Children's Healthcare is a Legal Duty

Children's Healthcare Is a Legal Duty (CHILD)

Abbreviation	CHILD
Formation	1983
Type	501(c)3
Focus	Child neglect
Location	Lexington, Kentucky, USA
Key people	Rita Swan, president; Ken Stringer, board chairman
Website	childrenshealthcare.org

Children's Healthcare Is a Legal Duty (CHILD) is an American non-profit membership organization that works to stop child abuse and neglect based on religious beliefs, cultural traditions, and quackery. CHILD opposes religious exemptions from child health and safety laws. These exemptions have been used as a defense in criminal cases when parents have withheld lifesaving medical care on religious grounds. These exemptions also have discouraged reporting and investigation of religion-based medical neglect of children and spawned many outbreaks of vaccine-preventable disease.^[1][2] CHILD publicizes the ideological abuse and neglect of children, lobbies for equal protection laws for children, and files lawsuits and amicus curiae briefs in related cases.

CHILD was founded in 1983 by Rita and Douglas Swan after the death of their son, Matthew. The Swans were persuaded not to seek medical treatment for him by Christian Science practitioners, who claimed they were healing him. When the practitioner said Matthew might have a broken bone and that Christian Scientists were allowed to go to a doctor for setting broken bones, the Swans took their baby to a hospital, but it was too late to save him.^[3]

According to the National Association of Counsel for Children, which gave an award to Rita Swan for her efforts, "Due in large part to CHILD's efforts, Colorado, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Dakota, Hawaii, and Oregon have removed laws which provided exemptions from prosecution to parents who fail to provide medical care for their sick children based on religion."^[4][5][6]

Mission

The mission of Children's Healthcare Is a Legal Duty is to end child abuse or neglect related to religion, cultural practices, or quackery through public education, research, and a limited amount of lobbying.^[7]

CHILD supports

• Laws requiring medical care of children, including preventive and diagnostic measures, without exception for religious belief
• Reporting of child abuse and neglect without religious exemption
• Licensing of child care facilities, including those run by churches
• Ratification of the U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child^[7]

History

Rita and Douglas Swan founded CHILD as a legacy to their son, Matthew.^[8] In 1977 he became ill with bacterial meningitis. The Swans, Christian Scientists at the time, were persuaded by Christian Scientist practitioners – the religion's name for its spiritual healers – not to seek medical treatment for their son. The Swans did take Matthew to the hospital after he had been ill for 12 days, but his illness had progressed too far, and he died.^[9] Motivated by this tragedy, CHILD works to eliminate religious exemptions in child health and safety laws. Parents belonging to various religions, in particular Christian Science, have used these exemptions as legal defenses in criminal cases for failing to provide medical care for children who then died.^[10]

The Swans left the Christian Science Church,^[3] and CHILD and Rita Swan have worked "relentlessly" to publicize cases of religion-related child abuse and neglect.^[11] In 1998, Seth Asser and Rita Swan published a benchmark study in Pediatrics analyzing 140 child deaths in which medical treatment was withheld. This study showed that 90% of these children would have survived with routine medical care.^[12][13]

In 1996 Congress added to the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act a provision that nothing in the act can "be construed as establishing a Federal requirement that a parent or legal guardian provide any medical service or treatment that is against the religious beliefs of the parent or legal guardian."^[14] CHILD has opposed this provision on several fronts. CHILD's work has led to the repeal of some or all religious exemptions to child neglect laws in Colorado, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Dakota, Hawaii, Oregon, Minnesota, Ohio, and Rhode Island.^[5][15] In 2009 CHILD lobbied successfully to remove provisions from the federal Affordable Care Act that would have provided government funding and mandated insurance company payment for faith healing that includes no medical care.^[16][17]

