caruana, a North Sydney Bears player was fined, dropped from first grade and told to publicly apology after allegations that he racially vilified Newcastle Knights player Owen Craigie.^[40][41]
• 1998 – Barry Ward, a Canterbury Bulldogs player was fined $10,000 after a complaint by St George Dragons players Anthony Mundine and Robbie Simpson that Mundine was racially abused by Ward.^[40]
• 2002 – Chris Anderson, coach of the Cronulla Sharks was criticised for making the following comment regarding indigenous player Preston Campbell: "If Preston wasn't black it wouldn't have created the media kerfuffle that it has."^[21][42]
• 2005 – Bryan Fletcher, the South Sydney Rabbitohs captain gave Dean Widders, an indigenous player with Parramatta Eels a verbal racist spray in an NRL game at Parramatta Stadium. Fletcher was sacked as captain, suspended for one game and fined $10,000. Fletcher was also required to help Widders with his work in the Aboriginal community. Widders accepted Fletcher's apology.^[1][43]
• 2007 – Anthony Mundine, a former St George Dragons player and Nathan Merritt, a South Sydney Rabbitohs player claimed racism was behind them not being selected in representative teams. Geoff Carr, NSW Rugby League general manager, disputed the claim by highlighting several players from different racial backgrounds – Hazem El Masri, Jarryd Hayne, Preston Campbell and Amos Roberts being selected.^[44]
• 2008 – Sper Vega, a spectator at a match between Parramatta Eels and Brisbane Broncos at Parramatta Stadium, was banned for five years for calling Petero Civoniceva "a monkey.^[45]
• 2010 – Timana Tahu walked out of the New South Wales State of Origin camp after alleging that assistant coach Andrew Johns had racially vilified Queensland star Greg Inglis in a team meeting. Johns denied making the comments but stepped down from the team.^[17]
• 2013 – Greg Inglis, the high-profile rugby league player and proud supporter of the Australian Human Rights Commission's Racism. It Stops With Me campaign, was the target of cyber racism.^[46]
• 2014 – Ben Barba, a Brisbane Broncos player was subjected to racial abuse on Instagram. The offender was a Country Rugby League (CRL) player who was banned from participating in rugby league activities until he completed a cultural awareness program.^[47]

Rugby union

• 2005 – Justin Harrison playing for the New South Wales Waratahs admitted to a racial slur against Cats winger Chumani Booithen during a Super 12 match.^[48] He was given a three game suspension.^[17]

Tennis

• 1980 – Before Evonne Goolagong-Cawley's 1980 Wimbledon Championships final, an unnamed Australian Premier stated that he hoped that she "wouldn't go walkabout like some old boong."^[2]
• 2001 – Lleyton Hewitt was involved in a racism dispute whilst playing James Blake at the 2001 US Open. During the match, a black linesman twice foot-faulted Hewitt on crucial points in the third set and Hewitt asked the Swiss umpire Andreas Egli to remove the linesman. Hewitt said: " Look at him (the linesman) and tell me what the similarity is (beckoning towards Blake)". Hewitt said: "I don't think I said anything racial out there. It was a conversation between me and the umpire".^[49][50]
• 2009 – Brydan Klein racially abused South African Raven Klaasen by calling him a kaffir at a match at Eastbourne, England. Klein apologised and said: "It was not my intention to racially vilify my opponent or cause offence to anybody else and I am deeply embarrassed that I behaved in this manner. I deeply regret my serious error in judgment in using this word and I am very sorry for the offence this has caused." Klein was suspended by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) and the Australian Institute of Sport for six months and fined $14,000. He was also required to complete a racial sensitivity training course approved by the ATP. He later fined an additional $10,000 by the ATP.^[51][52][53]

Sports Commentators

• 1999 – Sam Newman appeared on Nine Network's Footy Show in blackface to impersonate Nicky Winmar, who was unable to appear on the show due to car trouble.^[17]
• 2005 – Rex Hunt apologised to Collingwood's Leon Davis for his commentary that: "Neon Leon hasn't lit up tonight, he's as black as a dog's..." during Collingwood's match against Essendon Football Club.^[54]
• 2006 – Dean Jones, a former Australian test cricketer, was sacked by Ten Sports, after saying on live television that: "the terrorist has got another wicket" after South African cricketer Hashim Amla, a devout Muslim, took the catch to dismiss Sri Lankan Kumar Sangakkara during the fourth test in Colombo. Jones apologised for the comment and said: "It was a silly and completely insensitive thing to say and, obviously, it was never supposed to be heard over the air. I am truly sorry to have caused offence to anybody and the last thing I intended was to be disrespectful." '^[55]
• 2010 – Mal Brown, a former Australian rules player, apologised for referring to aboriginal AFL players as "cannibals" and that he could not select Nicky Winmar or Michael Mitchell because "there were no lights" at the poorly lit Whitten Oval during a promotion for the E. J. Whitten Legends Game. The comments prompted AFL CEO Andrew Demetriou to express his disgust.^[56][57]
• 2013 – Eddie McGuire, Collingwood President and media commentator, apologised to Adam Goodes after suggesting Goodes be used to promote the musical King Kong. McGuire said "I'm happy to stand here in front of everybody, in front of the country, and say we do not stand for racial vilification. I let myself down because I had a slip of the tongue."^[58]
• 2013 – The ABC's rugby league commentator David Morrow apologised for a racist remark whilst broadcasting St George-Manly match at Jubilee Oval. Morrow, who did not believe he was on-air at the time, joked about the difficulty of seeing dark-skinned people at night. His comment: "Dats da only way you can tell when there’s anyone there, it’s when dey smile".^[59]
• 2014 – The ABC's rugby league commentator Warren Ryan was alleged to say "a line in a movie where the old darky says, someone says, 'quittin' time" calling the game between Sydney Roosters and Canterbury Bulldogs. Fellow broadcaster David Morrow was stood down and Ryan resigned. Ryan stated that: "The word used to describe the character was a direct quote from the film. There was no offence intended, so I won't be apologising. It would be insincere."^[60]

