Shawqi Daif

Ahmad Shawqi Daif أحمد شوقي ضيف
Born	January 13, 1910 Um Hamam, Egypt
Died	March 13, 2005 (aged 95)
Cause of death	Natural causes
Residence	Middle East
Awards	King Faisal International Prize (1983)
Academic background
Alma mater	Fuad al-Awal University
Influences	Ibn Maḍāʾ, Ahmad Amin
Academic work
Era	20th century
Main interests	Arabic language, Arabic literature

Ahmad Shawqi Daif (Arabic: أحمد شوقي ضيف‎‎; January 13, 1910 – March 13, 2005) was an Arabic literary critic and historian. He is considered one of the most influential Arab intellectuals in the 20th century.^[1]

Daif was born in the village of Um Hamam in northern Egypt in 1910.^[1] He earned his BA and PhD from Fuad al-Awal University,^[1] which would later be known as Cairo University. He was later a professor of Arabic literature at his alma mater for several decades.^[1] He was a member of the Egyptian Academy of Sciences and was president of the Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo for a few years.^[1]

Work

Daif studied Egyptian literary history under Ahmad Amin during the latter's 1939-1946 tenure. Amin stated his initial belief that Egyptians had not contributed to Arabic poetry during the Middle Ages the way other Arab populations had.^[2] Daif replied that the dearth of properly published Egyptian works from the period made such a judgement tenuous and suggested that he and Amin republish the Egyptian sections in anthologies of poetry from the period.^[3] Amin redily agreed, and they embarked on the long term project during which Daif wrote the preface and Amin wrote the introduction.^[3] Fellow scholar Ihsan Abbas assisted with editing the folios for republishing from 1951 to 1952.^[2]

Daif would later author more than fifty works in arts and literature. His study of the development of Arabic poetry during the Umayyad Caliphate is still considered to be the most important reference book on the topic.^[1] His magnum opus was his 100-volume History of Arabic Literature, a project that took thirty years to complete and was am overview of all poetry, literary criticism and rhetorical studies from Pre-Islamic Arabia up to the post-Abbasid era.^[1][4] The work is considered indispensable for students of Arabic literature, and some volumes have been reprinted up to 20 times.^[1]

Daif caused minor shockwaves during the mid-20th century when he rediscovered the ancient linguistic tract of Ibn Maḍāʾ known as Refutation of the Grammarians.^[5] Daif agreed with the central theme of the Refutation: linguistic governance and analogy had rendered Arabic language education needlessly difficult and convoluted, and both took the theme as a rallying point for his calls to modernize language arts education in the Middle East.^[6]

Legacy

Daif was widely respected throughout the Arab world, having earned the King Faisal International Prize for literature in 1983 as well as the Egyptian Presidential Prize for Literature in 2003.^[1] During his career, he was also awarded two state prizes in Egypt and the Academy of the Arabic Language Prize.^[1]

Daif earned himself a number of both admirers and critics during his career. Levantine writer and diplomat Shakib Arslan considered himself a defender of Daif against traditionalist criticisms, referring to himself as "the executioner of Shawqi's enemies."^[7]

Citations

1. Professor Ahmad Shawqi Daif at the King Faisal International Prize website.
2. A. M. H. Mazyad, Ahmad Amin, page 47. Leiden: Brill Archive, 1963.
3. A. M. H. Mazyad, Ahmad Amin, pg. 48.
4. Mursi Saad El-Din, Plain Talk. Al-Ahram Weekly On-Line, #770, 24–30 November 2005.
5. Encyclopedia of Islam, vol. III, H-IRAM, pg. 856.
6. "The Emergency of Modern Standard Arabic," by Kees Versteegh. Taken from The Arabic Language by permission of the Edinburgh University Press. 1997.
7. Mattityahu Peled, Al-Muwailihi's Criticism of Shawqi's Introduction. Taken from Modern Egypt: Studies in Politics and Society. Eds. Sylvia G. Haim and Elie Kedourie. London: Routledge, 2005. ISBN 9781135780371