Recognition

• American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP): 2012 President's Certificate for Outstanding Service awarded to Rita Swan, MA, PhD for efforts in children's rights to medical care and decades of work with the AAP on these issues.^[18]
• Iowa Chapter of the Methodist Federation for Social Action: 6 June 2010 Outstanding Social Justice Work Award.^[19]
• Omicron Delta Kappa chapter at Morningside College: 27 April 2003 Honoris Causa Award.
• National Association of Counsel for Children (NACC): 2001 Outstanding Legal Advocacy Award received by Rita Swan, MA, PhD for working to protect children from religious-based medical neglect through policy advocacy and amicus curiae work.^[5]
• Oregon Pediatric Society: 17 June 2000 Child Advocacy Service Award.
• Oregon Peace Officers Association Child Abuse and Sex Crimes Investigators: 2 November 1999 Award for Child Advocacy.
• The Giraffe Heroes Project: 12 January 1993 Award for Risk-Taking and Service.^[20]
• Sioux City Human Rights Commission: 2 May 1991 Human Rights Service Award.
• South Dakota Chapter of the American Academy of Pediatrics: 14 September 1990 Child Advocacy Service Award.^[21]

Activities

• Publishing a newsletter^[22]
• Filing lawsuits and amicus curiae briefs
• Supporting laws that protect children against medical neglect
• Providing emotional support for victims of religion-based medical neglect
• Providing speakers
• Collecting and disseminating information about court cases and state and federal laws^[7]

Legal actions

The Swans filed a wrongful death suit against the Christian Science Church in 1980, but it was dismissed on First Amendment grounds, and the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear their case on appeal.^[9][23] In 2000, CHILD sued the Director of the Health Care Financing Administration and the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (Children's Healthcare Is a Legal Duty, Inc. v. Min De Parle), over federal healthcare monies being directed to Christian Science facilities and others that provide no medical treatment. The suit, alleging a violation of the establishment clause, was dismissed with summary judgment; on appeal, the judgment was upheld, and the Supreme Court declined to hear an appeal.^[24][25] Other legal cases include CHILD Inc. and Brown v. Deters challenging Ohio's religious defense to child endangerment and manslaughter (ORC 2919.22a) and CHILD Inc. v. Vladeck against the federal government's use of Medicare and Medicaid funds for Christian Science nursing.^[26][27]

Testimony before legislatures

• Oregon Senate Judiciary Committee, 26 April 2011^[28]
• Oregon House Judiciary Committee, 21 February 2011^[29]
• Wisconsin Assembly Committee on Children and Families, 17 March 2010
• Nebraska State Legislature, Health and Human Services Committee, 25 January 2007^[30]
• Iowa House Education Subcommittee, January 2006
• Maine Joint Standing Committee on Health and Human Services, May 2005
• Nebraska State Legislature, Education Committee, February 2005
• Rhode Island House Health, Education, and Welfare Committee, February 2004
• Missouri House Judiciary Committee, April 2003
• Colorado Senate Health, Environment, Children, and Families Committee, April 2001
• Maryland House Judiciary Committee, March 2001
• Colorado House Criminal Justice Committee, February 2001
• Oregon House Criminal Law Committee, March 1999
• South Dakota House and Senate Health and Human Services Committees, February 1998^[31][32]
• Michigan House Judiciary Committee, February 1997
• U. S. Senate Labor and Human Resources staff briefing, June 1995
• Minnesota House Judiciary Committee, March 1994
• Minnesota House Judiciary Committee, December 1991
• Minnesota Senate Judiciary Committee, March 1991
• South Dakota House State Affairs Committee, January 1990
• California Assembly Committee on Public Safety, October 1989
• Ohio House Children and Youth Committee, March 1989
• Ohio House Children and Youth Subcommittee, March 1985
• North Dakota House of Representatives, January 1979^[21]

