Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor

In 1670, when the Kangxi Emperor was sixteen years old, he issued the Sacred Edict 聖諭 (Sheng Yu), consisting of sixteen maxims, each seven characters long, to instruct the average citizen in the basic principles of Confucian orthodoxy. They were to be publicly posted in every town and village, then read aloud two times each month. Since they were written in terse formal classical Chinese, a local scholar was required explicate them using the local dialect of the spoken language. This practice continued into the 20th century.[1]

In 1724, the second year of his reign, the Yongzheng Emperor issued the Shengyu guangxun (聖諭廣訓 Amplified instructions on the Sacred Edict) in 10,000 characters. Evidently worried that the seven character lines of his father’s maxims could not be understood by local people, the Yongzheng Emperor's Amplified Instructions explains "Our text attempts to be clear and precise; our words, for the most part, are direct and simple." The prose is relatively easy to understand for those with a beginning understanding of the literary language. The Amplified Instructions was also published in a Manchu translation and then in a combined Chinese, Manchu, Mongol version.[2]

The Sixteen Maxims

  1. Highly esteem filial piety and brotherly submission to give due weight to social relations.
  2. Behave generously toward your family to promote harmony and peace.
  3. Cultivate peace within the neighborhood to prevent quarrels and lawsuits.
  4. Respect farming and the cultivation of mulberry trees to ensure sufficient clothing and food.
  5. Be moderate and economical in order to avoid wasting away your livelihood.
  6. Give weight to schools and academies in order to honor the scholar.
  7. Wipe out strange beliefs to elevate the correct doctrine.
  8. Elucidate the laws in order to warn the ignorant and obstinate.
  9. Show propriety and tactful courtesy to elevate customs and manners.
  10. Work diligently in your chosen callings to quiet your ambitions.
  11. Instruct sons and younger brothers to keep them from doing wrong.
  12. Hold back false accusations to safeguard the good and honest.
  13. Warn against sheltering deserters lest you share their punishment.
  14. Promptly and fully pay your taxes lest you need be pressed to pay them.
  15. Join together in hundreds and tithings to end theft and robbery.
  16. Free yourself from enmity and anger to show respect for your body and life.[3]

The village lecturer might point out that #7 the “strange beliefs” included shamanism, Buddhism, and Daoist, beliefs which many villagers did not regard as at all strange, though they might agree with the edict on the strangeness of Christianity. They would not need to be told that the mulberry mentioned in #4 was fed to silk worms.

Background

By the reign of the Kanxgi Emperor there was a long tradition for the explanation of imperial edicts in popular language. Systematic village lectures began at least as early as the Song dynasty, when Confucian scholars expounded the virtues of cooperation and self-cultivation to neighborhood audiences.[4]

The Kangxi Emperor may have been inspired by such texts as a Ming dynasty Sacred Edict:

Be filial to your parents
Be respectful to your elders.
Live in harmony with your neighbors.
Instruct your sons and grandsons.
Be content with your calling.
Do no evil.[5]

The Ming Hongwu Emperor (Taizu) was extremely authoritarian, a virtual dictator, and governed directly over all affairs. He wrote essays posted in every village throughout China warning the people to behave and of the horrifying consequences if they disobeyed.[6] The 1380s writings of Hongwu are known as the "Great warnings" or "Grand Pronouncements".[7] They were called "Ancestral injunctions".[8][9] He wrote the Six Maxims which inspired the Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor,[10][11][12] 六諭[13] 聖諭六言[14][15][16][17][18]

Printed versions and amplifications

Following the publication of the original edicts, several versions in the Chinese vernacular were published, some with detailed commentaries or illustrations. The most widely popular was the Shengyu guangxun zhijie (Direct explanation of the Amplified Instructions on the Sacred Edict) by Wang Youpu (王又樸 1680-1761), a jinshi scholar and official. Like Yongzheng’s Amplified Instructions, it was meant to be read to the people, but not to be read aloud word for word. It might have been difficult to understand the lecturer if the audience spoke local languages, and for him to elaborate in their dialect.[19]

Wang Youpu not only interpreted the maxims in more understandable language, he explained them with stories and anecdotes. He might begin by saying “Let all of you — scholars, farmers, artisans, merchants, and soldiers — take care in practicing ceremonial deference. If one place becomes good, then many places will become so, and finally the entire realm will be in excellent harmony. Won’t we then have a world in perfect concord?”