See also

• Racism in sport
• List of Australian sports controversies
• Sport in Australia
• List of Indigenous Australian sportspeople

References

1. Oliver, Paul (2006). What's the score? A survey of cultural diversity and racism (PDF). Sydney: Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission. pp. 7–11. ISBN 0642270015.
2. Tatz, Colin (1995). Onstacle race : aboriginesw in sport. Sydney: UNSW Press. ISBN 0868403490.
3. Evans, John; et al. (2005). "Indigenous Participation in Australian Sport: The Perils of the 'Panacea' Proposition". Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal. 7 (1). Retrieved 5 August 2015.
4. Gardiner, Greg (1997). "Racial abuse and football : Australian Football League's Racial Vilification Rule in Review" (PDF). Sporting Traditions. 14 (1): 3–26. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
5. McNamara, Lawrence (2000). "Tackling Racial Hatred: Conciliation, Reconciliation and Football". Australian Journal of Human Rights. 6 (2). Retrieved 10 August 2015.
6. Soutphommasane, Tim Soutphommasane. "Australian sport and racial vilification". Australian Human Rights Commission News, 24 October 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
7. "Racial Hatred Act 1995". Australian Government Com Law website. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
8. Klugman, Matthew; et al. (17 April 2013). "The racist abuse suffered by Nicky Winmar is rare in footy now, but AFL culture is still bedevilled by assumptions of black inferiority". The Age. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
9. Walter, Brad (6 August 2015). "From Arthur Beetson to the modern-day stars: Why the NRL's Indigenous Round is worth celebrating". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
10. "Racism in sport". Play by the Rules website. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
11. "Racism. It Stops With Me sport advert has timely launch". Australian Human Rights Commission News, 25 May 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
12. Knight, Ben (27 July 2012). "Athletics Australia can't ignore discrimination claims". Australian Broadcasting Corporation News. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
13. Lane, Sam (25 July 2012). "Steffensen had only to raise alarm, says AOC". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
14. Gorman, Sean (2010). "Sporting Chance: Indigenous Participation". Cosmopolitan Civil Societies Journal. 2 (2): 12–22.
15. McNamara, Lawrence. "On the field and off the field : sport and racial hatred". Australian Human Rights Commission website. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
16. Gorman, Sean (1969). Brotherboys: the story of Jim and Phillip Krakouer. Allen & Unwin: Sydney. ISBN 1-74114-595-3.
17. Coletta, Frank (29 July 2015). "From Peter Norman at the 1968 Olympics to Nicky Winmar's black pride protest and Dawn Fraser's racist comments: The moments in Australian sport when race has become bigger than the game". Daily Mail. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
18. "Williams apologises for racist remark". Canberra Times. 31 August 1995. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
19. Epstein, Jackie (19 April 2009). "Robbie Ahmat on Anzac Day". Courier Mail. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
20. "Anzac Day Heroes and Villains". Sportal website. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
21. Hagan, Stephen (2006). Australia's blackest sporting moments: the top 100. Darling Heights, Queensland: Ngalga Warralu Publishing. ISBN 1-921212-00-4.
22. Gibbs, Stephen (26 March 2005). "Harrison has run his race". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
23. Cooper, Adam (27 June 2011). "Sherman banned over racist abuse". The Age. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
24. Rucci, Michangelo (16 March 2012). "Adelaide recruiter Matt Rendell quits over racism row". Herald Sun. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
25. Windley, Matt (25 May 2013). "Adam Goodes 'gutted' after 13-year-old girl's racial slur, who called the Sydney champion today to apologise". Herald Sun. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
26. "AFL taunts at Adam Goodes reignite racism row". BBC News. 29 July 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
27. "Police cheer sports fans who dob in racist, homophobic spectators". The Age. 31 March 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
28. "Majak Daw abuse: 'Everyone can do something to stop racism'". Australian Human Rights Commission News. 24 February 2014. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
29. Robertson, Katie (11 April 2014). "Nic Naitanui 'Twitter abuser' 'banned' from social media attacks, contacting AFL star". Perth Now. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
30. Clarke, Tim (1 May 2014). "Guilty plea likely for racist tweets". The West Australian. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
31. Flannagan, Martin (4 October 2014). "Why do footy crowds boo Adam Goodes?". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
32. Adair, Darryl (1 August 2015). "Man up? I see a man down: booing and being Adam Goodes". The Conversation. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
33. Whimpress, Bernard (December 1992). "Few and far between : prejudice and discimination among Aborigines in Australian first class cricket 1869–1988" (PDF). Journal of the Anthropolocal Society of South Australia. 30 (1–2): 57–71. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
34. Knox, Malcolm (20 January 2003). "Wake up Australia, racism is a problem". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
35. "Racism shames nation: Cricket Australia". The Age. 31 January 2006. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
36. Migliaccio, Val (28 July 2008). "Referee race abuse furore". The Advertiser.
37. "Adelaide United fan who racially abused Paul Ifill banned for two years". News.com.au. 24 December 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
38. Smithies, Tom (10 April 2014). "FFA's independent Disciplinary Committee dismisses Brendon Santalab's racism charge". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
39. Holt, Monica (6 July 2003). "Tough times for Filipaina". Sunday Star-Times.
40. Walter, Brad (25 May 2009). "Players call for action on slurs". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
41. Walter, Brad (27 March 2004). "Langmack, Craigie to meet over racial abuse claim". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
42. Weidler, Danny (21 July 2002). "Race talk riles Preston". Sun Herald. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
43. Pritchard, Greg (5 July 2005). "Toughest sentence: Fletcher must say sorry to teammates". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
44. AAP (1 May 2007). "Merritt, Mundine say omission racist". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
45. "Petero Civoniceva speaks out on monkey racism slur". Daily Telegraph. 10 July 2008. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
46. "Greg Inglis targeted by social media slurs". Australian Human Rights Commission News, 25 May 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
47. "WA Equal Opportunity Commissioner Allanah Lucas condemns racist abuse aimed at AFL's Nic Naitanui". Australian Broadcasting Corporation News. 15 March 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
48. "Harrison apologises for racist taunt". The Telegraph. 16 March 2005. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
49. Harman, Neil (1 September 2001). "US Open: Crowd chide `racist' Hewitt". The Telegraph. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
50. "Hewitt caught in race row". BBC News. 1 September 2001. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
51. Pearce, Linda (21 May 2013). "Angry young man disappoints". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
52. Schlink, Leo (20 June 2009). "Brydan Klein embarrassed by his racial slur". Herald Sun. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
53. "Australian Brydan Klein given six-month ban for racist abuse". Reuters India. 9 July 2009. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
54. Hogan, Jesse (19 July 2005). "Hunt apologises for racial 'stuff up'". The Age. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
55. "Dean Jones sacked after 'terrorist' remark". ESPNcricinfo, 7 August 2006. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
56. "AFL figure sorry for 'cannibal' remark – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)". Abc.net.au. 17 June 2010. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
57. "Relationship will stay strong: Mifsud". Afl.com.au. 17 June 2010. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
58. "Eddie McGuire apologises to Adam Goodes for King Kong comment but will not resign". ABC News. 29 May 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
59. "ABC rugby league caller David Morrow sorry for 'racist' remark". The Australian. 9 May 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
60. Proszenko, Adrian (7 June 2014). "Warren Ryan quits ABC job over racism row". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 10 August 2015.

