Sardonicism

Sardonicism is "the quality or state of being sardonic; an instance of this; a sardonic remark."[1] A sardonic action is one that is "disdainfully or skeptically humorous" or "derisively mocking."[2] Also, when referring to laughter or a smile, it is "bitter, scornful, mocking." Hence, when referring to a person or a personal attribute, it is "[c]haracterized by or exhibiting bitterness, scorn or mockery."[3]

Origin

Both the origin of the concept and the etymology of the word sardonicism is uncertain, but it appears to stem from the name for the Mediterranean island of Sardinia. The 10th-century Byzantine Greek encyclopedia Suda traces the word's earliest roots to the notion of grinning (Greek: sairō) in the face of danger, or curling one's lips back at evil.[4]

One explanation for the later alteration to its more familiar form and connection to laughter (supported by the Oxford English Dictionary) appears to stem from an ancient belief that ingesting the sardonion (σαρδόνιον) plant from Sardinia (Sardō) would result in convulsions resembling laughter and, ultimately, death.[5] In Theory and History of Folklore, Vladimir Propp discusses alleged examples of ritual laughter accompanying death and killing, all involving groups. These he characterized as sardonic laughter:

Among the very ancient people of Sardinia, who were called Sardi or Sardoni, it was customary to kill old people. While killing their old people, the Sardi laughed loudly. This is the origin of notorious sardonic laughter (Eugen Fehrle, 1930). In light of our findings things begin to look different. Laughter accompanies the passage from death to life; it creates life and accompanies birth. Consequently, laughter accompanying killing transforms death into a new birth, nullifies murder as such, and is an act of piety that transforms death into a new life.[6]

A root form may first appear in Homer's Odyssey as the Ancient Greek sardánios, for scornful laughter.[7] From the sardónios evolved the Latin: sardonius, thence the French: sardonique, and ultimately the familiar English adjectival form, sardonic.[5]

Risus sardonicus

Main article: Risus sardonicus

Risus sardonicus is an apparent smile on the face of those who are convulsing because of tetanus, or strychnine poisoning. From the Oxford English Dictionary, "A fixed, grin-like expression resulting from spasm of facial muscles, esp. in tetanus." Also:

[Convulsion of the] facial muscles may cause a characteristic expression called Risus sardonicus (from the Latin for scornful laughter) or Risus caninus (from the Latin for doglike laughter or grinning). This facial expression has also been observed among patients with tetanus. Risus sardonicus causes a patient's eyebrows to rise, eyes to bulge, and mouth to retract dramatically, resulting in what has been described as an evil-looking grin.[8]

Hemlock water dropwort

In 2009 scientists at the University of Eastern Piedmont in Italy claimed to have identified hemlock water dropwort (Oenanthe crocata) as the plant responsible for producing the sardonic grin.[9] This plant is the candidate for the "sardonic herb," which was a neurotoxic plant used for the ritual killing of elderly people in pre-Roman Sardinia. When these people were unable to support themselves, they were intoxicated with this herb and then dropped from a high rock or beaten to death.[10]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary: sardonicism.
  2. ↑ Merriam-Webster dictionary.
  3. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary: sardonic.
  4. ↑ http://www.stoa.org/sol-bin/search.pl?login=guest&enlogin=guest&db=REAL&field=adlerhw_gr&searchstr=sigma,124
  5. 1 2 "Sardonic | Define Sardonic at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2010-03-31.
  6. ↑ Vladimir Propp, Theory and History of Folklore: Ritual laughter in folklore, pp. 134-35. Anthology edited by Anatoly Liberman (1984).
  7. ↑ Collin's English Dictionary: sardonic.
  8. ↑ Holstege, C. et al., Criminal Poisoning: Clinical and Forensic Perspectives, by Christopher Holstege, Thomas Neer, Gregory Saathoff, and Brent Furbee, Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2010, p. 161.
  9. ↑ G. Appendino; F. Pollastro; L. Verotta; M. Ballero; A. Romano; P. Wyrembek; K. Szczuraszek; J. W. Mozrzymas & O. Taglialatela-Scafati (2009). "Polyacetylenes from Sardinian Oenanthe fistulosa: A Molecular Clue to risus sardonicus". Journal of Natural Products. 72 (5): 962–965. doi:10.1021/np8007717. PMC 2685611Freely accessible. PMID 19245244.
  10. ↑ News Scan Briefs: Killer Smile, Scientific American, August 2009

External links

Look up sardonic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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