Richard Clement Moody

His Excellency, Major-General
Richard Clement Moody
FICE FRGS RIBA

Richard Clement Moody, 1859
Governor of the Falkland Islands (1841-1848)[a], Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia (as Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works for British Columbia and Officer commanding Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment) (1858-1863)
Monarch Queen Victoria
Personal details
Born (1813-02-13)13 February 1813
Barbados, West Indies.
Died 31 March 1887(1887-03-31) (aged 74)
Bournemouth, England
Resting place St Peter's Church, Bournemouth.
Nationality British
Spouse(s) Mary Hawks, daughter of Joseph Hawks JP DL Married 1852.
Relations Benedictus Marwood Kelly, James William Webb-Jones
Children 13, 11 of which survived infancy, including Richard Stanley Hawks Moody
Parents Thomas Moody (1779–1849), Martha Clement (1764–1868)
Residence Government House, New Westminster
Alma mater Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
Occupation Major-General in British Army, Colonel in Royal Engineers, Politician, Architect.
Military service
Allegiance  United Kingdom
Service/branch  British Army and Royal Engineers.
Rank Major-General in British Army, Colonel in Royal Engineers.
Commands Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment
a. ^ Until 1843, the official title was Lieutenant-Governor of the Falkland Islands

His Excellency, Major-General Richard Clement Moody FICE FRGS RIBA (13 February 1813 – 31 March 1887) was a British Imperial Governor and Royal Engineer.

He was the founder of British Columbia as Colony of British Columbia (1858–66), having been hand picked to “found a second England on the shores of the Pacific” [1] and subsequently the first Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia. He is considered to be the founding father of British Columbia.[2] He selected the site for and founded the new capital of British Columbia, New Westminster, established the Cariboo Road and Stanley Park and named Burnaby Lake after his private secretary Robert Burnaby and named Port Coquitlam’s 400-foot "Mary Hill" after his wife, Mary.[3] He also designed the first Coat of arms of British Columbia.[4][5] Port Moody in British Columbia is named after him.

He was also the first British Governor of the Falkland Islands, whose settlements he planned. He selected the site for and founded Port Stanley, the capital of the Falkland Islands, and Moody Brook in the Falkland Islands is named after him.

He displayed prodigious abilities in mathematics, music, and architectural draughtsmanship from an early age, enjoying both science and the fine arts, entering the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich as a Gentleman Cadet aged 14, becoming Head of School the following year, and leaving school having completed his examinations one year later.

He planned the restoration of Edinburgh Castle on the basis of musical chords, for which he was summoned to Windsor Castle to present his plans to Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, both of whom were delighted.[2][6]

He served as Professor of Fortifications at Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, Commanding Royal Engineer of Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Commanding Royal Engineer at Chatham.[7] He also introduced tussock grass into Great Britain from Falkland, for which he received the gold medal of the Royal Agricultural Society. He was elected an Associate of the Institution of Civil Engineers on the 23rd of April, 1839, and was therefore one of its oldest members. He was also a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, a Member of the Royal Agricultural Society an Honorary Associate of the Royal Institute of British Architects.[2]

Birth and Ancestry

Moody was born at St Ann’s Garrison, Barbados, West Indies, the third of ten children of imperialist Colonel Thomas Moody (1779-1849)[8][9][10] and Martha Clement (1764 - 1868), daughter of Richard Clement (1754 - 1829), a slave plantation owner of Barbados. His siblings included Major Thomas Moody (1809 - 1839), Reverend James Leith Moody (b.1816), Chaplain to British Army including in the Falkland Islands, Shute Barrington Moody MICE[11] (b. 1818), sugar plantation owner in West Indies,[12] and Colonel Hampden Clement Blamire Moody CB, Royal Engineers, Member of Hudson's Bay Company[13] (1821 - 1869). His paternal grandmother was Barbara Blamire, a member of the Blamire family of Cumberland and cousin of William Blamire MP and the poet Susanna Blamire.[14]

Education

Richard Clement was educated by private tutors before enrolling, at the age of 14, in the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich as a Gentleman Cadet,[4] where he became Head of the School in his second year before leaving the following year. He displayed the prodigious ability in mathematics, music, architectural draughtsmanship from an early age and sustained a great interest in both science and the fine arts throughout his life.[2]

