Rota's conjecture

Mathematician Gian-Carlo Rota conjectured in 1971 that, for every finite field, the family of matroids that can be represented over that field has finitely many excluded minors.[1] A proof of the conjecture has been announced by Geelen, Gerards, and Whittle. [2]

Statement of the conjecture

If is a set of points in a vector space defined over a field , then the linearly independent subsets of form the independent sets of a matroid ; is said to be a representation of any matroid isomorphic to . Not every matroid has a representation over every field, for instance, the Fano plane is representable only over fields of characteristic two. Other matroids are representable over no fields at all. The matroids that are representable over a particular field form a proper subclass of all matroids.

A minor of a matroid is another matroid formed by a sequence of two operations: deletion and contraction. In the case of points from a vector space, deleting a point is simply the removal of that point from ; contraction is a dual operation in which a point is removed and the remaining points are projected a hyperplane that does not contain the removed points. It follows from this if a matroid is representable over a field, then so are all its minors. A matroid that is not representable over , and is minor-minimal with that property, is called an "excluded minor"; a matroid is representable over if and only if it does not contain one of the forbidden minors.

For representability over the real numbers, there are infinitely many forbidden minors.[3] Rota's conjecture is that, for every finite field , there is only a finite number of forbidden minors.

Partial results

W. T. Tutte proved that the binary matroids (matroids representable over the field of two elements) have a single forbidden minor, the uniform matroid (geometrically, a line with four points on it).[4][5]

A matroid is representable over the ternary field GF(3) if and only if it does not have one or more of the following four matroids as minors: a five-point line , its dual matroid (five points in general position in three dimensions), the Fano plane, or the dual of the Fano plane. Thus, Rota's conjecture is true in this case as well.[6][7] As a consequence of this result and of the forbidden minor characterization by Tutte (1958) of the regular matroids (matroids that can be represented over all fields) it follows that a matroid is regular if and only if it is both binary and ternary.[7]

There are seven forbidden minors for the matroids representable over GF(4).[8] They are:

This result won the 2003 Fulkerson Prize for its authors Jim Geelen, A. M. H. Gerards, and A. Kapoor.[10]

For GF(5), several forbidden minors on up to 12 elements are known,[11] but it is not known whether the list is complete.

Reported proof

Geoff Whittle announced during a 2013 visit to the UK that he, Jim Geelen, and Bert Gerards have solved Rota's Conjecture. The collaboration involved intense visits where the researchers sat in a room together, all day every day, in front of a whiteboard.[12] It will take them years to write up their research in its entirety and publish it.[13][14] An outline of the proof has appeared in the Notices of the AMS.[15]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Rota, Gian-Carlo (1971), "Combinatorial theory, old and new", Actes du Congrès International des Mathématiciens (Nice, 1970), Tome 3, Paris: Gauthier-Villars, pp. 229–233, MR 0505646.
  2. ↑ "Solving Rota's conjecture" (PDF), Notices of the American Mathematical Society: 736–743, Aug 17, 2014
  3. ↑ Vámos, P. (1978), "The missing axiom of matroid theory is lost forever", Journal of the London Mathematical Society, Second Series, 18 (3): 403–408, doi:10.1112/jlms/s2-18.3.403, MR 518224.
  4. ↑ Tutte, W. T. (1958), "A homotopy theorem for matroids. I, II", Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 88: 144–174, doi:10.2307/1993244, MR 0101526.
  5. ↑ Tutte, W. T. (1965), "Lectures on matroids", Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, 69B: 1–47, doi:10.6028/jres.069b.001, MR 0179781. See in particular section 5.3, "Characterization of binary matroids", p.17.
  6. ↑ Bixby, Robert E. (1979), "On Reid's characterization of the ternary matroids", Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series B, 26 (2): 174–204, doi:10.1016/0095-8956(79)90056-X, MR 532587. Bixby attributes this characterization of ternary matroids to Ralph Reid.
  7. 1 2 Seymour, P. D. (1979), "Matroid representation over GF(3)", Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series B, 26 (2): 159–173, doi:10.1016/0095-8956(79)90055-8, MR 532586.
  8. ↑ Geelen, J. F.; Gerards, A. M. H.; Kapoor, A. (2000), "The excluded minors for GF(4)-representable matroids" (PDF), Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series B, 79 (2): 247–299, doi:10.1006/jctb.2000.1963, MR 1769191.
  9. ↑ Kelly, L. M.; Moser, W. O. J. (1958), "On the number of ordinary lines determined by n points", Canad. J. Math., 10: 210–219, doi:10.4153/CJM-1958-024-6.
  10. ↑ 2003 Fulkerson Prize citation, retrieved 2012-08-18.
  11. ↑ Betten, A.; Kingan, R. J.; Kingan, S. R. (2007), "A note on GF(5)-representable matroids" (PDF), MATCH Communications in Mathematical and in Computer Chemistry, 58 (2): 511–521, MR 2357372.
  12. ↑ Geelen, Gerards and Whittle announce a proof of Rota's conjecture University of Waterloo, August 28, 2013
  13. ↑ Rota's Conjecture: Researcher solves 40-year-old math problem PhysOrg, August 15, 2013.
  14. ↑ CWI researcher proves famous Rota’s Conjecture CWI, August 22, 2013.
  15. ↑ "Solving Rota's conjecture" (PDF), Notices of the American Mathematical Society: 736–743, Aug 17, 2014
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