Parma, Ohio

Parma, Ohio
City
City of Parma

Cleveland Skyline from State Road

Seal
Nickname(s): The Garden City
Motto: "Progress Through Partnerships"

Location in Cuyahoga County and the state of Ohio.

Location of Ohio in the United States
Coordinates: 41°23′31″N 081°43′43″W / 41.39194°N 81.72861°W / 41.39194; -81.72861Coordinates: 41°23′31″N 081°43′43″W / 41.39194°N 81.72861°W / 41.39194; -81.72861
Country United States
State Ohio
County Cuyahoga
Founded 1816
Township March 7, 1826
Incorporated December 15, 1924 (village) & January 1, 1931 (city)
Named for Parma, Italy
Parma translated refers to a round shield, such as the one used by Roman legionaries
Government
 • Type Mayor–council
 • Mayor Timothy J. DeGeeter
Area[1]
 • City 20.07 sq mi (51.98 km2)
 • Land 20.02 sq mi (51.85 km2)
 • Water 0.05 sq mi (0.13 km2)
Elevation 866 ft (264 m)
Population (2010)[2]
 • City 81,601
 • Estimate (2015)[3] 79,937
 • Density 4,076.0/sq mi (1,573.8/km2)
 • Metro 2,064,725 (US: 29th)
Demonym(s) Parmesan
Time zone EST (UTC-5)
 • Summer (DST) EDT (UTC-4)
ZIP Code 44129, 44130, 44134
Area code(s) 440 & 216
FIPS code 39-61000
GNIS feature ID 1049063
Website www.cityofparma-oh.gov

Parma is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. Located on the southern edge of Cleveland, it is both an inner-ring and the largest suburb of Cleveland. Parma, as of the 2010 census, is listed as the seventh largest city in the state of Ohio and the second largest city in Cuyahoga County after Cleveland.[4]

History

"Greenbriar" (1806–1826)

In 1806, the area that was to become Parma and Parma Heights was originally surveyed by Abraham Tappan, a surveyor for the Connecticut Land Company, and was known as Township 6 - Range 13. This designation gave the town its first identity in the Western Reserve. Soon after, Township 6 - Range 13 was commonly referred to as "Greenbriar," supposedly for the rambling bush that grew there. Benajah Fay, his wife Ruth Wilcox Fay, and their ten children, arrivals from Lewis County, New York, were the first settlers in 1816. It was then that Greenbriar, under a newly organized government seat under Brooklyn Township, began attending to its own governmental needs.[5]

Parma Township (1826–1924)

Self-government started to gain in popularity by the time the new Greenbriar settlement contained twenty householders. However, prior to the establishment of the new township, the name Greenbriar was replaced by the name Parma. This was largely due to Dr. David Long who had recently returned from Italy and "impressed with the grandeur and beauty...was reminded of Parma, Italy and...persuaded the early townspeople that the territory deserved a better name than Greenbriar."[6]

Thus, on March 7, 1826, a resolution was passed ordering the construction of the new township. It stated,

"On the petition of sundry inhabitants for a new township to be organized and erected comprising No. 6 in the 13th Range. Ordered that said Township No. 6 in the 13th Range be set off and erected into a new Township by the name of Parma, to be bounded by the original lines of said Township."[5]
Phillip Henninger House. Built in 1842, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

On the same day, a public notice was issued to qualified electors by the County Commissioners. They met at the house of Samuel Freeman on April 3, 1826 to elect township officers according to the law. It was then that the first eleven officers were elected to lead the new government.[5]

During this time, Parma Township remained largely agricultural. The first schoolhouse was a log structure built on the hill at the northern corner of what is now Parma Heights Cemetery. A memorial plate on a stone marks the spot. In 1827, the township was divided into road districts. The Broadview Road of today was then known as Town Line Road as well as Independence Road. Ridge Road was known then as Center Road as it cut through the center of town. York Road was then known as York Street as arrivals from the state of New York settled there. Pearl Road then had many names which included Medina Wooster Pike, Wooster Pike, the Cleveland Columbus Road, and the Brighton and Parma Plank Road.[7]

Lyman Stearns Farm house, built 1855

A stone house, built in 1849 and known as the Henninger House, was occupied by several generations of Henningers and is still standing today. The house rests on one of the higher points in Cuyahoga County, which provided visibility for the entire northeastern part of Parma Township. This was also the same site where the Erie Indians, centuries before, stood to read and send fire signals as well as pray to their spirits.[8]