Publications

• Swan, Rita (Winter 2009–2010), "Matthew, you cannot be sick", The Dublin Review, Dublin, Ireland: Brendan Barrington, no. 37, pp. 43–69, ISSN 1393-998X
• Swan, Rita (2010). The Last Strawberry. Dublin: Hag's Head Press. ISBN 9780955126468.
• Swan, Rita (2010). "Prayer-fee mandates removed from federal health care bills". ICSA Today. International Cultic Studies Association. 1 (2): 18–21. ISSN 2154-820X.
• Swan, Rita (2011). "Chapter 63: Religion and Child Neglect". In Jenny, Carole. Child Abuse and Neglect: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Evidence (1st ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 599–604. ISBN 978-1-4160-6393-3.
• Swan, Rita (2007). "Medical Neglect Related to Religion and Culture". In Jackson, Nicky Ali. Encyclopedia of Domestic Violence. New York: Routledge Press. pp. 475–483. ISBN 9780203942215.
• Swan, Rita. "Religious Attitudes Toward Corporal Punishment". Ibid. pp. 205–208.
• Swan, Rita (Nov–Dec 2000). "Religion-based neglect: Pervasive, deadly...and legal?". The Humanist. American Humanist Association: 11–16. ISSN 0018-7399.
• Swan, R. (1998), "On statutes depriving a class of children of rights to medical care: Can this discrimination be litigated?", Quinnipiac Health Law Journal, Quinnipiac University, School of Law, 2 (1): 73–95, OCLC 36163682
• Swan, R. (Winter 1998–1999). "Letting children die for the faith". Free Inquiry. Council for Secular Humanism. 19 (1): 6–7. ISSN 0272-0701. PMID 11657679.
• "Religion-based medical neglect and corporal punishment must not be tolerated". The APSAC Advisor. American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children. 11: 2–3. Spring 1998. ISSN 1088-3819.
• Swan, R. (1997). "Children, medicine, religion, and the law". Advances in Pediatrics. Mosby: Elsevier. 44: 491–543. ISSN 0065-3101. PMID 9265980.
• "Discrimination de jure: Religious exemptions for medical neglect". The APSAC Advisor. American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children. 7: 35–8. Winter 1994. ISSN 1088-3819.
• "Public policy: Religious exemptions". The Brown University Child & Adolescent Behavior Letter. John Wiley & Sons: 2–3. Jan 1993. ISSN 1058-1073.
• Swan, Rita (Spring 1987). "The law should protect all children". Journal of Christian Nursing. Wolters Kluwer: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. 4 (2): 40. doi:10.1097/00005217-198704020-00016. ISSN 0743-2550. PMID 3644911.
• Swan, Rita (29 December 1983). "Faith healing, Christian Science, and the medical care of children". New England Journal of Medicine. Massachusetts Medical Society. 309 (26): 1639–41. doi:10.1056/NEJM198312293092610. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 6358892.

Presentations

• "Persistence Counts." American Academy of Pediatrics Chapter Advocacy Summit, Schaumberg, IL, 16 March 2012
• "Oregon Reforms the Child Abuse Shield Law." Center for Inquiry / Council for Secular Humanism Conference, Orlando, FL, 2 March 2012
• Northwest Freethought Conference, Portland, OR, 26 March 2011
• Salem Humanists, Salem, OR, 22 February 2011
• Oregon State University Hundere Lecture in Religion and Culture, Corvallis, OR, 28 January 2010
• Iowa Society for Consumer Healthcare Advocacy, Iowa City, IA, 20 October 2006
• "When Religion Endangers Children." Morningside College Academic and Cultural Arts Series lecture, Sioux City, IA, 26 February 2003
• Florida's First Coast Conference on Child Maltreatment Jacksonville, FL, 19 April 2001
• Northern New England Conference on Child Maltreatment, Portland, ME, 18 September 2000
• National Association of Counsel for Children, Portland, OR, 10 October 1999
• American Family Foundation, Chicago, 14 November 1998
