Ruud Lubbers

"Lubbers" redirects here. For other people with the name, see Lubbers (surname).

His Excellency Ruud Lubbers
Ruud Lubbers in 2011

47th Prime Minister of the Netherlands
In office 4 November 1982 – 22 August 1994
Monarch	Beatrix
Deputy	See list Gijs van Aardenne (1982–1986) Rudolf de Korte (1986–1989) Wim Kok (1989–1994)
Preceded by	Dries van Agt
Succeeded by	Wim Kok
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
In office 1 January 2001 – 20 February 2005
Preceded by	Sadako Ogata
Succeeded by	António Guterres
Leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal
In office 25 October 1982 – 29 January 1994
Preceded by	Dries van Agt
Succeeded by	Elco Brinkman
Parliamentary leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal in the House of Representatives of the Netherlands
In office 14 September 1989 – 7 November 1989
Preceded by	Bert de Vries
Succeeded by	Elco Brinkman
In office 3 June 1986 – 14 July 1986
Preceded by	Bert de Vries
Succeeded by	Bert de Vries
In office 24 August 1981 – 4 November 1982
Preceded by	Dries van Agt
Succeeded by	Bert de Vries
In office 7 November 1978 – 10 June 1981
Preceded by	Willem Aantjes
Succeeded by	Dries van Agt
Member of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands
In office 14 September 1989 – 7 November 1989
In office 3 June 1986 – 14 July 1986
In office 22 December 1977 – 4 November 1982
In office 8 June 1977 – 8 September 1977
Minister of Economic Affairs of the Netherlands
In office 11 May 1973 – 19 December 1977
Prime Minister	Joop den Uyl
Preceded by	Harry Langman
Succeeded by	Gijs van Aardenne
Personal details
Born	Rudolphus Franciscus Marie Lubbers (1939-05-07) 7 May 1939 Rotterdam, Netherlands
Nationality	Dutch
Political party	Christian Democratic Appeal (from 1980)
Other political affiliations	Catholic People's Party (1964–1980)
Spouse(s)	Ria Hoogeweegen (m. 1962)
Children	Paul Bart Heleen
Residence	Rotterdam, Netherlands Dalfsen, Netherlands
Alma mater	Erasmus University (Bachelor of Economics, Master of Economics)
Occupation	Politician Diplomat Economist Businessman Corporate director Activist Professor
Religion	Roman Catholicism
Awards	Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
Signature
Military service
Allegiance	The Netherlands
Service/branch	Royal Netherlands Air Force
Years of service	1962–1963
Rank	Second lieutenant
Battles/wars	Cold War

Rudolphus Franciscus Marie "Ruud" Lubbers (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈryt ˈlʏbərs]; born 7 May 1939) is a retired Dutch politician of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 4 November 1982 until 22 August 1994.

Lubbers, a businessman and economist by occupation, worked for the Hollandia Corporate as a corporate director from 1963 until 1973. After the Dutch general election of 1972, Lubbers was asked by the Catholic People's Party (KVP) to become Minister of Economic Affairs in the Cabinet Den Uyl; he accepted, taking office on 11 May 1973. After the 1977 election, he was elected as Member of the House of Representatives, serving from 8 June 1977 until 8 September 1977 and again from 22 December 1977 until 4 November 1982. On 7 November 1978, Willem Aantjes, the Parliamentary leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal in the House of Representatives, resigned, and Lubbers was selected to succeed him, serving from 7 November 1978 until 10 June 1981 and again from 24 August 1981 until 4 November 1982. After the 1982 election, Prime Minister Dries van Agt unexpectedly announced his retirement from national politics and stood down as Leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal on 13 October 1982, with Lubbers elected to succeed him on 25 October 1982.

The first Lubbers cabinet was formed by a coalition with the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD), with Lubbers taking office as Prime Minister on 4 November 1982. With the following 1986 election, Lubbers, as Lijsttrekker (top candidate), won nine seats, the coalition retained its majority, and a cabinet formation resulted in a continuation of the policies with the second Lubbers cabinet. For the 1989 election, Lubbers, once more as Lijsttrekker, won the same amount of seats as the previous election, and a coalition formation with the Labour Party (PvdA) was formed that resulted in the third Lubbers cabinet. On 29 January 1994, Lubbers announced his retirement from national politics and resigned as Leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal. Lubbers remained Prime Minister until the first Kok cabinet was installed on 22 August 1994.

