Bob Howsam

Robert Lee Howsam (February 28, 1918 – February 19, 2008) was an executive in American professional sport who, in 1959, played a key role in establishing two leagues—the American Football League, which succeeded and merged with the National Football League, and baseball's Continental League, which never played a game but forced expansion of Major League Baseball from 16 to 20 teams in 1961–62. Howsam later became further well known in baseball as the highly successful general manager and club president of the Cincinnati Reds during the "Big Red Machine" dynasty of the 1970s.

Born in Denver, Colorado, Howsam served as a U.S. Navy pilot during World War II. He was the son-in-law of United States Senator and two-term Colorado Governor Edwin C. Johnson.^[1] Johnson also was involved with professional baseball as founder and first president of the postwar Class A Western League, an upper-level minor league that played from 1947 to 1958.

Efforts to bring Major League Baseball to Denver

Howsam first made a name for himself as a highly successful baseball executive. He led the family-owned Denver Bears of the Class A Western League and Triple-A American Association from 1947 to 1962. For building one of the most successful minor league franchises of the 1950s, Howsam was twice (1951 and 1956) named Minor League Executive of the Year by The Sporting News. The Howsams also built Bears Stadium, a minor league baseball park which, after renovation and expanded capacity, became famous as the Denver Broncos' noisy, raucous and perpetually sold-out home from 1960 to 2001, Mile High Stadium. While the Bears achieved great success as a Triple-A farm team of the New York Yankees in the late 1950s, their earlier tie-up with the Pittsburgh Pirates (1952–54) served to introduce Howsam to Pirates' general manager Branch Rickey, the Baseball Hall of Fame executive, who had revolutionized baseball in his earlier career with the St. Louis Cardinals and Brooklyn Dodgers. Rickey would play an influential role later in Howsam's career.

In an attempt to bring Major League Baseball to Denver, Howsam was one of the founders of the Continental League, which in 1959 planned to become the "third Major League" following the epidemic of franchise shifts during the 1950s. MLB magnates, nervous about the possible rescinding of baseball's antitrust exemption by the U.S. Congress after the National League abandoned New York, agreed to study (and perhaps support) the formation of the new loop. Howsam was slated to become owner of the Denver franchise, one of the league's eight charter members. Howsam even went as far as to expand Bears Stadium to over 34,000. Rickey, meanwhile, was elected president of the new circuit.

As events unfolded, the new league never got off the drawing board; it was doomed once three of its key cities gained Major League franchises in 1961–62 (New York and Houston got expansion National League franchises, while the American League Washington Senators moved to Minneapolis-St. Paul).

Founder of AFL and Denver Broncos

Howsam was now in a bind. He had taken on a large amount of debt in hopes of bringing the majors to Denver. However, there was little prospect of retiring it in the foreseeable future, as he was now saddled with a stadium far too big for a Triple-A team. He concluded the only way to get additional revenue was to extend his stadium's season by bringing in a football team.

Howsam first sought an expansion NFL team for Denver. When that bid was turned down, Howsam, his brother Earl and his father Lee founded the Denver Broncos—one of the eight charter members of the AFL. (The Howsams and the seven other original owners called themselves the "Foolish Club" for daring to take on the established NFL.)

The Broncos played in the AFL from 1960 to 1969 and then joined the NFL with completion of the NFL/AFL merger in 1970. After a disastrous 4-9-1 season in 1960, the Howsam family sold controlling interest in the Broncos and Bears to Gerald and Alan Phipps in May 1961. The team would only get as high as .500 only three times its first 17 years, including when it joined the NFL in 1970. But it was developing a loyal fan base, and since its first Super Bowl appearance in 1977, the Broncos have become one of the most successful operations in the NFL.

In St. Louis: Inheriting a world champion

After selling the Broncos, Howsam returned to baseball. In the wake of the Continental League's demise, Rickey, then 80, returned to the Cardinals in 1962 as a part-time but influential advisor to the Redbirds' owner, Gussie Busch. In mid-August 1964, with the Cardinals seemingly about to finish well behind the first-place Philadelphia Phillies, Busch fired general manager Bing Devine and replaced him with Howsam^[2]—reputedly at Rickey's urging.

However, the team Howsam inherited ended up winning the NL pennant after the Phils collapsed in late September, and defeated the New York Yankees in the World Series. During the victory celebration after the clinching seventh game, Howsam claimed the Redbirds' turnaround only happened after he took the reins. This rankled several of the players, most of whom felt Devine's acquisition of Lou Brock in June provided the final piece of the puzzle.^[2]

Howsam's two full years as Cardinals' general manager (1965–66) were not successful. The team fell back to .500 and many St. Louisans felt that Devine, a well-liked hometown figure, had been wrongly fired. Howsam installed popular Red Schoendienst as manager and he rebuilt the Redbird infield, trading away veterans Ken Boyer,^[3] Bill White and Dick Groat in a bid for more pitching help. Howsam later said that he included White in the trade because he had evidence White was six years older than he claimed to be. Years later, in his book, Uppity: My Untold Story About the Games People Play, White claimed that Howsam's real motivation was White's giving Devine credit for their unexpected World Series win a year earlier.^[4]