Further reading

Books

• Tatz, Colin (1987), Aborigines in sport, A.S.S.H. Studies in Sports History: No. 3
• Tatz, Colin (1995), Obstacle race : aborigines in sport, Sydney, UNSW Press.
• Oliver, Paul (2006), What’s the score? A survey of cultural diversity and racism, Sydney, Australian Human Rights Commission.
• Hagan, Stephen (2006), Australia's blackest sporting moments : the top 100, Darling Heights, Qld, Ngalga Warralu Publishing.
• Klugmann, Matthew and Osmond, Gary (2013), Black and proud: the story of an iconic AFL photo. Sydney, NewSouth Books

Articles

• Nadel, Dave (1993), Aborigines and Australian Football: the rise and fall of the Purnim Bears, Sporting Traditions 9 (2) 47–63
• McNamara, Lawrence (2000), Tackling racial hatred: conciliation, reconciliation and football, Australian Journal of Human Rights, 6 (2)
• Warren, Ian and Tsousis, Spiros (1997), Racism and law in Australian Rules football, Sporting Traditions 14 (1) 27–53.
• Gardiner, Greg (2007), Racial abuse and football, Sporting Traditions 14 (1) 3–25.
• Alomes, Stephen (2009), Correct weight? analysing Australian Football through a derivative global cultural cringe model Football Studies V9(2) 5–21.
• Gorman, Sean (2010), chance: indigenous participation in Australian sport history, Cosmopolitan Civil Societies Journal, 2(2) 12–22

Websites

• Racism in sport toolkit, Play by the Rules website
• Australian Football League Reconciliation Action Plan 2014–2016
• Many stories, one goal – supporting indigenous players, AFL Players Association.