After his premiership, Lubbers semi-retired from active politics and served as a visiting professor at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and the Tilburg University from 1995 until 2001. Lubbers served as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees from 1 January 2001 until 20 February 2005, and finally retired from active politics at the age of sixty-five. Following the end of his active political career, Lubbers occupied numerous seats on supervisory boards on international non-governmental organizations (World Wide Fund for Nature, Earth Charter Initiative, Club of Rome, Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands).

Lubbers is known for his abilities as a team leader and consensus builder. During his premiership, his cabinets were responsible for rebuilding the Dutch economy after the recession in the 1980s, stimulating sustainable development, reforming social security, and reducing the deficit. He holds the distinction of being both the longest-tenured and the youngest serving Prime Minister of the Netherlands. Lubbers also has been active as a conservation and humanitarian activist and as an advocate in promoting sustainable development. Lubbers continues to comment on political affairs as a statesman. On 31 January 1995, he was granted the honorary title of Minister of State.

Biography

Early life

Rudolphus Franciscus Marie Lubbers was born on 7 May 1939 in Rotterdam in the Province of South Holland. He studied economics at the Erasmus University Rotterdam, and was a student of the first Nobel Prize in Economics laureate Jan Tinbergen. As suggested by the title of his 1962 thesis - "The influence of differing productivity trends in various countries on the current account of the balance of payments" - his main interest was in monetary affairs. He originally planned an academic career, but was compelled by family circumstances to join the management of Lubbers' Construction Workshops and Machinery Fabricators Hollandia B.V.

Politics

Ruud Lubbers as Prime Minister of the Netherlands in 1982.

Ruud Lubbers with then United States Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger in 1983.

Ruud Lubbers and then Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Margaret Thatcher in 1983.

Ruud Lubbers as Prime Minister of the Netherlands in 1984, speaking with a union leader.

Ruud Lubbers as Prime Minister of the Netherlands in 1986.

Ruud Lubbers at the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting in 1993.

From 11 May 1973 to 19 December 1977, Ruud Lubbers was Minister of Economic Affairs in the Den Uyl-government and a member of the Catholic People's Party (KVP). He was an effective, if sometimes somewhat bad-tempered minister. He chose to return to Parliament on the formation of the Van Agt-government in 1977, becoming Senior Deputy Parliamentary Leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), the alliance between the KVP and the other two main Christian parties. His career got an unexpected boost when the leader of the parliamentary faction of the CDA, Willem Aantjes, had to resign in 1978 because accusations that he had served in the Germanic-SS during the Second World War. Lubbers succeeded him and suddenly found himself in a powerful political position.

In 1982, after the general election won by Prime Minister Dries van Agt, a similar thing happened when Van Agt suddenly announced he would not be available for a third term. Lubbers took over the post. He was the youngest prime minister in Dutch history; he had turned 43 only six months earlier. Major aspects of his time in office included extensive cutbacks in public spending, the launch of far-reaching deregulation and privatisation programs, and a massive demonstration in The Hague (1983) against the planned installation in the Netherlands of nuclear-armed US cruise missiles (which was cancelled after all due to arms reduction talks between the US and the Soviet Union).

After leaving office, Lubbers was put forward as a candidate for the head of NATO, but the US vetoed his appointment. He is on the advisory board of the Official Monetary and Financial Institutions Forum (OMFIF), where he is regularly involved in meetings regarding the financial and monetary system.

Lubbers was regarded by many during his time in office as an ideological heir to Margaret Thatcher. One of his campaign slogans was: "meer markt, minder overheid" (more market, less government).

Ecological activities

In the follow-up of the Earth Summit in 1992, Lubbers engaged with the Earth Charter Initiative in cooperation with Mikhail Gorbachev and Maurice Strong. The Earth Charter document was launched in the Peace Palace in The Hague in June 2000. Lubbers is an active member of the international Earth Charter Commission and reaches out, especially to youth in the Netherland, with the message of the Earth Charter for a sustainable and peaceful world.