Overview of Military Career

Richard Clement He was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in the Royal Engineers in 1830, promoted to Lieutenant 1835, a Second Captain in 1844, a Captain in 1847, a Lieutenant Colonel in 1855, a Colonel in 1858. In 1841 he became Lieutenant-Governor of the Falkland-Islands: this position was renamed Governor of the Falkland Islands in 1843, when he also became Commander-in-Chief of the Falkland Islands. He was the Commander of the Columbia Detachment, the British force that was brought to British Columbia to establish Border during the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush. In 1858 he became Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia, Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works for British Columbia, and Officer Commanding Columbia Detachment, Royal Engineers.[15]

He also became a Colonel of the British Army in 1858 and a Major-General of the Army in 1866.

He was Professor of Fortifications at Royal Military Academy, Woolwich from July 1838 to October 1841.[7] He also oversaw the restoration of Edinburgh Castle according plans he had drawn up whilst on his Grand Tour, which were based on a musical architectural principle in which measurements were made 'drawn to musical chords'[16] He was invited to Windsor Castle to present his plans to Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, both of whom were delighted.[2][6] He has been described as 'a visionary in a plain land' and ‘a man who could conceive of Edinburgh Castle in terms of a musical score'.[17] During his time in Edinburgh he met some of the most learned men of the age in both science and the fine arts. He was Commanding Royal Engineer of Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Commanding Royal Engineer at Chatham between 1864 and 1866.[2]

Marriage to Mary Hawks

On 6 July 1852, at St Andrew's Church, Newcastle, Moody married Mary Susannah Hawks, daughter of merchant banker Joseph Hawks JP DL[18] and Mary Elizabeth Boyd, daughter of a prominent merchant banking family. Mary Hawks's maternal uncles included Admiral Benedictus Marwood Kelly and industrialist Edward Fenwick Boyd.[19]

After their marriage, Richard and Mary Moody embarked on The Grand Tour of Europe, visiting France, Switzerland, and Germany. Upon returning to England, Moody drew up plans for his restoration of Edinburgh Castle based on a musical architectural principle.

Richard Clement Moody named the 400-foot hill in Port Coquitlam, British Columbia, "Mary Hill" after his wife, Mary. However, Mary Moody disliked the nascent colony of British Columbia, and described living their as 'roughing it in the bush' relative to living in England.[20] The Royal British Columbia Museum possesses a trove of 42 letters written by Mary Moody from various colonies of the British Empire, mostly from the Colony of British Columbia (1858–66), to her mother and her sister, Emily Hawks, in England.[21] Mary Moody was highly literate, having been tutored in literature, penmanship, and French, and her letters have been of great interest to scholars studying the perspective of the English ruling class in the colonies of the British Empire.[22][23][24]

Issue

Moody and Mary Hawks had 13 children:[25]

  1. Josephine 'Zeffie'[6] Mary (b.1853, Newcastle, d. 1923). A fabric embroiderer based at Fisherton de la Mere, Wiltshire.[26][27] Married Arthur Newall, son of Robert Stirling Newall, in 1883. Had 2 sons, Robert Stanley FSA, (b.1884),[7] an Office of Woods archaeologist who made landmark excavations at Stonehenge with William Hawley,[28] and Basil (b.1885).
  2. Colonel Richard Stanley Hawks Moody CB, Military Knight of Windsor (b. Oct 23 1854, Malta, - d. March 10, 1930). Married Mary Latimer, 1881, and had four children. His eldest daughter, Mary Latimer, married James Fitzgerald Martin. His youngest daughter, Barbara Bindon, married James William Webb-Jones[29]
  3. Charles Edmund (b. 1856, Edinburgh). Married Kate Ellershaw, 1885. Had 3 daughters.
  4. Walter Clement (b. 1858, Edinburgh, d. 1936). Married Laura Ryan, 1888.
  5. Susan (b 1860, Government House, New Westminster, British Columbia, d.1940).
  6. Mary (b.1861 Government House, New Westminster, British Columbia, d. 1938).
  7. Margaret (b. 1863, Government House, New Westminster, British Columbia). Married Rev. Richard Lowndes, 1887. Had 2 sons and 2 daughters.
  8. Henry de Clervaux (b. 1864, d. 13 December 1900, Killed in action, Nooitgedacht, Second Boer War). Attended Rugby School. Captain, South Wales Borderers. Served Burma 1885 and received medal and bar. Married Daisy Leighton. No issue.[30]
  9. Grace (b.1865, d.1947).
  10. Gertrude (b.1869, d.1914).
  11. George Robert Boyd (b. 1865, d. 1936). Major in British Army. Married Dorothy Wingfield. His daughter, Rosemary Moody (1903 - 1982), married Richard Edward Holford (1909 - 1983), son of Captain Charles Frederick Holford OBE DSO, on 10 August 1935 [31][32]
  12. Ruth and Rachel (Twins b. 20 April 1870, d. (both) 21 April 1870).[33]