Then he might go on:

Formerly there was a Wang Yanfang who was exceptionally ready to defer to others. Once a cattle thief, when captured, said, "I will willingly receive my punishment, but please don't inform Wang Yanfang." When Wang heard of this, he sent someone to give the thief a piece of cloth and persuade him to become good. From this incident the thief became so reformed that when he saw someone drop his sword in the road he stood guarding it till the owner came back to get it.[20]

Wang would conclude:

If you are able to get along with others, those who are rude will imitate you and learn to get along. If you are able to manage business fairly, those who are dishonest will learn to be fair by following you. When one person takes the lead, all the rest will follow. When one family follows, then the whole village will do the same. From near to far, everywhere people will be good. At first it will take effort, but constant practice will make it easy. Men will become honest and popular customs pure and considerate.[20]

Village lectures

The 19th-century missionary and translator of the Sacred Edict William Milne describes the scene:

Early on the first and fifteenth of every moon, the civil and military officers, dressed in their uniform, meet in a clean, spacious, public hall. The superintendent who is called Lee-Sang (lisheng) calls aloud, "stand forth in files.” They do so, according to their rank: he then says; "kneel thrice, and bow the head nine times." They kneel, and bow to the ground, with their faces towards a platform, on which is placed a board with the Emperor's name. He next calls aloud, "rise and retire." They rise, and all go to a hall, or kind of chapel, where the law is usually read; and where military and people are assembled standing round in silence.
The Lee Sang then says, "Respectfully commence." The Sze-kian Sang [sijiangsheng or orator], advancing towards an incense-altar, kneels; reverently takes up the board on which the maxim appointed for the day is written, and ascends a stage with it. An old man receives the board, and puts it down on the stage, fronting the people. Then, commanding silence with a wooden rattle which he carries in his hand, he kneels, and reads it. When he has finished, the Lee-Sting calls out, "Explain such a section, or maxim, of the sacred edict." The orator stands up, and gives the sense. In reading and expounding other parts of the law, the same forms are also observed.[21]

Country magistrates sent to frontier areas could use the occasion to deliver lectures to non-Han peoples on the virtues of Confucian culture. One commented on the need to expound the Edicts: "though the Yao are a different type of people, they possess a human nature. I ought to treat them with sincerity." [22]

Many Chinese and outsiders agreed that by the 19th century, the readings had become empty ritual. Yet others respected the power of the Sacred Edicts. Guo Moruo, the Marxist and New Culture iconoclast, wrote in his autobiography that in his youth he and other villagers loved to hear the lecturer on the Sacred Edict who would come around. He set up tables with incense and candles on a street corner as offerings to the book. Then lecturer would first knock his head on the ground four times, recite the maxims, and start telling stories. Victor Mair comments that this popular form of story telling was probably more effective in spreading Confucian values than the condescending lectures of the scholars and officials.[23]

One western scholar traveling in China in the 1870s reported that the widespread dissemination of the Sacred Edict following the mid-century Taiping Rebellion "proved a serious blow to the immediate spread of Christianity."[24]

Translations

Since the language was relatively straightforward and the significance apparent, many western students of Chinese made translations. The first appeared in 1817, by William Milne, a missionary. It included Wang Youpu's Direct Explanation, as well. The Sacred Edict; Containing Sixteen Maxims of the Emperor Kang-He (London: Black, Kingsbury, Parbury, and Allen, 1817; rpr. 1870).[25] F.W. Baller in 1892 published The Sacred Edict: Shen Yü Kuang Hsün, with a Translation of the Colloquial Rendering 聖諭廣訓. (Shanghai; Philadelphia: China Inland Mission, 6th ed., 1924).[26]