Academic

From 1995 to 2000, he taught Globalization Studies at Tilburg University in the Netherlands and at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University in the United States. He was also vice-chairman of the Independent World Commission on the Oceans and chair of Globus, the Institute for Globalization and Development based in Tilburg.

UN High Commissioner for Refugees

At the end of the year 2000, Lubbers was appointed by the Secretary-General of the United Nations Kofi Annan to succeed Sadako Ogata as UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).

From 1 January 2001, Lubbers headed the UNHCR, which comprised over 5,000 employees who work across the globe, and which was concerned with an estimated 21 million refugees and internally displaced in over 120 countries worldwide. During his tenure, the number of refugees worldwide decreased by almost 22%, from 21.8 million in 2001 to close to 17.1 million at the beginning of 2004.

Lubbers also favoured a generous refugee policy for the Netherlands, and he was critical of the Foreign Citizens Law (Vreemdelingenwet). He also stabilised the UNHCR's financial situation and greatly increased the financial means for the sheltering of refugees.

He annually donated some $300,000 to the refugee agency since he assumed his post in 2001, thereby covering his own $167,000 annual salary and travel expenses.

Sexual harassment complaint

In May 2004, Lubbers was accused by Cynthia Brzak, an American UNHCR employee, of sexual harassment following a meeting in his office that was attended by two other UNHCR staff members. The complaint was reported in the media,^[1] prompting Lubbers to inform UNHCR staff about the accusation. On this occasion, he denied any wrongdoing and rejected the allegation against him. On 2 June 2004, the United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS), which was tasked with investigating the accusation, sent its report to UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan.^[2]^[3] In its public annual report to the UN Secretary-General (presented to the UN General Assembly), the OIOS reported concerning the case that it had "submitted a report to the Secretary-General supporting the allegations and recommended that appropriate actions be taken accordingly."^[4]

Lubbers responded to the OIOS report in a letter setting out to (a) deny acts of sexual harassment or abuse took place; (b) establish that such evidence of the alleged misconduct as is said to exist is insufficient and flawed; and (c) conclude that the report itself would appear to be based on an irregular statutory basis and also flawed by errors of law and reasoning."^[5]

Lubbers asked Max van der Stoel, former High Commissioner on National Minorities, to comment on the confidential report.^[6] He concluded that "the OIOS report is deficient in objectivity and impartiality." He added "that the only two other persons in the room did not provide evidence confirming the version given by the complainant." Furthermore, he accused UN officials of leaking information to the press and recommended that an investigation of the leaks be undertaken.^[7]

The Secretary-General reviewed the report and the responses of the High Commissioner and the senior manager to the report, and decided that the complaint could not be substantiated by the evidence and therefore closed the matter."^[8] He is also reported to have consulted with Stephen Schwebel, an American judge and former President of the International Court of Justice. The Secretary-General failed to order an investigation of the deliberate leaking by OIOS itself to the media as recommended by Max van der Stoel.

Resignation

In February 2005, the case was in the news again when the British daily newspaper The Independent obtained a copy of the OIOS report and, accompanied by an article by Kate Holt, published its contents.^[9] Among other things, the report stated that:

the allegation against Lubbers is substantiated in that Lubbers did engage in unwanted physical contact with the complainant, a subordinate female staff member. New allegations that came to OIOS' attention during the investigation, were also examined and indicate a pattern of sexual harassment by Lubbers, OIOS is also of the view that Lubbers abused his authority as High Commissioner by his intense, pervasive and intimidating attempts to influence the outcome of this Investigation.^[3]

Ruud Lubbers in 2010.