By 1850, the US census listed Parma Township's population at 1,329.[9] However, the rising population of the township had slowed over the decades. The Civil War affected Parma much as it did other towns and villages in the nation. Three out of four homes sent a father, sons, or sometimes both, to fight in the war. By 1910, the population of the township had increased to 1,631.[10]

In 1911, Parma Heights, due to the temperance mood of the day, separated itself from the Parma Township after by a vote of 42 to 32 and was incorporated as a village comprising 4.13 square miles.[11]

"A main reason for establishing the village of Parma Heights was to get a town marshal...There is one saloon in the territory...some pretty rough crowds Sundays have disturbed the quiet of the neighborhood...wanted it closed on Sundays. To do this they wished a town marshal. They couldn't have a town marshal without becoming a village, so they became one."[12]

The Village of Parma (1924–1930)

By 1920, the US census showed Parma Township had a population of just 2,345, but the following decade proved to be a time of significant growth and development for Parma. It was in the 1920s that Parma Township transformed from a farming community into a village. On December 15, 1924, Parma was incorporated as a village.

The largest and fastest growing development of that time was H. A. Stahl's Ridgewood Gardens development, which started in 1919, continued through the 1920s, and into the 1930s.[13][14] A resident of Shaker Heights, Ohio's first Garden City, H. A. Stahl developed Ridgewood as an ambitious "model village" project patterned along the lines of and rivaling the earlier Shaker Heights project with "churches, schools, motion picture theater, community house, and other features forming a part of all well-developed residence communities.".[15][16] Ridgewood was designed and marketed as a Garden City on 1,000 acres of land to accommodate about 40,000 residents "325 feet above Lake Erie, in the healthiest section of the South Side, free from the smoke of industries, or the congestion and noises of sections nearer the Public Square."[17][18]

The City of Parma (1931–present)

On January 1, 1931, Parma became a city with a population of 13,899. Whereas the incorporation of the village of Parma was met with much optimism, the newly established city of Parma faced the uncertainty of the Great Depression which had almost entirely stopped its growth.[19] Money was scarce, tax income was limited, and some began to talk of annexation of both the city and school district to Cleveland. Both annexation issues, however, were soundly defeated as Parma voters overwhelmingly voted against them and silenced proponents of annexation.[20] Not long after this, Parma was once again solvent due in large part to the newly created Gallagher Act and the determination of Parma's Auditor, Sam Nowlin.[21] By 1941, a building boom appeared to be underway in Parma just as the United States was about to enter World War II.[22]

After World War II, Parma once again began to experience tremendous growth as young families began moving from Cleveland into the suburbs. Between 1950 and 1960, Parma's population soared from 28,897 to 82,845. By 1956, Parma was unchallenged as the fastest growing city in the United States.[23] The population peaked in 1970 at 100,216.[24]

Today, Parma's population has reached 81,601, though it remains one of the Cleveland area's top three destinations young adults (aged 22 to 34) are increasingly choosing as a place to live, along with Lakewood and downtown Cleveland[25] and was recently recognized by Businessweek as one of the best places to raise kids in Ohio.[26]

Geography

Parma is located at 41°23′31″N 81°43′43″W / 41.39194°N 81.72861°W / 41.39194; -81.72861 (41.391852, -81.728502).[27]

Parma is southwest of Cleveland; it is bounded by Cleveland and Brooklyn on the north, Brooklyn Heights, and Seven Hills on the east, North Royalton and Broadview Heights on the south, and Brook Park, Middleburg Heights, and Parma Heights on the west.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 20.07 square miles (51.98 km2), of which 20.02 square miles (51.85 km2) is land and 0.05 square miles (0.13 km2) is water.[1]

Two major changes and developments have recently occurred regarding two principal sites within the city:

  1. The West Creek Preservation Agency has worked to preserve various historic and natural sites in the city, including the Henninger House and the West Creek Watershed.[28]
  2. Henninger House, built in 1849 and the oldest standing home in Parma, is planned to be part of the proposed Quarry Creek Historic District.[29]

Demographics

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
193013,899—
194016,36517.7%
195028,89776.6%
196082,845186.7%
1970100,21621.0%
198092,548−7.7%
199087,876−5.0%
200085,655−2.5%
201081,601−4.7%
Est. 201579,937[30]−2.0%
U.S. Decennial Census[31]

