Segal–Cover score

A Segal–Cover score is an attempt to measure the "perceived qualifications and ideology" of United States Supreme Court justices. The scores are created by analyzing pre-confirmation newspaper editorials regarding the nominations from The New York Times, Washington Post, Chicago Tribune, Los Angeles Times, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, and The Wall Street Journal. Each nominee receives two scores that range from 0 to 1:

Qualifications: 0 means unqualified and 1 means extremely qualified
Ideology: 0 means most conservative, and 1 means most liberal.

The Segal–Cover scoring was introduced by Jeffrey Segal and Albert Cover (both of Stony Brook University) in their 1989 article "Ideological Values and the Votes of U.S. Supreme Court Justices".^[1]^[2] The scores have been updated by Segal to cover all nominees from Hugo Black in 1937 to the 2010 nomination of Elena Kagan.^[3] Segal and Cover found that the scores are strongly correlated with the subsequent votes of the justices. Because the scores are based on perceptions before the nominee takes a seat on the Court, they also provide "reliable measures of the ideological values of Supreme Court justices that are independent of the votes they later cast."^[1]

The Segal–Cover perceived qualifications and ideology scores for all nominees to the Court from 1937–2012:

Nom. Order	Nominee	Chief Justice	Senate Vote	Ideology Score	Qualifications Score	Nominator (Party)	Year
1	Black, HugoHugo Black		67 – 18	0.875	0.160	Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democrat)	1937
2	Reed, Stanley F.Stanley F. Reed		Voice Vote	0.725	0.875	Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democrat)	1938
3	Frankfurter, FelixFelix Frankfurter		Voice Vote	0.665	0.965	Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democrat)	1939
4	Douglas, William O.William O. Douglas		62 – 4	0.730	0.820	Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democrat)	1939
5	Murphy, FrankFrank Murphy		Voice Vote	1.000	0.650	Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democrat)	1940
6	Stone, Harlan F.Harlan F. Stone	CJ	Voice Vote	0.300	1.000	Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democrat)	1941
7	Byrnes, James F.James F. Byrnes		Voice Vote	0.330	0.800	Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democrat)	1941
8	Jackson, Robert H.Robert H. Jackson		Voice Vote	1.000	0.915	Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democrat)	1941
9	Rutledge, Wiley B.Wiley B. Rutledge		Voice Vote	1.000	1.000	Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democrat)	1943
10	Burton, Harold H.Harold H. Burton		Voice Vote	0.280	0.930	Harry S. Truman (Democrat)	1945
11	Vinson, Fred M.Fred M. Vinson	CJ	Voice Vote	0.750	0.785	Harry S. Truman (Democrat)	1946
12	Clark, Tom C.Tom C. Clark		73 – 8	0.500	0.125	Harry S. Truman (Democrat)	1949
13	Minton, ShermanSherman Minton		48 – 16	0.720	0.355	Harry S. Truman (Democrat)	1949
14	Warren, EarlEarl Warren	CJ	Voice Vote	0.750	0.855	Dwight D. Eisenhower (Republican)	1953
15	Harlan II, John M.John M. Harlan II		71 – 11	0.875	0.750	Dwight D. Eisenhower (Republican)	1955
16	Brennan, Jr., William J.William J. Brennan, Jr.		Voice Vote	1.000	1.000	Dwight D. Eisenhower (Republican)	1956
17	Whittaker, Charles E.Charles E. Whittaker		Voice Vote	0.500	1.000	Dwight D. Eisenhower (Republican)	1957
18	Stewart, PotterPotter Stewart		70 – 17	0.750	1.000	Dwight D. Eisenhower (Republican)	1958
19	White, ByronByron White		Voice Vote	0.500	0.500	John F. Kennedy (Democrat)	1962
20	Goldberg, Arthur J.Arthur J. Goldberg		Voice Vote	0.750	0.915	Lyndon B. Johnson (Democrat)	1965
21	Fortas, AbeAbe Fortas		Voice Vote	1.000	1.000	Lyndon B. Johnson (Democrat)	1965
22	Marshall, ThurgoodThurgood Marshall		69 – 11	1.000	0.835	Lyndon B. Johnson (Democrat)	1967
23	Fortas, AbeAbe Fortas	CJ	45 – 43 *	0.845	0.635	Lyndon B. Johnson (Democrat)	1968
24	Burger, Warren E.Warren E. Burger	CJ	74 – 3	0.115	0.960	Richard M. Nixon (Republican)	1969
25	Haynsworth, Jr., ClementClement Haynsworth, Jr.		45 – 55	0.160	0.335	Richard M. Nixon (Republican)	1969
26	Carswell, G. HarroldG. Harrold Carswell		45 – 51	0.040	0.111	Richard M. Nixon (Republican)	1969
27	Blackmun, Harry A.Harry A. Blackmun		94 – 0	0.115	0.970	Richard M. Nixon (Republican)	1970
28	Powell, Jr., Lewis F.Lewis F. Powell, Jr.		89 – 1	0.165	1.000	Richard M. Nixon (Republican)	1972
29	Rehnquist, WilliamWilliam Rehnquist		68 – 26	0.045	0.885	Richard M. Nixon (Republican)	1972
30	Stevens, John PaulJohn Paul Stevens		98 – 0	0.250	0.960	Gerald Ford (Republican)	1975
31	O’Connor, Sandra DaySandra Day O’Connor		99 – 0	0.415	1.000	Ronald Reagan (Republican)	1981
32	Rehnquist, WilliamWilliam Rehnquist	CJ	65 – 33	0.045	0.400	Ronald Reagan (Republican)	1986
33	Scalia, AntoninAntonin Scalia		98 – 0	0.000	1.000	Ronald Reagan (Republican)	1986
34	Bork, Robert H.Robert H. Bork		42 – 58	0.095	0.790	Ronald Reagan (Republican)	1987
35	Ginsburg, DouglasDouglas Ginsburg		Withdrawn	0.000	0.320	Ronald Reagan (Republican)	1987
36	Kennedy, AnthonyAnthony Kennedy		97 – 0	0.365	0.890	Ronald Reagan (Republican)	1988
37	Souter, DavidDavid Souter		90 – 9	0.325	0.765	George H. W. Bush (Republican)	1990
38	Thomas, ClarenceClarence Thomas		52 – 48	0.160	0.415	George H. W. Bush (Republican)	1991
39	Ginsburg, Ruth BaderRuth Bader Ginsburg		96 – 3	0.680	1.000	Bill Clinton (Democrat)	1993
40	Breyer, Stephen G.Stephen G. Breyer		87 – 9	0.475	0.545	Bill Clinton (Democrat)	1994
41	Roberts, John G.John G. Roberts	CJ	78 – 22	0.120	0.970	George W. Bush (Republican)	2005
42	Miers, Harriet E.Harriet E. Miers		Withdrawn	0.270	0.360	George W. Bush (Republican)	2005
43	Alito, SamuelSamuel Alito		58 – 42	0.100	0.810	George W. Bush (Republican)	2006
44	Sotomayor, SoniaSonia Sotomayor		68 – 31	0.780	0.810	Barack Obama (Democrat)	2009
45	Kagan, ElenaElena Kagan		63 – 37	0.730	0.730	Barack Obama (Democrat)	2010