Lubbers met with the Secretary-General on 18 February 2005, and resigned as High Commissioner on Sunday, 20 February 2005, stating to the press: "For more than four years I gave all my energy to UNHCR. To be frank, despite all my loyalty, insult has now been added to injury and therefore I resign as High Commissioner." The Secretary-General's office issued a statement the same day which stated that the High Commissioner's resignation was in the best interests of the UNHCR.^[10] In his letter of resignation, Lubbers stated that his resignation constituted no expression of guilt, but that he had become the victim of smearing, adding that he had resigned "in the interest of the organisation".^[11] In October 2005, Annan reiterated that he had come to the conclusion that "the evidence did not support the accusation" but that, because of ongoing media-pressure, Lubber's resignation was in the best interests of the UNHCR.^[12] In a letter to UNHCR staff, Annan wrote: "My decision to accept his resignation should not be interpreted as a finding of guilt".^[13]

During a farewell meeting for Lubbers as High Commissioner for Refugees, he received from Acting High Commissioner Wendy Chamberlin the first annual UNHCR Achievement Award for exceptional services to UNHCR and for the world's refugees.^[14]

In a formal statement, Netherlands Prime Minister Jan Peter Balkenende called the departure of Lubbers "bitter", since the complaint against him had been dismissed as unsustainable.

Informateur

After the fall of the second Balkenende cabinet, Lubbers became the Informateur for the formation of the Demissionary interim third Balkenende cabinet.
For the 2010 Dutch cabinet formation, after coalition meetings between People's Party for Freedom and Democracy, Labour Party, Democrats 66, and GreenLeft failed to form a new Purple government, Lubbers was asked again to become Informateur tho seek possibilities for a new coalition.^[15]

Decorations

Ribbon bar	Honour	Date & Comment
International decorations
	Four Freedoms Award	3 April 1995
National honours
Ribbon bar	Honour	Date & Comment
	Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion	8 October 1994

Awards

Honorary citizen of Maastricht (Netherlands, March 1994)
Van Oldenbarneveltpenning (Netherlands, December 2003)

Honorary degrees

Honorary doctorate for contributions in politics and economics, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (Vila Real, Portugal, 1989)
Honorary doctorate in Law, Georgetown University (Washington, D.C., United States, 1993)
Honorary doctorate in Political sciences, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (Seoul, South-Korea, 1993)
Honorary doctorate, Grand Valley State University (Michigan, United States, 1994)
Honorary doctorate, Radboud University (Nijmegen, Netherlands, 6 September 2004)

References

External links

Official

(Dutch) Dr. R.F.M. (Ruud) Lubbers Parlement & Politiek
(Dutch) Drs. R.F.M. Lubbers Rijksoverheid
(Dutch) Kabinet-Lubbers I Rijksoverheid
(Dutch) Kabinet-Lubbers II Rijksoverheid
(Dutch) Kabinet-Lubbers III Rijksoverheid

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ruud Lubbers.

Party political offices
Preceded by Dries van Agt	Leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal 1982–1994	Succeeded by Elco Brinkman
Preceded by Willem Aantjes	Parliamentary leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal in the House of Representatives of the Netherlands 1978–1981	Succeeded by Dries van Agt
Preceded by Dries van Agt	Parliamentary leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal in the House of Representatives of the Netherlands 1981–1982	Succeeded by Bert de Vries
Preceded by Bert de Vries	Parliamentary leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal in the House of Representatives of the Netherlands 1986	Succeeded by Bert de Vries
Preceded by Bert de Vries	Parliamentary leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal in the House of Representatives of the Netherlands 1989	Succeeded by Elco Brinkman
Government offices
Preceded by Harry Langman	Minister of Economic Affairs of the Netherlands 1973–1977	Succeeded by Gijs van Aardenne
Preceded by Dries van Agt	Minister of General Affairs of the Netherlands 1982–1994	Succeeded by Wim Kok
Political offices
Preceded by Dries van Agt	Prime Minister of the Netherlands 1982–1994	Succeeded by Wim Kok
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by Sadako Ogata	United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 2001–2005	Succeeded by António Guterres
Non-profit organization positions
Preceded by Syed Babar Ali	President of the World Wide Fund for Nature 1999–2001	Succeeded by Sara Morrison
Preceded by Jan Terlouw	Chairman of the Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands 2005–present	Incumbent

Ministers of State of the Netherlands

Current

Ruud Lubbers 1995 Frits Korthals Altes 2001 Jos van Kemenade 2002 Wim Kok 2003 Hans van den Broek 2005 Herman Tjeenk Willink 2012