In 1966, he acquired future Hall of Fame first baseman Orlando Cepeda from the San Francisco Giants in midseason and right fielder Roger Maris^[5] from the New York Yankees (in exchange for third baseman Charley Smith, who had been acquired as part of the Boyer trade) during the winter interleague trading period. The Cardinals were poised to win back-to-back pennants in 1967–68. But in December 1966 a 13-member Cincinnati-based ownership syndicate led by Francis L. Dale purchased the Reds; one month later, in January 1967, Howsam accepted its offer to become the club's new general manager.^[2]

In Cincinnati: Engineering the 'Big Red Machine'

In Cincinnati, Howsam flourished. During his 11 years (1967–77) as general manager, he was one of the key figures (along with his predecessor, Bill DeWitt, and his manager, Sparky Anderson) behind "The Big Red Machine", which captured NL titles in 1970 and 1972 and world championships in 1975 and 1976.

Although many key parts of the dynasty—such as Pete Rose, Johnny Bench, Tony Pérez, Lee May and Tommy Helms—were already in place or in the organization in 1966, Howsam boldly promoted young pitchers such as Gary Nolan, Don Gullett and Wayne Simpson to the Major Leagues. He replaced a popular incumbent manager, Dave Bristol, with a then-unproven but a future Hall-of-Fame skipper in Anderson. He ensured that the fruitful Cincinnati farm system continued to churn out young position players, such as Dave Concepción, Ken Griffey, Ray Knight and Bernie Carbo. He also acquired two talented young outfielders, Bobby Tolan and Alex Johnson, from the Cardinals. It was the second time that Howsam had traded for Johnson (the first was in 1965 while still with the Cardinals), and he would ultimately trade Johnson away for pitcher Jim McGlothlin (who would go on to win 14 games for the 1970 Reds).^[2][6]

Then, in two masterful 1971 trades, Howsam acquired second baseman Joe Morgan (in a deal that included May and Helms) from the Houston Astros and outfielder George Foster from the Giants (for utility infielder Frank Duffy). In Cincinnati, Morgan would win consecutive NL Most Valuable Player awards in 1975–76 and earn credentials as a member of the Hall of Fame. Foster would hit 52 home runs for the Reds in 1977—the only player to crack the half-century HR mark in the 1970s or 1980s.

The 1976 Cincinnati club, which won 102 regular season games, then swept both the Phillies in the 1976 National League Championship Series and the Yankees in the 1976 World Series, is considered one of the strongest in baseball history. The Sporting News named Howsam Major League Executive of the Year for 1973—ironically, a season in which the powerhouse Reds dropped the NLCS to the underdog New York Mets.

Howsam reportedly had considerably more authority than most general managers of the time. The team's owners during his tenure (first Dale, then Louis Nippert) largely left the team's day-to-day operations in his hands, and he added the title of team president in 1973. He even represented the Reds at owners' meetings. Under his watch, the Reds were known for their strict policies on player appearance. Reds players were not allowed to have facial hair (a policy that continued long after Howsam left the team) and were required to wear their uniform pants and socks in a specific fashion. However, Howsam was especially known for his conservatism regarding labor relations; under him, the Reds were among the hardliners during the 1972 strike.^[2]

After the dynasty

Approaching his 60th birthday at the close of the 1977 season, Howsam turned over his general manager responsibilities to a longtime assistant, Dick Wagner. But the Reds' success ended when Howsam stepped aside. With the free agent era dawning, and with the Reds' stubborn refusal to play the big-money game, "The Big Red Machine" began to lose key players. Howsam had already traded Pérez to the Montreal Expos in the months following the 1976 title. Gullett, Rose and Morgan were allowed to leave via free agency. Nolan developed arm problems. Wagner fired Anderson after Sparky refused to scapegoat his coaching staff when the Reds finished second in the NL West in both 1977 and 1978.

Howsam resigned as president in 1978, and Wagner was blamed by many for the team's decline, although Howsam, one of the most conservative voices in the game at that point, helped set fiscal policy for the club. Howsam returned to the club presidency in 1983 after Wagner's firing, with the team in last place. He hired Rose as player-manager, and helped restore the Reds to respectability. Howsam was elected to the Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame in 2004.

In retirement, Howsam served on the Colorado Baseball Commission, which succeeded in bringing the Colorado Rockies to Denver as an MLB expansion team in 1993—thus fulfilling his dream of bringing MLB to his hometown three decades later. He had been elected to his home state's Sports Hall of Fame in 1971. He died from a heart ailment at age 89 on February 19, 2008, in his Sun City, Arizona, home.

References

1. The Denver Post
2. Markusen, Bruce. Cooperstown Confidential: Why Bob Howsam isn’t in the Hall of Fame. Hardball Times, 2012-01-13.
3. http://www.baseball-reference.com/players/b/boyerke01.shtml
4. White, Bill. Uppity: My Untold Story About the Games People Play. New York: Grand Central Publishing, 2011.
5. http://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/marisro01.shtml
6. http://www.baseball-reference.com/players/j/johnsal01.shtml