References

External links

Notes

  1. ↑ Victor Mair, "Language and Ideology in the Sacred Edict," in Andrew J. Nathan David G. Johnson, Evelyn Sakakida Rawski, eds.,, Popular Culture in Late Imperial China (Berkeley: University of California Press, )
  2. ↑ Mair p. 336.
  3. ↑ Adapted from the translation in deBary, ed., Sources of Chinese Tradition, online at Sacred Edict, and the translations by Victor Mair, p. 327 based on the translation of James Legge.
  4. ↑ Mair, p. 332.
  5. ↑ Mair, p. 327.
  6. ↑ Marshall Cavendish Corporation; Steven Maddocks; Dale Anderson; Jane Bingham; Peter Chrisp; Christopher Gavett (2006). Exploring the Middle Ages. Marshall Cavendish. p. 519. ISBN 0-7614-7613-X. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  7. ↑ John Makeham (2008). China: The World's Oldest Living Civilization Revealed. Thames & Hudson. p. 281. ISBN 978-0-500-25142-3.
  8. ↑ Frederick W. Mote; Denis Twitchett (26 February 1988). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644. Cambridge University Press. pp. 132–. ISBN 978-0-521-24332-2.
  9. ↑ https://www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/1428JKwdpCs.pdf pp. 45, 47, 51.
  10. ↑ William Theodore De Bary (1998). Asian Values and Human Rights: A Confucian Communitarian Perspective. Harvard University Press. pp. 72–. ISBN 978-0-674-04955-0.
  11. ↑ William Theodore De Bary; Wing-tsit Chan (1999). Sources of Chinese Tradition. Columbia University Press. pp. 70–. ISBN 978-0-231-11270-3.
  12. ↑ Wm. Theodore de Bary; Richard Lufrano (1 June 2010). Sources of Chinese Tradition: Volume 2: From 1600 Through the Twentieth Century. Columbia University Press. pp. 70–. ISBN 978-0-231-51799-7.
  13. ↑ Elisabeth Kaske (2008). The Politics of Language in Chinese Education: 1895 - 1919. BRILL. pp. 39–. ISBN 90-04-16367-0.
  14. ↑ Benjamin A. Elman (1 November 2013). Civil Examinations and Meritocracy in Late Imperial China. Harvard University Press. pp. 103–. ISBN 978-0-674-72604-8.
  15. ↑ Kerry J. Kennedy; Gregory Fairbrother; Zhenzhou Zhao (15 October 2013). Citizenship Education in China: Preparing Citizens for the "Chinese Century". Routledge. pp. 17–. ISBN 978-1-136-02208-1.
  16. ↑ Michael Lackner, Ph.D.; Natascha Vittinghoff (January 2004). Mapping Meanings: The Field of New Learning in Late Qing China ; [International Conference "Translating Western Knowledge Into Late Imperial China", 1999, Göttingen University]. BRILL. pp. 269–. ISBN 90-04-13919-2.
  17. ↑ Zhengyuan Fu (1996). China's Legalists: The Earliest Totalitarians and Their Art of Ruling. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 123–. ISBN 978-1-56324-779-8.
  18. ↑ Benjamin A. Elman; John B. Duncan; Herman Ooms (2002). Rethinking confucianism: past and present in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. University of California Los Angeles. p. 308. ISBN 978-1-883191-07-8.
  19. ↑ Mair 337- 340. Mair has Table of Interpretations and Paraphrases (p. 356).
  20. 1 2 Wang Youpu's “Exhortations on Ceremony and Deference”, Asia for Educators (Columbia University)
  21. ↑ The Sacred Edict: Containing Sixteen Maxims of the Emperor Kang-Hi, Amplified by His Son, the Emperor Yoong-Ching; Together with a Paraphrase on the Whole, by a Mandarin. (Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press, 2nd, 1870). p. vii, as adapted in Mair, p. 352.
  22. ↑ Mair 332-333.
  23. ↑ Mair, 355.
  24. ↑ Herbert Giles quoted in Mair, p. 358.
  25. ↑ A free version is available online: Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek
  26. 1 2 https://archive.org/details/sacrededictconta00kangrich
  27. ↑ http://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/resolve/display/bsb10251403.htm
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