Prime Ministers of the Netherlands

Schimmelpenninck De Kempenaer Thorbecke Van Hall Van der Brugghen Rochussen Van Hall Ja. Van Zuylen van Nijevelt Van Heemstra Thorbecke Fransen van de Putte Ju. Van Zuylen van Nijevelt Van Bosse Thorbecke De Vries J. Heemskerk Kappeyne van de Coppello Van Lynden van Sandenburg J. Heemskerk Mackay Van Tienhoven Roëll Pierson Kuyper De Meester T. Heemskerk Cort van der Linden Ruijs de Beerenbrouck Colijn De Geer Ruijs de Beerenbrouck Colijn De Geer Gerbrandy Schermerhorn Beel Drees Beel De Quay Marijnen Cals Zijlstra De Jong Biesheuvel Den Uyl Van Agt Lubbers Kok Balkenende Rutte

Ministers of Economic Affairs of the Netherlands

Ministry of Economic Affairs

Tak van Poortvliet Klerck Van den Bergh Tromp Bastert Havelaar Lely Van der Sleijden De Marez Oyens Kraus Veegens Talma Treub Posthuma Van IJsselsteyn Ruijs de Beerenbrouck Aalberse Koolen Slotemaker de Bruïne Verschuur Colijn Steenberghe Gelissen Steenberghe Colijn Steenberghe Van den Tempel Kerstens Van den Broek Gispen Vos Huysmans Mansholt Van den Brink Zijlstra De Pous Andriessen Den Uyl Bakker De Block De Jong Nelissen Langman Lubbers Van Aardenne Terlouw Van Aardenne De Korte Andriessen Wijers Jorritsma Heinsbroek Hoogervorst Brinkhorst Zalm Wijn Van der Hoeven Verhagen Kamp

Ministers of Kingdom Relations of the Netherlands

Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations

Korthals Biesheuvel Bakker Nelissen Lardinois Geertsema De Gaay Fortman Van der Stee Den Uyl De Koning Lubbers Hirsch Ballin Lubbers Voorhoeve Peper Van Boxtel De Vries Remkes De Graaf Pechtold Nicolaï Ter Horst Hirsch Ballin Donner Spies Plasterk Blok Plasterk

Presidents of the European Council

President-in-Office (1975–2009)	Liam Cosgrave Aldo Moro Gaston Thorn Joop den Uyl James Callaghan Leo Tindemans Anker Jørgensen Helmut Schmidt Valéry Giscard d'Estaing Jack Lynch Francesco Cossiga Charles Haughey Pierre Werner Dries van Agt Margaret Thatcher Wilfried Martens Anker Jørgensen Poul Schlüter Helmut Kohl Andreas Papandreou François Mitterrand Garret FitzGerald Bettino Craxi Jacques Santer Ruud Lubbers Wilfried Martens Felipe González François Mitterrand Giulio Andreotti Ruud Lubbers Aníbal Cavaco Silva John Major Poul Nyrup Rasmussen Jean-Luc Dehaene Jacques Chirac Felipe González Lamberto Dini Romano Prodi John Bruton Wim Kok Jean-Claude Juncker Tony Blair Viktor Klima Gerhard Schröder Paavo Lipponen António Guterres Jacques Chirac Göran Persson Guy Verhofstadt José María Aznar López Anders Fogh Rasmussen Costas Simitis Silvio Berlusconi Bertie Ahern Jan Peter Balkenende Jean-Claude Juncker Tony Blair Wolfgang Schüssel Matti Vanhanen Angela Merkel José Sócrates Janez Janša Nicolas Sarkozy Mirek Topolánek Jan Fischer Fredrik Reinfeldt

Permanent President (since 2009)	Herman Van Rompuy Donald Tusk

Third Lubbers cabinet (1989–1994)

^{Preceded by: Second Lubbers cabinet · Succeeded by: First Kok cabinet}

Prime Minister	Ruud Lubbers (General Affairs)

Deputy Prime Minister	Wim Kok (Finance)