• American Atheists, Washington, DC, 13 June 1998
• "Religion-based Medical Neglect: Update on the Status of Children We Abandon."(general session lecture), San Diego Conference on Responding to Child Maltreatment, San Diego, CA, 28 January 1998
• Minnesota Civil Liberties Union, Minneapolis, MN, 19 August 1997
• Council on Child Abuse for Southern Ohio, Cincinnati, OH, 10 June 1997
• Mayo Clinic Family Practice Residents Seminar, Rochester, MN, 6 June 1997
• Training conducted for Iowa child abuse investigators in Iowa City, Des Moines, and Newton, IA, March 1995 through May 1996
• "The Religious Exemption Issue in the 1995 CAPTA Hearings." National Child Abuse Coalition, Washington, DC, 13 December 1994
• "Medical Neglect of Children on Religious Grounds." Freedom from Religion Foundation conference, Madison, WI, 1 October 1994^[33]
• Third Central Midwest Conference on Child Abuse, Moline, IL, 1 April 1993
• "Medical Neglect of Children on Religious Grounds." St. Luke's Child Protection Center conference, Cedar Rapids, IA, 1 October 1992
• "Religiously-based Medical Neglect: Legal Child Abuse?" (plenary lecture) and "Cultural Barriers to Medical Care of Children" (workshop), National Association of Counsel for Children Conference, Philadelphia, PA, 19 October 1992
• "Cultural Barriers to Medical Care of Children." (pediatric inservice), St. Luke's Regional Medical Center, Sioux City, IA, 22 September 1992
• "Cultural Barriers to Medical Care of Children." Marian Health Center and Siouxland Council on Child Abuse and Neglect conference, Sioux City, IA, 29 April 1992
• "Equal Rights for Children under the Law." Iowa School Nurses Organization spring conference, Des Moines, IA, 11 April 1992
• "Medical Neglect in the Context of Religious Beliefs." Iowa Chapter of National Committee for Prevention of Child Abuse spring conference, Des Moines, IA, 10 April 1992
• "Public Policy on Religiously-based Medical Neglect." U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect hearings, Los Angeles, CA, 3 April 1992
• "Medical Neglect and Religious Exemptions." (pediatric grand rounds), University of California, San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA, 21 January 1992
• "Medical Neglect in the Context of Religious Beliefs." (general session lecture), San Diego Conference on Responding to Child Maltreatment, San Diego, CA, 24 January 1992
• "The Christian Science Parent in a Health Care Crisis." 27th Annual Postgraduate Symposium on Medicine and Religion, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 16 October 1991
• Presentation on deaths of Christian Science children, Interagency Council on Child Abuse and Neglect, Los Angeles, CA, 11 July 1991
• "Ethical Issues: Withholding Medical Care on Religious Grounds" (grand rounds), Minneapolis Children's Medical Center, MN, 25 June 1991
• "Medical Neglect: Public Policy and Public Scrutiny." Regional Conference on Medical Neglect of Children, Council Bluffs, IA, 30 November 1990
• "Child Abuse and Medical Neglect." Cult Awareness Network Conference, Teaneck, NJ, 27 October 1989
• "Children's Rights to Medical Care." Symposium in Pediatric Medical Ethics, Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL, 8 November 1988
• "Public Policy on Sectarian Medical Neglect." Cult Awareness Network Conference, Washington, DC, 19 March 1988
• "Religious Exemptions from Parental Duties of Care." Seventh National Conference on Child Abuse and Neglect, Chicago, IL, November 1985
• "Paranormal Health Cures." Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal, Buffalo, NY, 28 October 1983
• "Faith Healing Sects and Children's Rights to Medical Care." Fifth National Conference on Child Abuse and Neglect, Milwaukee, WI, April 1981^[15][21][34]

