Rail subsidies

Many countries offer subsidies to their railways because of the social and economic benefits that it brings. Those countries usually also fund or subsidize road construction, and therefore effectively subsidize road transport as well. Rail subsidies vary in both size and how they are distributed, with some countries funding the infrastructure and others funding trains and their operators, while others have a mixture of both. Subsidies can be used for either investment in upgrades and new lines, or to keep lines running that would otherwise be unprofitable.

Rail subsidies are largest in Europe (€73 billion) and China ($130 billion), while the United States has relatively small subsidies for passenger rail and freight is not subsidized at all.

Social and economic benefits of rail

Japanese Shinkansen

Railways channel growth toward dense city agglomerations and along their arteries, as opposed to highway expansion, indicative of the U.S. transportation policy, which incents development of suburbs at the periphery, contributing to increased vehicle miles traveled, carbon emissions, development of greenfield spaces, and depletion of natural reserves. These arrangements revalue city spaces, local taxes,[1] housing values, and promotion of mixed use development.[2][3]

Modern rail as economic development indicator

European development economists have argued that the existence of modern rail infrastructure is a significant indicator of a country's economic advancement: this perspective is illustrated notably through the Basic Rail Transportation Infrastructure Index (known as BRTI Index).[4]

Subsidies by country

USA

For rail subsidies in the USA, see Amtrak public funding and Modern US rail history

Current subsidies for Amtrak (passenger rail) are around $1.4 billion. The rail freight industry does not receive subsidies.

Europe

European rail subsidies in euros per passenger-km for 2008[5]

Total EU rail subsidies amounted to €73 billion in 2005.[6]

Country Subsidy in billions of Euros Year Billion passenger-km travelled in 2014[7]
 Germany 17.0 2014[8] 79.3
 France 13.2 2013[9] 83.9
 Italy 7.6 2012[10] 39.7
  Switzerland 5.8 2012[11] 18.4
 Spain 5.1 2015[12] 24.5
 United Kingdom 4.5 2015[13] 65.1
 Belgium 2.8 2012[14] 10.8
 Netherlands 2.5 2014[15] 17
 Austria 2.3 2009[5] 11.4
 Denmark 1.7 2008[5] 5.8
 Sweden 1.6 2009[16] 6.1
 Poland 1.4 2008[5] 11.9
 Ireland 0.91 2008[5] 1.7

China

In 2015, total domestic rail spending by China was $128 billion and is likely to remain at a similar rate for the rest of the country's next Five Year Period (2016-2020).[17][18] A planned 8,000 kilometres ( About 5,000 miles ) will be added domestically, with a goal of better connecting existing domestic track with other foreign railway systems..

India

The Indian railways are subsidised by around Rs 400 billion ($5.8 billion), of which around 60% of which goes to commuter rail and short-haul trips.[19][20]

Russia

In total, Russian Railways receives 112 billion rubles (around US$1.5 billion) annually from the government.[21]

Japan

The privatized rail network in Japan requires few subsidies. The three biggest companies, JR East, JR Central and JR-West (which account for 60% of the passenger market) receive no state subsidy.[22]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lewandowski, Krzysztof (2015). "New coefficients of rail transport usage" (PDF). International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT). 5 (6): 89–91. ISSN 2277-3754.
  2. ↑ Squires, G. Ed. (2002) Urban Sprawl: Causes, Consequences, & Policy Responses. The Urban Institute Press.
  3. ↑ Puentes, R. (2008). A Bridge to Somewhere: Rethinking American Transportation for the 21st Century. Brookings Institution Metropolitan Policy Report: Blueprint for American Prosperity series report.
  4. ↑ Firzli, M. Nicolas J. (1 July 2013). "Transportation Infrastructure and Country Attractiveness". Revue Analyse Financière. Paris. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 "ANNEX to Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation (EC) No 1370/2007 concerning the opening of the market for domestic passenger transport services by rail" (PDF) (COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT: IMPACT ASSESSMENT). Brussels: European Commission. 2013. pp. 6, 44, 45. Includes both "Railway subsidies" and "Public Service Obligations".
  6. ↑ "EU Technical Report 2007".
  7. ↑ "Railway Statistics – 2014 Synopsis" (PDF). Paris, France: UIC (International Union of Railways). 2014. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  8. ↑ "German Railway Financing" (PDF). p. 2.
  9. ↑ "Efficiency indicators of Railways in France" (PDF).
  10. ↑ "Public Expenditure on Railways in Europe: a cross-country comparison" (PDF). p. 10. line feed character in |title= at position 42 (help)
  11. ↑ "Facts and arguments in favour of Swiss public transport" (PDF). p. 24. Retrieved 3 July 2016. 6.3 billion Swiss francs
  12. ↑ "Spanish railways battle profit loss with more investment". 17 September 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  13. ↑ "GB rail industry financial information 2014-15" (PDF). Retrieved 9 March 2016. £3.5 billion
  14. ↑ "Implementation of EU legislation on rail liberalisation in Belgium, France, Germany and The Netherlands" (PDF).
  15. ↑ "ProRail report 2015" (PDF). p. 30.
  16. ↑ "The evolution of public funding to the rail sector in 5 European countries - a comparison" (PDF). p. 6.
  17. ↑ "Govt support for rail sector makes sense". 22 June 2015.
  18. ↑ "China to Invest $128 Billion in Rail, Push for Global Share". 5 March 2015.
  19. ↑ Praveen Patil. "Rail Budget And The Perpetuity Of Indian Socialism".
  20. ↑ "Govt defends fare hike, says rail subsidy burden was too heavy".
  21. ↑ "Government support for Russian Railways".
  22. ↑ "Level playing field: EU efforts to break into Japan's rail industry".
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