Ministers	Ien Dales (Interior) (1989–1994) † Ernst Hirsch Ballin (Interior) (Acting) Ed van Thijn (Interior) (1994) Dieuwke de Graaff-Nauta (Interior) (1994) Hans van den Broek (Foreign Affairs) (1989–1993) Pieter Kooijmans (Foreign Affairs) (1993–1994) Ernst Hirsch Ballin (Justice and Netherlands Antilles and Aruba Affairs) (1989–1994) Aad Kosto (Justice) (1994) Koos Andriessen (Economic Affairs) Relus ter Beek (Defence) Hedy d'Ancona (Welfare, Health and Culture) (1989–1994) Jo Ritzen (Welfare, Health and Culture) (1994) Jo Ritzen (Education and Science) Hanja Maij-Weggen (Transport, Public Works and Water Management) (1989–1994) Koos Andriessen (Transport, Public Works and Water Management) (1994) Gerrit Braks (Agriculture, Nature and Fisheries) (1989–1990) Bert de Vries (Agriculture, Nature and Fisheries) (acting) Piet Bukman (Agriculture, Nature and Fisheries) (1990–1994) Bert de Vries (Social Affairs and Employment) Hans Alders (Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment)

Minister without portfolio	Jan Pronk (Development Cooperation)

State Secretaries	Dieuwke de Graaff-Nauta (Interior) Piet Dankert (Foreign Affairs) Marius van Amelsvoort (Finance) Aad Kosto (Justice) Piet Bukman (Economic Affairs) (1989–1990) Yvonne van Rooy (Economic Affairs) (1990–1994) Berend-Jan van Voorst tot Voorst (Defence) (1989–1993) Ton Frinking (Defence) (1993–1994) Hans Simons (Welfare, Health and Culture) Jacques Wallage (Education and Science) (1989–1993) Roel in 't Veld (Education and Science) (1993) Job Cohen (Education and Science) (1993–1994) Dzsingisz Gabor (Agriculture, Nature and Fisheries) Elske ter Veld (Social Affairs and Employment) (1989–1993) Jacques Wallage (Social Affairs and Employment) (1993–1994) Enneüs Heerma (Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment)

Second Lubbers cabinet (1986-1989)

^{Preceded by: First Lubbers cabinet · Succeeded by: Third Lubbers cabinet}

Prime Minister	Ruud Lubbers (General Affairs)

Deputy Prime Minister	Rudolf de Korte (Economic Affairs)

Ministers	Kees van Dijk (Interior) (1986-1987) Jan de Koning (Interior and Netherlands Antilles and Aruba Affairs) (Acting) Kees van Dijk (Interior) (1987-1989) Hans van den Broek (Foreign Affairs) Onno Ruding (Finance) Frits Korthals Altes (Justice) Wim van Eekelen (Defence) (1986-1988) Piet Bukman (Defence) (Acting) Frits Bolkestein (Defence) (1988-1989) Elco Brinkman (Welfare, Health and Culture) Wim Deetman (Education and Science) (1986-1989) Gerrit Braks (Education and Science) (Acting) Neelie Kroes (Transport, Public Works and Water Management) Gerrit Braks (Agriculture, Nature and Fisheries) Jan de Koning (Social Affairs and Employment and Netherlands Antilles and Aruba Affairs) (1986-1987) Louw de Graaf (Social Affairs and Employment) (Acting) Jan de Koning (Social Affairs and Employment and Netherlands Antilles and Aruba Affairs) (1987-1989) Ed Nijpels (Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment)

Minister without portfolio	Piet Bukman (Development Cooperation)

State Secretaries	Dieuwke de Graaff-Nauta (Interior) René van der Linden (Foreign Affairs) (1986-1988) Berend-Jan van Voorst tot Voorst (Foreign Affairs) (1988-1989) Henk Koning (Finance) Virginie Korte-van Hemel (Justice) Albert-Jan Evenhuis (Economic Affairs) (1986-1989) Enneüs Heerma (Economic Affairs) (1986) Yvonne van Rooy (Economic Affairs) (1986-1989) Jan van Houwelingen (Defence) (1993–1994) Dick Dees (Welfare, Health and Culture) Nell Ginjaar-Maas (Education and Science) Louw de Graaf (Social Affairs and Employment) Gerrit Brokx (Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment) (1986) Enneüs Heerma (Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment) (1986-1989)

First Lubbers cabinet (1982-1986)