Television appearances

• In Session. 18 May 2010. TruTv.
• Diabetes Life. 16 August 2009. NBC. CNBC.
• "Faith Healing Court Cases". Religion & Ethics Newsweekly. 1 May 2009. PBS.
• "Prayer and Healing: Power or Placebo?". Investigative Reports. 17 December 2001. A+E Networks. A&E. Producer: Paulist Productions.
• Crier Today. 31 July 2000. TruTV.
• Fox National Evening News. 21 June 1999. Fox News.
• NBC Connecticut News. Hartford, CT. April 1999. NBC. WVIT.
• Leeza. November 1998. NBC.
• The Today Show. 23 October 1998. NBC.
• KATU Evening News. Portland, OR. April 1998. ABC. KATU.
• "Hurting or Healing". La Crosse, WI. February 1994. CBS. WKBT. Missing or empty |series= (help)
• The Shirley Show. 1 February 1994. CTV.
• AM Philadelphia. 19 February 1991. ABC. WPVI.
• Evening Magazine. August 1990.
• Inside Report. 16 July 1990.
• The Today Show. 6 July 1990. NBC.
• NBC Nightly News. 5 July 1990. NBC.
• People are Talking. San Francisco, CA. 11 September 1989. CBS. KPIX.
• This Evening. July 1989.
• "Town Meeting". Seattle, WA. 20 November 1988. ABC. KOMO. Missing or empty |series= (help)
• "God is my Doctor". Phoenix, AZ. 13–16 November 1998. NBC. KPNX. Missing or empty |series= (help)
• "In God's Hands". Denver, CO. 4 October 1988. NBC. KUSA. Missing or empty |series= (help)
• Good Morning Britain. United Kingdom. June 1988. TV-am.
• ABC News Nightline. 17 June 1988. ABC.
• Good Company. Seattle, WA. 1 June 1988. NBC. KING.
• The Phil Donahue Show. 17 May 1988.
• 20/20. 6 May 1998. ABC.
• NBC Nightly News. 26 April 1988. NBC.
• "When Faith is Fatal". Cleveland, OH. 8–14 November 1987. WJW. Missing or empty |series= (help)
• Midday Program. Columbus, OH. 28 January 1987. WTVN.
• Pittsburgh 2Day. Pittsburgh, PA. 8 January 1987. KDKA.
• Discover Columbus. Columbus, OH. 17 March. WTVN. Check date values in: |date= (help)
• All Things New. Toledo, OH. 27 January 1985. CBS. WTOL.
• Crossroads. 27 June 1984. CBS, CBS News.
• People are Talking. San Francisco, CA. 23 May 1984. CBS. KPIX.
• Town Hall. Portland, OR. 9 May 1984. KATU.
• Pittsburgh 2Day. Pittsburgh, PA. 17 January 1984. KDKA.
• Break Away. 24 February 1984.
• KITV News. Sioux City, IA. 29 December 1983. KTIV.
• KCAU News. Sioux City, IA. Six interviews since August 1983. KCAU. Check date values in: |date= (help)
• People are Talking. Philadelphia, PA. 1 November 1983. CBS. KYW.
• People are Talking. Boston, MA. 17 October 1983. CBS. WBZ.
• The Today Show. 20 September 1983. NBC.
• PBS Latenight. May 1982. PBS.
• Kelly & Company. Detroit, MI. May 1982. WXYZ.
• People are Talking. Baltimore, MD. May 1980. WJZ.
• People are Talking. Philadelphia, PA. May 1980. CBS. KYW.
• Pittsburgh 2Day. Pittsburgh, PA. May 1980. KDKA.
• Good Morning, Detroit. Detroit, MI. December 1979. WJBK.
• The Phil Donahue Show. November 1979.^[15]

