Secondary orality
Secondary orality is a concept in the work of scholar Walter J. Ong, as first described in his book Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word, published in 1982 (2nd ed. 2002), Walter J. Ong and discussing the differences between oral and literate cultures.
In this book, Ong used the phrase ‘secondary orality’, describing it as “essentially a more deliberate and self-conscious orality, based permanently on the use of writing and print” (Ong, 1982, p. 136).[1] According to his way of thinking, secondary orality is not primary orality, the orality of pre-literate cultures. Oral societies operated on polychronic time, with many things happening at once—socialization played a great role in the operation of these cultures, memory and memorization were of greater importance, increasing the amount of copiousness and redundancy. Oral cultures were additive rather than subordinate, closer to the human life world, and more situational and participatory than the more abstract qualities of literate cultures.
Secondary orality is orality that is dependent on literate culture and the existence of writing, such as a television anchor reading the news or radio. While it exists in sound, it does not have the features of primary orality because it presumes and rests upon literate thought and expression, and may even be people reading written material. Thus, secondary orality is usually not as repetitive, redundant, agonistic, etc. the way primary orality is, and cultures that have a lot of secondary orality are not necessarily similar to primarily oral cultures. Secondary orality should not be confused with "oral residue" in which a culture has not fully transitioned to literate / written culture and retains many of the characteristics of primary oral cultures. Secondary orality is a phenomenon of post-literacy era, whereas oral residue is a stage in the transition from pre-literate to literate.
The Gutenberg Parenthesis
Ong notes that human communication has been dominated by oral culture, and the first signs of literacy date only 6 000 years ago.[2] Tom Pettitt, Associate Professor of English at the University of Southern Denmark, agrees with Ong, et al., by considering literate learning more the anomaly than the rule. He considers this to be a post-Gutenberg era where knowledge is formed through digital media, delivered over the internet. Calling the previous 500 years a "Gutenberg Parenthesis", he explains that before Gutenberg, knowledge was formed orally and, now, in this post-Gutenberg era, knowledge is formed—increasingly—through "secondary orality" on the Internet [3]
McLuhan's Global Village
In The Gutenberg Galaxy, Marshall McLuhan discussed his notion of the "global village", a concept that can be related to Ong's account of secondary orality. Liliana Bounegru notes the emergence of social media (e.g. Facebook) and microblogging (i.e.Twitter) are re-tribalizing our cultures. Conversations in these social spaces are written, but are more conversational in tone than written communications; they are "rapid communication with large groups of people in a speed that would resemble oral storytelling, without having to share the same physical space with your audience." [4]
References
- ↑ Ong, W. J. (1982). Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing the Word. New York: Methuen.
- ↑ Ong, p. 118
- ↑ Pettitt, Tom Before the Gutenberg Parenthesis: Elizabethan-American Compatibilties http://web.mit.edu/comm-forum/mit5/papers/pettitt_plenary_gutenberg.pdf
- ↑ Bounegru, Liliana 'Secondary Orality in Microblogging' at Masters of Media. Bounegru is Project Coordinator at the European Journalism Centre, Maastricht, NL and a MA candidate in Media Studies, University of Amsterdam. See also
Further reading
- Walter J. Ong (1971). "The Literate Orality of Popular Culture". Ong, Rhetoric, Romance, and Technology: Studies in the Interaction of Expression and Culture. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. The term may have been coined in this essay. However, for many years before Ong started using the terms primary orality and secondary orality, he had used the expressions primarily oral culture and secondarily oral culture.
- Walter J. Ong (1982). Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word. London: Methuen. Ong's summative monograph on the subject. In this monograph Ong sums up his work over the three previous decades as well as the work of numerous other authors.