Sake Dean Mahomed

Sake Dean Mahomed

Sake Dean Mahomed by Thomas Mann Baynes (c. 1810)
Born Sheikh Din Muhammad
1759
Buxar, Patna, East India
Died 1851
Brighton, UK
Religion Christianity (formerly Islam)
Spouse(s) Jane Daly
Children Rossana Mahomed
Henry Mahomed
Horatio Mahomed
Frederik Mahomed
Arthur Mahomed
Dean Mahomed
Amelia Mahomed

Sake Dean Mahomed (Bengali: শেখ দীন মুহাম্মদ; Hindi: दीन मुहम्मद; Arabic: شيخ دين محمّد Sheikh Din Muhammad) was a Bengali Anglo-Indian traveller, surgeon and entrepreneur who was one of the most notable early non-European immigrants to the Western World.[1] He introduced South Asian cuisine and shampoo baths to Europe, where he offered therapeutic massage.[note 1] He was also the first Indian to publish a book in English.[2]

Early life

"so long as the Sepoy's maintain their formations, which they call 'lines,' they are like an immovable volcano spewing artillery and rifle fire like unrelenting hail on the enemy, and they are seldom defeated."

Sake Dean Mahomed, Travels of Dean Mahomed

Born in 1759 in Patna, Bihar, then part of the Bengal Presidency, Sake Dean Mahomed came from Buxar. His father, who belonged to the traditional Nai (barber) caste, was in the employment of the East India Company. He had learned much of Mughal alchemy and understood the techniques used to produce various alkali, soaps and shampoo. He later described the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II and the cities of Allahabad and Delhi in rich detail and also made note of the faded glories of the Mughal Empire.

Sake Dean Mahomed grew up in Patna. Mahomed's father died when Mahomed was young. He was then taken under the wing of Captain Godfrey Evan Baker, an Anglo-Irish Protestant officer at the age of 10. He served in the army of the British East India Company as a trainee surgeon and honourably served against the Marathas. Sake Dean Mahomed also mentions how Mir Qasim and most of the entire Bengali Muslim aristocracy had lost their famed wealth and complained regarding Shuja-ud-Daula and his campaign against his Rohilla allies and how Hyder Ali defeated the British during the Battle of Pollilur. Mahomed remained with Captain Baker's unit until 1782, when the Captain resigned. That same year, Mahomed also resigned from the Army, choosing to accompany Captain Baker, 'his best friend', to Britain.[3]

The Travels of Dean Mahomed

In 1794, Mahomed published his travel book, The Travels of Dean Mahomet. The book begins with the praise of Genghis Khan, Timur and particularly the first Mughal Emperor Babur and describes several important cities in India, and describes a series of military conflicts with local Indian principalities.

Editor Michael Fisher suggested that some passages in the book were closely paraphrased from other travel narratives written in the late 18th century.[4]

Restaurant venture

In 1810, after moving to London, Dean Mahomet opened the first Indian restaurant in England: the Hindoostanee Coffee House in George Street, near Portman Square, Central London.[5] The restaurant offered such delights as the Hookha "with real chilm tobacco, and Indian dishes, ... allowed by the greatest epicures to be unequalled to any curries ever made in England." This venture was ended due to financial difficulties.[6]

Introduction of shampooing to Europe

Mahomed was buried at St Nicholas' Church, Brighton.

Before opening his restaurant, Mahomed had worked in London for nabob Basil Cochrane, who had installed a steam bath for public use in his house in Portman Square and promoted its medical benefits. Mahomed may have been responsible for introducing the practice of champooi or "shampooing" (or Indian massage) there. In 1814 Mahomed and his wife moved back to Brighton and opened the first commercial "shampooing" vapour masseur bath in England, on the site now occupied by the Queen's Hotel. He described the treatment in a local paper as "The Indian Medicated Vapour Bath (type of Turkish bath), a cure to many diseases and giving full relief when every thing fails; particularly Rheumatic and paralytic, gout, stiff joints, old sprains, lame legs, aches and pains in the joints".[7]

This business was an immediate success and Dean Mahomet became known as "Dr. Brighton". Hospitals referred patients to him and he was appointed as shampooing surgeon to both King George IV and William IV.[7]

Mahomed died in 1851 at 32 Grand Parade, Brighton. He was buried in a grave at St Nicholas' Church, Brighton, in which his son Frederick was later interred. Frederick taught fencing, gymnastics and other activities in Brighton at a gymnasium he built on the town's Church Street.[8]

Family

In 1784, Mahomed emigrated to Cork, Ireland, with the Baker family.[3] There he studied to improve his English language skills at a local school, where he fell in love with Jane Daly, a "pretty Irish girl of respectable parentage". The Daly family was opposed to their relationship, and the couple thus eloped to another town to get married in 1786.[3][9] At that time it was illegal for Protestants to marry non-Protestants, therefore Mahomed converted to Anglicanism to marry Jane Daly.[10] They later moved to Brighton, England, at the turn of the 19th century."[11]