References

1. "Some Outbreaks of Vaccine-preventable Disease in Groups with Religious or Philosophical Exemptions to Vaccination", CHILD website, CHILD, retrieved 30 Apr 2013.
2. Tilkin, Dan (KATU News); Murad, Mike (KBOI News, Idaho) (20 May 2011). "Man speaks out about child deaths in NW faith-healing church" (TV news broadcast). Portland, OR: Fisher Communications, Inc. KATU. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
3. Bell, Bonnie (31 Mar 1980), "Their baby's death provokes Doug and Rita Swan to a holy war on Christian Science", People, ISSN 0093-7673
4. Castle, Marie Alena, "No legal protection for kids in faith-healing families: Why most states sanction religion-based child sacrifice", Atheists for Human Rights, retrieved 30 Jan 2013
5. "Children's Law News" (PDF). The Guardian. National Association of Counsel for Children. 23 (3): 15. 2001. Retrieved 4 Apr 2013.
6. Munns, Roger (2 Jun 1996). "Mom fights prayer that excludes medicine". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 22 Apr 2013.
7. "CHILD About", CHILD website, CHILD, retrieved 4 Apr 2013
8. Fraser, Caroline (1999), God's Perfect Child: Living and Dying in the Christian Science Church, New York: Henry Holt and Company, pp. 295–298, ISBN 0805044302, OCLC 473250863
9. Fraser, 1999, pp. 278–291.
10. Larabee, Mark (30 Nov 1998), "Parents turn grief into a mission: Change the laws", The Oregonian, Advance Publications, ISSN 8750-1317
11. Fraser, Caroline (Apr 1995), "Suffering children and the Christian Science Church", The Atlantic, ISSN 1072-7825, retrieved 18 Apr 2013
12. Asser, S.M.; Swan, R. (Apr 1998). "Child fatalities from religion-motivated medical neglect". Pediatrics. American Academy of Pediatrics. 101 (4 Pt 1): 625–9. doi:10.1542/peds.101.4.625. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 9521945.
13. Gallegos, Alicia (19 Sep 2011). "Miracle vs. medicine: When faith puts care at risk". American Medical News. American Medical Association. ISSN 0098-7484. Retrieved 17 Apr 2013.
14. Title 42-The Public Health And Welfare, Chapter 67-Child Abuse Prevention And Treatment And Adoption Reform, Subchapter I-General Program, Sec. 5106i-Rule Of Construction 42 U.S.C. § 5106i
15. "Policy & Legal". CHILD website. CHILD. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
16. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Pub.L. 111–148
17. "Victory! Christian Science provision not in merged health care reform bill." (News Release), Freedom From Religion Foundation, 20 Nov 2009, Faith-healing mandate nixed from Senate health care reform bill
18. "AAP President recognizes Dr. Swan for work on children's equal rights to health care", AAP News, American Academy of Pediatrics, 33 (5), May 2012
19. "2010 Social action award recipients" (PDF). Social Questions Bulletin. Iowa Chapter Methodist Federation for Social Action. Jun 2010. p. 3. Retrieved 17 Apr 2013.
20. "The Giraffe Heroes Database: Swan, Rita". The Giraffe Heroes Project. Retrieved 17 Apr 2013.
21. "Rita Swan, PhD Fellow Board of Directors", Institute for Science in Medicine website, Institute for Science in Medicine, retrieved 23 April 2013
22. "CHILD newsletter archive", CHILD website, CHILD, retrieved 6 May 2013
23. Brown v. Laitner, 435 N.W.2d 1, 432 Mich. 861 (1989).
24. CHILD Inc. v. Min De Parle 212 F.3d 1084 (8th Cir. 2000); No. 98-3521 U. S. Court Of Appeals for the 8th Circuit Submitted: 18 Oct 1999. Filed: 1 May 2000. Retrieved from Public.Resource.Org 17 Apr 2013.
25. Harris, B. (2010). "Veiled in textual neutrality: Is that enough? A candid reexamination of the constitutionality of section 4454 of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997" (PDF). Alabama Law Review. 61 (2): 401–402. Retrieved 4 Apr 2013.
26. CHILD Inc. and Brown v. Deters 92 F.3d 1412. No. 95-3850. U. S. Court Of Appeals, 6th Circuit. Argued 4 Mar 1996. Decided 5 Aug 1996. Rehearing And Suggestion For Rehearing En Banc Denied 20 Sep 1996. Retrieved from Public.Resource.Org 17 Apr 2013.
27. CHILD Inc. v. Vladeck 938 F.Supp. 1466 (1996) No. 3-96-63. U. S. Dist. Court, D. MN, 3rd Div. 7 Aug 1996. Retrieved from Google Scholar 17 Apr 2013.
28. Oregon Senate Committee on the Judiciary Minutes 26 Apr 2011. 2. Retrieved 18 Apr 2013
29. Oregon House Committee on the Judiciary Minutes 21 Feb 2011. 2. Retrieved 18 Apr 2013
30. Nebraska State Legislature, Health and Human Services Committee 25 Jan 2007 transcript. 11-13. Retrieved 18 Apr 2013
31. Legislative Research Council, South Dakota Legislature. "Minutes 13 February 1998, Senate Health and Human Services Committee". Retrieved 22 Apr 2013
32. Legislative Research Council, South Dakota Legislature. "Minutes 6 February 1998, House Health and Human Services Committee". Retrieved 22 Apr 2013
33. Swan, Rita (Nov 1994). "Medical neglect of children on religious grounds". Freethought Today. Freedom From Religion Foundation. 11 (9). ISSN 0882-8512. Retrieved 23 Apr 2013.
34. Swan, R.; Houy, M.; Carnes, R.M. (1981), "Healing sects and children's rights to medical care.", Proceedings of the Fifth National Conference on Child Abuse and Neglect, Milwaukee, WI: Wisconsin University, pp. 174–180 Missing or empty |title= (help)

Further reading

• Stamm, Dan (22 April 2013). "Second child death for convicted faith-healing couple". NBC10 Television News Website. NBCUniversal Media, LLC.
• Anderson, Madeline (25 March 2013). "Marathon Co. faith healing case: 5 years after Kara Neumann's death". WSAW TV 7 News website. Gray Television, Inc.
• "Rita Swan and protecting children from religious exemptions" (blog). Free Thinking. Center for Inquiry. 9 March 2012.
• Atwood, Kimball (16 October 2009). "Health care bills: More mischief in Washington" (blog). Science Based Medicine.
• Vanegeren, Jessica (17 November 2009). "Dueling bills take aim at religious exemption". The Capital Times. Madison, Wisconsin.
• Margolick, David (6 August 1990). "In child deaths, a test for Christian Science". The New York Times.

External links

• National Association of Counsel for Children
• San Diego Conference on Responding to Child Maltreatment