At the outbreak of the Crimean War, Moody was posted to Malta as Executive Officer, where he became ill with Yellow Fever causing him to take sick leave in Germany, but not before he received promotion to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and he saw the birth of his eldest son, Colonel Richard Stanley Hawks Moody. Victoria and Albert had been delighted with his plans to restore Edinburgh Castle and commissioned him to do so when he returned to Britain. Whilst at Edinburgh, his second and third sons were born.

Governor of the Falkland Islands

In 1833 the United Kingdom asserted authority over the Falkland Islands. Moody left England on 1 October 1841 for the Falklands, having been appointed Lieutenant-Governor. This post was renamed Governor of the Falkland Islands in 1843, when he also became Commander-in-Chief of the Falkland Islands. When Moody arrived, the Falklands was 'almost in a state of anarchy', but he used his powers 'with great wisdom and moderation'[2] to develop the Islands' infrastructure and, commanding detachment of sappers, erected government offices, a school and barracks, residences, ports, and a new road system. Moody selected the site for and founded Port Stanley, the capital of the Falkland Islands. Moody Brook is named after him.[34]

In 1845 Moody introduced tussock grass into Great Britain from Falkland, for which he received the gold medal of the Royal Agricultural Society.[34] The Coat of arms of the Falkland Islands notably includes an image of tussock grass.[35]

Moody returned to England in February 1849.[34]

Founder of British Columbia

Selection

When news of the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush reached London, Moody was hand-picked by the Colonial Office, under Sir Edward Bulwer-Lytton, to establish British order and to transform the newly established Colony of British Columbia (1858–66) into the British Empire's "bulwark in the farthest west" [36] and “found a second England on the shores of the Pacific”.[1] Lytton desired to send to the colony 'representatives of the best of British culture, not just a police force’: he sought men who possessed ‘courtesy, high breeding and urbane knowledge of the world’[37] and he decided to send Moody, whom the Government considered to be the archetypal 'English gentleman and British Officer’[38] at the head of the Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment.

Moody and his family arrived in British Columbia in December 1858, commanding the Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment. He was sworn in as the first Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia and appointed Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works for British Columbia. On the advice of Lytton, Moody hired Robert Burnaby as his personal secretary, and the two became close friends.

Moody's letter to his friend Arthur Blackwood Esq. at the Colonial Office, dated February 1, 1859, contains several passages of sublime poetical description that demonstrate the qualities for which he was preferred.[39][40]

Ned McGowan's War

Moody had hoped to begin immediately the foundation of a capital city, but upon his arrival at Fort Langley he learned of an outbreak of violence at the settlement of Hill's Bar. This led to an incident popularly known as "Ned McGowan's War", where Moody successfully quashed a group of rebellious American miners. Moody describes the incident thus:

"The notorious Ned McGowan, of Californian celebrity at the head of a band of Yankee Rowdies defying the law! Every peaceable citizen frightened out of his wits!—Summons & warrants laughed to scorn! A Magistrate seized while on the Bench, & brought to the Rebel’s camp, tried, condemned, & heavily fined! A man shot dead shortly before! Such a tale to welcome me at the close of a day of great enjoyment." ' '[41]

He enjoyed a warm reception for his success that he describes thus: "They gave me a Salute, firing off their loaded Revolvers over my head—Pleasant—Balls whistling over one’s head! as a compliment! Suppose a hand had dropped by accident! I stood up, & raised my cap & thanked them in the Queen’s name for their loyal reception of me".[42]

