International nonproprietary name

Mandate

The World Health Organization has a constitutional mandate to "develop, establish and promote international standards with respect to biological, pharmaceutical and similar products".

The World Health Organization collaborates closely with INN experts and national nomenclature committees to select a single name of worldwide acceptability for each active substance that is to be marketed as a pharmaceutical. To avoid confusion, which could jeopardize the safety of patients, trade-marks should neither be derived from INNs nor contain common stems used in INNs.

WHO[1]

An international nonproprietary name (INN) is an official generic and nonproprietary name given to a pharmaceutical drug or active ingredient.[2] International nonproprietary names make communication more precise by providing a unique standard name for each active ingredient, to avoid prescribing errors.[1] The INN system has been coordinated by the World Health Organization (WHO) since 1953.

Having unambiguous standard names for each drug (standardization of drug nomenclature) is important because a drug may be sold by many different brand names, or a branded medication may contain more than one drug. For example, the branded medications Celexa, Celapram and Citrol all contain the same active ingredient: citalopram; and the branded preparation Lemsip contains two active ingredients: paracetamol and phenylephrine.

Each drug's INN is unique but may contain a word stem that is shared with other drugs of the same class, for example the beta blocker drugs propranolol and atenolol share the -olol suffix, and the benzodiazepine drugs lorazepam and diazepam share the -azepam suffix.

The WHO issues INNs in English, Latin, French, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, and Chinese, and a drug's INNs are often cognate across most or all of the languages, with minor spelling or pronunciation differences, for example: "paracetamol" (en) "paracetamolum" (la), "paracétamol" (fr) and "парацетамол" (ru). An established INN is known as a recommended INN (rINN), while a name that is still being considered is called a proposed INN (pINN).

Name stems

Drugs from the same therapeutic or chemical class are usually given names with the same stem. Stems are mostly placed word-finally, but in some cases word-initial stems are used. They are collected in a publication informally known as the Stem Book.[3]

Examples are:[3]

Linguistic discussion

Stems and roots

The term stem is not used consistently in linguistics. It has been defined as a form to which affixes (of any type) can be attached.[4] Under a different and apparently more common view, this is the definition of a root,[5] while a stem consists of the root plus optional derivational affixes, meaning that it is the part of a word to which inflectional affixes are added.[6] INN stems employ the first definition, while under the more common alternative they would be described as roots.

Translingual communication

Pharmacology and pharmacotherapy (like health care generally) are universally relevant around the world, making translingual communication about them an important goal. An interlingual perspective is thus useful in drug nomenclature. The WHO issues INNs in English, Latin, French, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, and Chinese. A drug's INNs are often cognates across most or all of the languages, but they also allow small inflectional, diacritic, and transliterational differences that are usually transparent and trivial for nonspeakers (as is true of most international scientific vocabulary). For example, although paracetamolum (la) has an inflectional difference from paracetamol (en), and although paracétamol (fr) has a diacritic difference, the differences are trivial; users can easily recognize the "same word". And although парацетамол (ru) and paracetamol (en) have a transliterational difference, they sound similar, and for Russian speakers who can recognize Latin script or English speakers who can recognize Cyrillic script, they look similar; users can recognize the "same word". Thus INNs make medicines bought anywhere in the world as easily identifiable as possible to people who do not speak that language. Notably, the "same word" principle allows health professionals and patients who do not speak the same language to communicate to some degree and to avoid potentially life-threatening confusions from drug interactions.

Spelling regularization

A number of spelling changes are made to British Approved Names and other older nonproprietary names with an eye toward interlingual standardization of pronunciation across major languages.[7] Thus a predictable spelling system, approximating phonemic orthography, is used, as follows:

Names for radicals and groups (salts, esters, and so on)

Many drugs are supplied as salts, with a cation and an anion. The way the INN system handles these is explained by the WHO at its "Guidance on INN" webpage.[2] For example, amfetamine and oxacillin are INNs, whereas various salts of these compounds – e.g., amfetamine sulfate and oxacillin sodium – are modified INNs (INNM).[2][8]

Comparison of naming standards

International Nonproprietary Name (INN)
  • paracetamol (en)
  • paracetamolum (la)
  • paracétamol (fr)
  • paracetamol (es)
  • парацетамол (ru)
  • باراسيتامول (ar)
  • 对乙酰氨基酚 (zh)
British Approved Name (BAN) paracetamol
acetaminophen
acetaminophen
Other generic names
  • N-acetyl-p-aminophenol
  • APAP
  • p-acetamidophenol
  • acetamol
  • etc.
Proprietary names
  • Tylenol
  • Panadol
  • Panamax
  • Perdolan
  • Calpol
  • Doliprane
  • Tachipirina
  • Ben-u-ron
  • Atasol
  • Adol
  • etc.
IUPAC name N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide
ATC code N02BE01

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "International Nonproprietary Names". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 25 October 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
  2. 1 2 3 World Health Organization, Guidance on INN.
  3. 1 2 "The use of stems in the selection of International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for pharmaceutical substances" (PDF). World Health Organization. 2011. WHO/EMP/QSM/2011.3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 October 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
  4. ↑ Geoffrey Sampson; Paul Martin Postal (2005). The 'language instinct' debate. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-8264-7385-1. Retrieved 2009-07-21.
  5. ↑ Loos, Eugene E.; Susan Anderson; Dwight H. Day Jr; Paul C. Jordan; J. Douglas Wingate. "What is a root?". Glossary of linguistic terms. SIL International. Retrieved 2010-11-28.
  6. ↑ Loos, Eugene E.; Susan Anderson; Dwight H. Day Jr; Paul C. Jordan; J. Douglas Wingate. "What is a stem?". Glossary of linguistic terms. SIL International. Retrieved 2010-11-28.
  7. ↑ "General principles for guidance in devising International Nonproprietary Names for pharmaceutical substances*" (PDF). World Health Organization. United Nations. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  8. ↑ "Guidelines on the Use of International Nonproprietary Names (INNS) for Pharmaceutical Substances". World Health Organization. 1997. Retrieved 1 December 2014. In principle, INNs are selected only for the active part of the molecule which is usually the base, acid or alcohol. In some cases, however, the active molecules need to be expanded for various reasons, such as formulation purposes, bioavailability or absorption rate. In 1975 the experts designated for the selection of INN decided to adopt a new policy for naming such molecules. In future, names for different salts or esters of the same active substance should differ only with regard to the inactive moiety of the molecule. ... The latter are called modified INNs (INNMs).

Further reading

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