2010 census

As of the 2010 United States Census,[2] there were 81,601 people, 34,489 households, and 21,646 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,076.0 inhabitants per square mile (1,573.8/km2). There were 36,608 housing units at an average density of 1,828.6 per square mile (706.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.0% White, 2.3% African American, 0.2% Native American, 1.9% Asian, 1.0% from other races, and 1.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.6% of the population. According to the 2010 Census.,[32][33] 22.5% were of German ancestry, 17.6% Polish, 14.8% Italian, 13.8% Irish, 7.4% Slovak, 6.7% English, 5.3% Ukrainian, 2.6% French, 2.2% Serbian, 1.9% Czech, 1.4% Arab, and 1.2% of Croatian, Lithuanian, or Russian ancestries. In regard to languages spoken, 87.03% spoke English, 2.26% Ukrainian, 1.68% Polish, 1.27% Spanish, 1.24% German, and 1.18% Italian as their first language.[34]

There were 34,489 households of which 27.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.7% were married couples living together, 12.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.2% were non-families. 31.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.95.

The median age in the city was 41.5 years. 20.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.7% were from 25 to 44; 27.7% were from 45 to 64; and 17.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.1% male and 51.9% female.

Income

The median income for a household in the city is $50,198, the median income for a family is $60,696 and the mean income for a family is $68,828. The per capita income for the city is $25,064. The poverty rate in the city is 10.2%. This is low in comparison to other large Ohio cities as well as the state's individual poverty rate of 15.4%.[35][36]

Safety

In 2014, Parma ranked as the third safest city in the United States with a population of 25,000 or more by Neighborhood Scout. In the updated list for 2015 and 2016, Parma is no longer listed in the top 100.[37] In 2014, Parma had a crime index of 90 meaning it was safer than 90% of cities in the United States. By 2016, the crime index is 50% meaning Parma is only safer than 50% of cities in the United States.[38]

Transportation

Parma's major north-south roads, in order from west to east, are:

Its major east-west roads, in order from north to south, are:

Also, Pearl Road (U.S. Route 42) runs from southwest to northeast through northern Parma for less than two miles.

Public transportation in Parma includes bus routes operated by the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority, which serves the city of Cleveland and Cuyahoga County suburbs.[39]

Economy

During the population boom between 1950 and 1980, Parma's commercial sector grew to match its residential sector. Since the 1950s, Parma has fostered the growth of many small businesses and been an operating hub for such well-known companies as General Motors, the Union Carbide Research Center (now GrafTech International) and Cox Cable Television.[40]

Commercial districts

The Shoppes at Parma

The Shoppes at Parma, formerly Parmatown Mall, is a commercial shopping district that totals approximately 800,000 square feet. It is located approximately 3 miles south of Cleveland's southern border at the southwest corner of Ridge Road and West Ridgewood Drive in central Cuyahoga County. It is anchored by J.C. Penney, Dick's Sporting Goods, Marc's, Walmart. The mall opened as a shopping plaza in 1956 and was enclosed in the mid-1960s.[41]

Currently, it is owned and managed by Phillip's Edison & Co. and is undergoing extensive redevelopment at an expected cost of more than $70 million.[42] Senior vice president of Phillips Edison's strategic investment funds, Roy Williams, has stated:

"Our plan is to go far beyond a basic facelift and redevelopment for this long-standing regional shopping center. Besides bringing in additional shops, restaurants and services, we will create a more attractive, pedestrian-friendly, family-oriented environment that will act as a town center for Parma residents and surrounding communities."[43]

Redevelopment will transform the commercial center into a pedestrian-friendly community-oriented mall and will include attractive landscaping, new lighting, creation of two tree-lined boulevards, repaving of the parking lots, changing the entire facade of the outdoor shopping strip and medical offices, demolition of the current Macy's and Dick's Sporting Goods buildings, creating a new point of entry to J.C. Penney from West Ridgewood Drive, the construction of six new outbuildings, and the separation of Walmart from the rest of the mall.[44][45][46][47][48]

Recently, it was announced that a 15-member "Parma Mayor's Town Center Task Force" will be formed to develop a plan for a town center based around the Ridge Road-West Ridgewood Drive intersection that features the Shoppes at Parma, Parma Branch library, University Hospitals Parma Medical Center and City Hall. It will be made up of representatives from various organizations including the Cuyahoga County Public Library, Parma Area Chamber of Commerce, Parma schools and the Cleveland Metroparks' West Creek Reservation.[49]