The Foundation of New Westminster

In British Columbia, Moody ‘wanted to build a city of beauty in the wilderness’ and planned his city as an iconic visual metaphor for British dominance, ‘styled and located with the objective of reinforcing the authority of the Crown and of the robe’.[43] Subsequent to the enactment of the Pre-emption Act of 1860, Moody settled the Lower Mainland. He selected the site and founded the new capital, New Westminster. He selected the site due to its the strategic excellence of its position and the quality of its port.[44] He was also struck by the majestic beauty of the site, writing in his letter to Blackwood,

"The entrance to the Frazer is very striking--Extending miles to the right & left are low marsh lands (apparently of very rich qualities) & yet fr the Background of Superb Mountains-- Swiss in outline, dark in woods, grandly towering into the clouds there is a sublimity that deeply impresses you. Everything is large and magnificent, worthy of the entrance to the Queen of England’s dominions on the Pacific mainland. [...] My imagination converted the silent marshes into Cuyp-like pictures of horses and cattle lazily fattening in rich meadows in a glowing sunset. [...] The water of the deep clear Frazer was of a glassy stillness, not a ripple before us, except when a fish rose to the surface or broods of wild ducks fluttered away".[45][46]

Moody likened his vision of the nascent Colony of British Columbia to the pastoral scenes painted by Aelbert Cuyp

Moody designed the first Coat of arms of British Columbia.[4][5]

However, Lord Lytton 'forgot the practicalities of paying for clearing and developing the site and the town’ and the efforts of Moody's Engineers were continuously hampered by insufficient funds, which, together with the continuous opposition of Douglas, 'made it impossible for [Moody’s] design to be fulfilled’.[47]

The Feud with Governor Douglas

Throughout his tenure in British Columbia, Moody was engaged in a bitter feud with Sir James Douglas, Governor of Vancouver Island, whose jurisdiction overlapped with his own. Moody’s position as Chief Commissioner and Lieutenant-Governor was one of ‘higher prestige [and] lesser authority' than that of Douglas, despite Moody's vastly superior social position in the eyes of the Engineers and the British Government. Moody had been selected by Lord Lytton due to his possession of the quality of the archetypal 'English gentleman and British Officer’, his family was ‘eminently respectable’: he was the son of Colonel Thomas Moody (1779-1849), one of the wealthiest mercantilists in the West Indies, who owned much of the land in the islands where Douglas's father owned a small amount of land and from which Douglas's mother, 'a half-breed', originated. Governor Douglas's ethnicity and made him ‘an affront to Victorian society’.[48] Mary Moody, the descendant of the Hawks industrial dynasty and the Boyd merchant banking family,[49] wrote on 4 August 1859 ‘it is not pleasant to serve under a Hudson’s Bay Factor’ and that the ‘Governor and Richard can never get on’.[50] In letter to the Colonial Office of 27 December 1858, Richard Clement Moody boasts that he has ‘entirely disarmed [Douglas] of all jealously'[51] Douglas repeatedly insulted the Engineers by attempting to assume their command[52] and refusing to acknowledge their value in the nascent colony.[53]

Margaret A. Ormsby, author of the Dictionary of Canadian Biography entry for Moody (2002), condemns Moody for a contribution to the abortive development of the city. However, most other historians have exonerated Moody for the abortive development of the city and consider his achievement to be impressive, especially with regard to the perpetual insufficiency of funds and the personally motivated opposition of Douglas, whose opposition to the project continually retarded its development. Robert Edgar Cail,[54] Don W. Thomson,[55] Ishiguro, and Scott have praised Moody for his contribution, the latter accusing Ormsby of being ‘adamant in her dislike of Colonel Moody’ despite the evidence,[56] and almost all biographies of Moody, including those of the Institute of Civil Engineers, the Royal Engineers, and the British Columbia Historical Association, are flattering.

Other developments

Moody and the Royal Engineers also built an extensive road network, including what would become Kingsway, connecting New Westminster to False Creek, the North Road between Port Moody and New Westminster, and the Cariboo Road and Stanley Park. He named Burnaby Lake after his private secretary Robert Burnaby and named Port Coquitlam’s 400-foot "Mary Hill" after his wife. As part of the surveying effort, several tracts were designated "government reserves", which included Stanley Park as a military reserve (a strategic location in case of an American invasion). The Pre-emption act did not specify conditions for distributing the land, so large parcels were snapped up by speculators, including 3,750 acres (1,517 hectares) by Moody himself. For this he was criticized by local newspapermen for land grabbing.Port Moody is named after him. It was established at the end of a trail that connected New Westminster with Burrard Inlet to defend New Westminster from potential attack from the US.