* The vote on Fortas for the Chief Justice position was on cloture and failed to receive the necessary two-thirds majority.

A highlighted row indicates that the Justice is currently serving on the Court. A Senate vote in red text indicates that the nomination was blocked.

References

1 2 Segal, Jeffrey A.; Cover, Albert D. (June 1989). "Ideological Values and the Votes of U.S. Supreme Court Justices". The American Political Science Review. 83 (2): 557–565. doi:10.2307/1962405. JSTOR 1962405.
↑ Segal, Jeffrey A.; Epstein, Lee; Cameron, Charles M.; Spaeth, Harold J. (August 1995). "Ideological Values and the Votes of U.S. Supreme Court Justices Revisited". The Journal of Politics. 57 (03): 812–823. doi:10.2307/2960194.
↑ Segal, Jeffrey A. "Perceived Qualifications and Ideology of Supreme Court Nominees, 1937-2012" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-04-04.

Supreme Court of the United States

The Court	Decisions Procedures History Supreme Court Building Old City Hall, Philadelphia 1791–1800 U.S. Capitol Chamber 1819–1860 U.S. Capitol Chamber 1860–1935

Current members	Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Retired Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter

All members	List of all members by court by seat by time in office by education succession timeline List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations near end of presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings

Court functionaries	Clerk Reporter of Decisions Supreme Court Police

Law clerks	Chief Justice Seat 1 Seat 2 Seat 3 Seat 4 Seat 6 Seat 8 Seat 9 Seat 10 All

Related	United States Solicitor General United States Reports Lawyers' Edition Amicus curiae

Other countries Law Portal

Political spectrum

Left–right politics

Post-left Far-left Left Centre-left Centre Radical Centre-right Right Far-right Radical: United States - Europe

Anti-Stalinist left Christian left Jewish left New left Third Position Third Way Triangulation Christian right Hindutva Jewish right Islamism New right

Other models: Horseshoe theory Nolan Chart Political compass Pournelle chart

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 11/14/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.

Segal–Cover score

See also

References