Sake Dean Mahomed and his wife Jane had five children: Rosanna, Henry, Horatio, Frederick, and Arthur.[9] They also had a son, Dean Mahomed, baptised in the Roman Catholic church of St. Finbarr's, Cork, in 1791,[12] as well as a daughter named Amelia in 1808.[13] His son, Frederick, was a proprietor of Turkish baths at Brighton,[14] and also ran a boxing and fencing academy near Brighton. His most famous grandson, Frederick Henry Horatio Akbar Mahomed (c. 1849–1884), became an internationally known physician,[9] who worked at Guy's Hospital in London and made important contributions to the study of high blood pressure,[15] Another of Sake Dean Mahomed's grandsons, Rev. James Kerriman Mahomed, was appointed as the vicar of Hove, Sussex, in the late 19th century.[9]

Recognition

Sake Dean Mahomet began to lose prominence by the Victorian era and until recently was largely forgotten by history. The literary critic Muneeza Shamsie notes that he also authored the books Cases Cured and Shampooing Surgeon, Inventor of the Indian medicated Vapour and Sea Water Baths etc.[7]

Modern renewal of interest in his writings followed after poet and scholar Alamgir Hashmi drew attention to this author in the 1970s and 1980s. Michael H. Fisher has written a book on Sheikh Dean Mahomet: The First Indian Author in English: Dean Mahomet in India, Ireland and England (Oxford University Press, Delhi — 1996).

On 29 September 2005 the City of Westminster unveiled a Green Plaque commemorating the opening of the Hindoostane Coffee House.[5] The plaque is at 102 George Street, close to the original site of the coffee house at 34 George Street.[16]

See also

Works

Notes

  1. ↑ The word "shampoo" did not take on its modern meaning of washing the hair until the 1860s. See p. 197 in The travels of Dean Mahomet, and "shampoo", v., entry, p. 167, Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed., vol. 15, ISBN 0-19-861227-3.

References

  1. ↑ The travels of Dean Mahomet, pp. 148–149, 155–156, 160.
  2. ↑ https://books.google.com/books/about/The_First_Indian_Author_in_English.html?id=YxgXAQAAIAAJ
  3. 1 2 3 "Dean Mahomed's Early Life in India". Moving Here: Tracing Your Roots. Retrieved 10 January 2009.
  4. ↑ Fisher 1998 p. 138-140.
  5. 1 2 "Curry house founder is honoured". BBC News. 29 September 2005. Retrieved 9 October 2008.
  6. ↑ http://www.movinghere.org.uk/galleries/roots/asian/tracingasianroots/dean_mahomed2.htm
  7. 1 2 3 Teltscher, Kate (2000). "The Shampooing Surgeon and the Persian Prince: Two Indians in Early Nineteenth-century Britain". Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies, 1469-929X. 2 (3): 409–23. doi:10.1080/13698010020019226.
  8. ↑ Collis 2010, p. 187.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Ansari, Humayun (2004), The Infidel Within: The History of Muslims in Britain, 1800 to the Present, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, p. 58, ISBN 1-85065-685-1
  10. ↑ http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft4h4nb20n&chunk.id=ch3&toc.depth=1&toc.id=ch3&brand=eschol;query=jane#1 | "In 1786....Dean Mahomet eloped with a teenage woman student. Suggestion of the haste or desire for privacy of this marriage comes from their decision to post a bond with the church where they were married rather than have the banns read for weeks previously from the pulpit, as was customary. This substantial bond would then indemnify the church should the marriage prove illegal. Any wedding between a Protestant and a Catholic was unlawful at this time in Ireland, with the officiating clergyman held responsible. Although Dean Mahomet must have already become a member of the established Protestant Church, we can imagine a lingering doubt in the mind of the clergyman who performed the wedding of this unusual couple, particularly since they had eloped."
  11. ↑ Ansari, Humayun (2004), The Infidel Within: The History of Muslims in Britain, 1800 to the Present, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, pp. 57–8, ISBN 1-85065-685-1
  12. ↑ "Dean Mahomed baptism". Irish Genealogy. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
  13. ↑ "Dean Mahomed in London". Moving Here: Tracing Your Roots. Retrieved 10 January 2009.
  14. ↑ "Mahomed, Frederick Henry Horatio Akbar". Royal College of Physicians. Retrieved 10 January 2009.
  15. ↑ O'Rourke, Michael F. (1992), "Frederick Akbar Mahomed", Hypertension, American Heart Association, 19: 212–217 [212–3], doi:10.1161/01.hyp.19.2.212, PMID 1737655
  16. ↑ City of Westminster green plaques http://www.westminster.gov.uk/services/leisureandculture/greenplaques/

Bibliography

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