Moody's 5th, 6th, and 7th children, all daughters, were born at Government House, New Westminster.

Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment was disbanded in July, 1863. The Moody family, only 22 men and 8 wives returned to England, while the rest, 130 sappers, elected to remain in BC.[57] Scott contends that the departure of the Engineers 'doomed' the development of the settlement and the fruition of Lord Lytton's dream.[58] Chartres Brew replaced Moody as land commissioner.

Later years

Returning to England, Moody was promoted Regimental Colonel, and the Royal Engineers in Chatham were placed under his command.

He was elected an Associate of the Institution of Civil Engineers on the 23rd of April, 1839, and was therefore one of its oldest members. He was also a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, a Member of the Royal Agricultural Society an Honorary Associate of the Royal Institute of British Architects.[2]

On 25 January 1866 he was promoted Major-General and retired. During his retirement, he lived at Caynham Court, Ludlow, Shropshire and later at Fairfield, Charmouth, Lyme Regis.[7]

He died at Royal Bath Hotel, Bournemouth on 31 March 1887 and is buried at St Peter's Church, Bournemouth.[7]

Sources

Notes

  1. 1 2 Jean Barman, The West Beyond the West: A History of British Columbia, (Toronto: University of Toronto), p.71
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume 90, Issue 1887, 1887, pp. 453-455, OBITUARY. MAJOR-GENERAL RICHARD CLEMENT MOODY, R.E., 1813-1887.
  3. ↑ "Col. Richard Clement Moody -- Postscript". Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  4. 1 2 3 Ormsby
  5. 1 2 "Heraldic Science Héraldique, Arms and Devices of Provinces and Territories, British Columbia". Retrieved 3 November 2016.
  6. 1 2 3 "Colonel Moody and what he did prior to arriving in British Columbia". Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 "The Photographic Album of Richard Clement Moody, Royal British Columbia Museum" (PDF).
  8. ↑ "The Royal Engineers: Colonel Richard Clement Moody". Retrieved 3 November 2016.
  9. ↑ Dorothy Blakey Smith, ed., ‘The Journal of Arthur Thomas Bushby, 1858-1859,’ British Columbia
  10. ↑ "The Sapper Vol. 5 No. 1 June 1958". Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  11. ↑ Newton, W. (1844). Newton's London Journal of Arts and Sciences. p. 293.
  12. ↑ Scoffern, John (1849). The Manufacture of Sugar in the Colonies and at Home: Chemically Considered.
  13. ↑ Meehan, John D. Chasing the Dragon in Shanghai: Canada’s Early Relations with China, 1858-1952. p. 17.
  14. ↑ "The Moody Family, Some Longtown Families". Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  15. ↑ "Col. Richard Clement Moody". Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  16. ↑ Scott, Laura Elaine (1983). The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862. Simon Fraser University. p. 19.
  17. ↑ Scott, Laura Elaine (1983). The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862. Simon Fraser University. pp. 56–57.
  18. ↑ "Letters of Mary Moody, Royal British Columbia Museum Archives" (PDF). Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  19. ↑ Howard, Joseph Jackson (1893–1906). Heraldic Visitation of England and Wales. 8. p. 161-164.
  20. ↑ British Columbia Archives, MS-0060, Letter from Mary Susanna Hawks-Moody to mother Mary Hawks, New Westminster, 4 June 1860.
  21. ↑ "Letters of Mary Moody, Royal British Columbia Museum Archives" (PDF). Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  22. ↑ "Imperial Relations: Histories of family in the British Empire, Esme Cleall, Laura Ishiguro, and Emily J. Manktelow". Project Muse. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  23. ↑ "The University of British Columbia, Records of the British Columbia Historical Association, British Columbia Historical News". British Columbia Historical Association. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  24. ↑ "Relative Distances: Family and Empire between Britain, British Columbia and India, 1858-1901, Laura Ishiguro, University College London" (PDF).
  25. ↑ "The Photographic Album of Richard Clement Moody, Royal British Columbia Museum" (PDF).
  26. ↑ "Fisherton de la Mere, Wiltshire, British History Online".
  27. ↑ Marsh, Gail, Early Twentieth Century Embroidery, GMC Publications, pp.141 - 143
