Rubus pubescens

Rubus pubescens
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Subfamily: Rosoideae
Genus: Rubus
Species: R. pubescens
Binomial name
Rubus pubescens
Raf. 1811 not Vest ex Tratt. 1823 nor Weihe 1824 (syn of R. chloocladus) nor Bayer 1859 nor Kuntze 1891 nor Hayek 1901 nor Genev. 1880[1]
Synonyms[2][3]
  • Rubus saxatilis var. canadensis Michx. 1803
  • Cylactis montana Raf.
  • Cylactis pubescens (Raf.) W.A.Weber
  • Cylastis montanus (Raf.) Raf.
  • Rubus canadensis Torr. 1824 not L. 1753
  • Rubus triflorus Richardson

Rubus pubescens (Dwarf Red Blackberry, Dwarf Red Raspberry, Dewberry) is a herbaceous perennial widespread across much of Canada and the northern United States, from Alaska to Newfoundland, south as far as Oregon, Colorado, and West Virginia.[4][5]

Description

Dewberry is known as a sub-shrub or herbaceous perennial (Kartesz 2011). The trailing stems (stolons) are 10 to 30 cm (4 to 12 in) in length, and the upright petioles are usually less than 20 cm (8 inches) tall. They differ from larger shrubby species in the genus in that the only upright part is herbaceous and only lightly speckled with fine hairs (hence the specific epithet "pubescens"), as opposed to the woody stems and larger prickles that cover many other species of Rubus[6][7]

Leaves are compound with three more or less sessile (stalk-less), diamond-shaped leaflets. The middle leaflet is the largest, and most symmetrical, while the two side leaflets are wider below the midrib; all leaflets have toothed margins.[6] With the exception of the trailing stems, all parts of the plant are shed in the fall.[7]

Flowers have five white petals, often curled backwards, and the yellowish anthers give the center an appearance of yellow and black speckles. Flowering typically occurs between late May and late June, depending on the locality, but occasional flowers can be seen from early May through August. Flowers usually produce a single shiny red fruit, in the form of a compound drupe (several tiny berries attached to a central receptacle), in early July. Like a blackberry, the fruit does not easily separate from its receptacle.[7]

Habitat

Dewberry is found in moist conifer or mixed-wood forests, with canopies dominated by spruce and fir with lesser components of aspen, maple, birch, or pine. It roots primarily in the organic layers of the soil. It is often found growing with bunchberry (Cornus canadensis), wild lily of the valley (Maianthemum canadensis), and goldthread (Coptis trifolia).

Distribution

Dewberry is most common in boreal and temperate forested areas of Canada and the United States of America, but ranges from montane to coastal elevations, and from the arctic to the great plains, giving it a wide distribution in both north-south and east-west directions.[7]

Ecological Importance

Dewberry is eaten by a variety of mammals and birds, including black and grizzly bears, many small rodents, and game birds such as grouse.

Although the shallow-rooting tendency of dewberry makes it susceptible to damage by fire, it spreads quickly over a site by rhizomes, and can become an important component of ground cover after low and moderate-intensity disturbance,[8] thereby reducing soil water loss from evaporation.

Like other members of the genus, Dewberry is an insect pollinated plant. Without insect pollination, the number of fruits produced and the number of druplets per fruit can decrease by 85-95%.[9] Because of its early flowering time, dewberry may be an important food source for insect pollinators in late spring, before the more nutritious and abundant flowering plants (e.g., red raspberry or blueberry crops) become available.

Human importance

Although dewberries are often too scattered and small to be an important traditional food for aboriginal groups in North America, those groups living in southern and eastern parts of the continent used the roots medicinally, to relieve various stomach ailments or to treat women with pregnancy or menstruation-related problems.[6]

The fruits are sweet and juicy right off the plant, but can also be used in jams, jellies, and most recipes involving red raspberries. If separating the berry from the receptacle frustrates your efforts to obtain a tasty treat, just eat the berry and receptacle together - both are quite edible.

Conservation

Dewberry is listed as threatened in the state of Illinois, where it is more commonly known as dwarf raspberry.[10] This status is probably due to a combination of human habitat destruction and a natural rarity at the southern limit of this species' range.

References

  1. ↑ The Plant List search for Rubus pubescens
  2. ↑ The Plant List, Rubus pubescens Raf.
  3. ↑ Tropicos, Rubus pubescens Raf.
  4. ↑ Biota of North America Program 2014 state-level distribution map
  5. ↑ Kartesz, J.T. 2011. United States Department of Agriculture plants profile, accessed Oct. 18th, 2011.
  6. 1 2 3 Johnson, D., L. Kershaw, and A. Mackinnon. 1999. Plants of the Western Boreal Forest and Aspen Parkland: Including Alberta, Saskatchewan And Manitoba. Lone Pine Publishing, Edmonton, Alberta.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Flora of North America, Rubus pubescens Rafinesque, 1811. Dwarf red blackberry or raspberry or red raspberry, ronce pubescente
  8. ↑ Wang, G.G., and K.J. Kemball. 2005. Effects of fire severity on early development of understory vegetation. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35: 254–262.
  9. ↑ Whitney, G.G. 1984. The reproductive biology of raspberries and plant-pollinator community structure. American Journal of Botany 71(7): 887-894.
  10. ↑ Illinois Endangered Species Protection Board. 2011. Checklist of endangered and threatened animals and plants of Illinois. Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Endangered Species Protection Board website, accessed October 18th, 2011.
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