^{Preceded by: Third Van Agt cabinet · Succeeded by: Second Lubbers cabinet}

Prime Minister	Ruud Lubbers (General Affairs)

Deputy Prime Minister	Gijs van Aardenne (Economic Affairs)

Ministers	Koos Rietkerk (Interior) (1982-1986) † Frits Korthals Altes (Interior) (Acting) Rudolf de Korte (Interior) (1986) Hans van den Broek (Foreign Affairs) Onno Ruding (Finance) Frits Korthals Altes (Justice) Job de Ruiter (Defence) Elco Brinkman (Welfare, Health and Culture) Wim Deetman (Education and Science) Neelie Kroes (Transport, Public Works and Water Management) Gerrit Braks (Agriculture, Nature and Fisheries) Jan de Koning (Social Affairs and Employment and Netherlands Antilles and Aruba Affairs) Pieter Winsemius (Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment)

Minister without portfolio	Eegje Schoo (Development Cooperation)

State Secretaries	Marius van Amelsvoort (Interior) Wim van Eekelen (Foreign Affairs) Henk Koning (Finance) Virginie Korte-van Hemel (Justice) Frits Bolkestein (Economic Affairs) Piet van Zeil (Economic Affairs) Jan van Houwelingen (Defence) Charl Schwietert (Defence) (1982) Willem Hoekzema (Defence) (1982-1986) Joop van der Reijden (Welfare, Health and Culture) Nell Ginjaar-Maas (Education and Science) Gerard van Leijenhorst (Education and Science) Jaap Scherpenhuizen (Transport, Public Works and Water Management) Ad Ploeg (Agriculture, Nature and Fisheries) Louw de Graaf (Social Affairs and Employment) Annelien Kappeyne van de Coppello (Social Affairs and Employment) Gerrit Brokx (Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment)

Den Uyl cabinet (1973–1977)

^{Preceded: Second Biesheuvel cabinet · Succeed: First Van Agt cabinet}

Prime Minister	Joop den Uyl General Affairs

Deputy Prime Ministers	Dries van Agt Justice) (1973–1977 Wilhelm Friedrich de Gaay Fortman Justice) (from 1977

Ministers	Wilhelm Friedrich de Gaay Fortman Interior and Surinamese and Netherlands Antilles Affairs Max van der Stoel Foreign Affairs Wim Duisenberg Finance Ruud Lubbers Economic Affairs Henk Vredeling Defence) (1973–1977 Bram Stemerdink Defence) (from 1977 Irene Vorrink Health, Environment and Hygiene Jos van Kemenade Education and Science Tjerk Westerterp Transport, Public Works and Water Management Tiemen Brouwer Agriculture and Fisheries) (1973 Fons van der Stee Agriculture and Fisheries) (from 1973 Jaap Boersma Social Affairs Hans Gruijters Housing and Spatial Planning Harry van Doorn Culture, Recreation and Social work

Ministers without portfolio	Jan Pronk Development Cooperation Boy Trip Science Policy

Undersecretaries	Wim Polak Interior) (1973–1977 Laurens Jan Brinkhorst Foreign Affairs) (1973–1977 Pieter Kooijmans Foreign Affairs Fons van der Stee Finance) (1973 Martin van Rooijen Finance) (1973–1977 Aar de Goede Finance Jan Glastra van Loon Justice) (1973–1975 Henk Zeevalking Justice) (1975–1977 Ted Hazekamp Economic Affairs Bram Stemerdink Defence) (1973–1977 Joep Mommersteeg Defence) (1973–1974 Cees van Lent Defence) (from 1974 Jo Hendriks Health, Environment and Hygiene Ger Klein Education and Science) (1973–1977 Antoon Veerman Education and Science) (1973–1975 Klaas de Jong Ozn. Education and Science) (from 1975 Michel van Hulten Transport, Public Works and Water Management Jan Mertens Social Affairs Marcel van Dam Housing and Spatial Planning) (1973–1977 Jan Schaefer Housing and Spatial Planning) (1973–1977 Wim Meijer Culture, Recreation and Social work) (1973–1977

Authority control	WorldCat Identities VIAF: 57419700 LCCN: n80062478 ISNI: 0000 0001 0975 7489 GND: 119207613

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