  28. ↑ "Sarsen,org, A List of Stonehenge Excavations".
  29. ↑ "Entry for WEBB-JONES, James William (1904 - 1965) in Who's Who, Oxford Index". Oxford University Press.
  30. ↑ "Colonel Moody's Family". Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  31. ↑ "Conqueror5". Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  32. ↑ "Descendants of King James I & VI". Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  33. ↑ "Album - Colonel Richard Clement Moody, Royal Engineers [British Columbia]" (PDF).
  34. 1 2 3 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Richard Clement Moody
  35. ↑ Wagstaff, William (2001). Falkland Islands. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 18. ISBN 9781841620374. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
  36. ↑ Donald J. Hauka, McGowan's War, Vancouver: 2003, New Star Books, p.146
  37. ↑ Scott, Laura Elaine (1983). The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862. Simon Fraser University. p. 13.
  38. ↑ Scott, Laura Elaine (1983). The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862. Simon Fraser University. p. 19.
  39. ↑ Moody, Richard Clement. Letter of Colonel Richard Clement Moody, R.E., to Arthur Blackwood, February 1, 1859, preserved in the British Columbia Historical Quarterly (January – April 1951), ed. Willard E. Ireland, Archives of British Columbia. British Columbia Historical Association. pp. 85–107.
  40. ↑ Scott, Laura Elaine (1983). The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862. Simon Fraser University. p. 19.
  41. ↑ Moody, Richard Clement. Letter of Colonel Richard Clement Moody, R.E., to Arthur Blackwood, February 1, 1859, preserved in the British Columbia Historical Quarterly (January – April 1951), ed. Willard E. Ireland, Archives of British Columbia. British Columbia Historical Association. p. 95.
  42. ↑ Moody, Richard Clement. Letter of Colonel Richard Clement Moody, R.E., to Arthur Blackwood, February 1, 1859, preserved in the British Columbia Historical Quarterly (January – April 1951), ed. Willard E. Ireland, Archives of British Columbia. British Columbia Historical Association. p. 97.
  43. ↑ Scott, Laura Elaine (1983). The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862. Simon Fraser University. p. 26.
  44. ↑ Scott, Laura Elaine (1983). The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862. Simon Fraser University. p. 26.
  45. ↑ Moody, Richard Clement. Letter of Colonel Richard Clement Moody, R.E., to Arthur Blackwood, February 1, 1859, preserved in the British Columbia Historical Quarterly (January – April 1951), ed. Willard E. Ireland, Archives of British Columbia. British Columbia Historical Association. pp. 85–107.
  46. ↑ Jean Barman, The West Beyond the West: A History of British Columbia, (Toronto: University of Toronto) p.7
  47. ↑ Scott, Laura Elaine (1983). The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862. Simon Fraser University. p. 27.
  48. ↑ Scott, Laura Elaine (1983). The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862. Simon Fraser University. pp. 19–20.
  49. ↑ Howard, Joseph Jackson (1893–1906). Heraldic Visitation of England and Wales. 8. p. 161-164. .
  50. ↑ Scott, Laura Elaine (1983). The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862. Simon Fraser University. p. 23.
  51. ↑ Scott, Laura Elaine (1983). The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862. Simon Fraser University. p. 25.
  52. ↑ Scott, Laura Elaine (1983). The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862. Simon Fraser University. p. 109.
  53. ↑ Scott, Laura Elaine (1983). The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862. Simon Fraser University. pp. 115–117.
  54. ↑ Cail, Robert Edgar (1974). Land, Man, and the Law: The Disposal of Crown Lands in British Columbia, 1871 -1913, Vancouver, University of British Columbia. p. 60.
  55. ↑ Thomson, Don W. (1966). Men and Meridians, Vol. 1. Ottawa, Deparment of Mines and Technical Surveys, Government of Canada. p. 282.
  56. ↑ Scott, Laura Elaine (1983). The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862. Simon Fraser University. p. 131.
  57. ↑ Ormsby.
  58. ↑ Scott, Laura Elaine (1983). The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862. Simon Fraser University. p. 137.
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