Ukrainian Village

The Ukrainian Village commercial district is located along State Road between Tuxedo Avenue and Grantwood Drive. This district was designated Ukrainian Village in September, 2009.[50]

This commercial district features a large number of small, family-owned businesses and medical offices, features one of the most "walkable" neighborhoods in Parma,[51] and boasts a traffic count of more than 40,000 vehicles each day at the intersection of State and Snow Roads.[52] This area also hosts the Ukrainian Independence Day parade (August).[53]

In 2013, Parma formed a sister-city relationship with Lviv, Ukraine[54] and is home to Ohio's largest Ukrainian community, the majority of whom are foreign born, with more than twice the number of any other city.[55]

Polish Village

The Polish Village commercial district is located along Ridge Road between Pearl Road and Thornton Avenue. This district was designated Polish Village on May 1, 2011.[56]

This commercial district features a large number of small, family-owned businesses and medical offices,[57] features one of the most walkable neighborhoods in Parma,[51] and boasts a traffic count of more than 40,000 vehicles each day at the intersection of Ridge and Snow Roads.[52] This area also hosts the Polish Constitution Day parade (May), St. Charles Carnival parade (July), Independence Day parade (July), and Christmas parade (December).[58][59][60][61]

Education

Public schools

The Parma City School District serves Parma, Parma Heights, and Seven Hills.

Elementary schools

Middle schools

High schools

The District's sports stadium is Byers Field. All three high schools play golf at Ridgewood for their home course. The rivalry that exists between these schools is well documented.[62]

Charter schools

Constellation Schools: Parma Community public charter schools:

Elementary schools

Middle schools

High schools

Private schools

Elementary/middle schools

High schools


Colleges

Mayors

Mayor Years
John F. Goldenbogen 1925
R. S. Stanfield 1926-1927
Frank D. Johnson 1928-1933
Anthony A. Fleger 1934-1935
Roland E. Reichert 1936-1942
Sylvester Augustine 1942-1945
Roland E. Reichert 1946-1949
Lawrence Stary 1950-1951
Stephen A. Zona 1952-1957
Joseph W. Kadar 1958-1959
Sylvester Augustine 1960-1961
John Bobko 1961
James W. Day 1962-1967
John Petruska 1967-1987
Michael A. Ries 1988-1994
Gerald Boldt 1994-2003
Dean DePiero 2004–2012
Timothy DeGeeter 2012–present[66]

Notable people

Pop culture

Moon Over Parma

The Drew Carey Show's opening credits of its first season consisted of a caricature of Drew Carey — consisting of his face and a yellow tie — singing the Robert McGuire-penned "Moon Over Parma".[72] The song was trimmed for the opening sequence, and the reference to Eastlake in the line "Guide her to Eastlake underneath your silvery light" was changed to a reference to Cleveland to stay in theme with the show.[73]

Moon over Parma bring my love to me tonight.
Guide her to Eastlake, underneath your silvery light.
We met in Ashtabula, she was doing the hula.
I handed her my radishes and pledged my love that night.
Moon over Parma, won't you bring my love to me?
Shine on the freeway and guide her AMC.
Get her past those radar Mounties, bring her to Lake County, Moon over Parma, tonight.
Moon over Parma shine on I-271.
We can't get together in the warm light of the sun.
I'm askin' you don't fail. Get her safely through Linndale,
I can't go to Parma cause my Edsel will not run.
Moon over Parma, where those pink flamingos stand.
I need her kisses and the soft touch of her hand.
We're goin bowlin, so don't lose her in Solon.
Moon over Parma, tonight. I said tonight.[74]

Parma Place

Occasionally, during the 1960s and 1970s, Parma was the target of light-hearted jabs by local movie show hosts Ghoulardi, Big Chuck & Little John, and The Ghoul, due to its central European and, most specifically, Polish, make-up. Ghoulardi, the horror host of late night Shock Theater at WJW-TV, Channel 8, in Cleveland, Ohio from January 13, 1963 through December 16, 1966, made a series of shorts called "Parma Place" and focused on an alleged love of white socks, pink flamingos, chrome balls, kielbasa, pierogi and the polka.[75]

Surrounding communities

 Brooklyn, Cleveland
Brook Park, Middleburg Heights, Parma Heights Seven Hills, Brooklyn Heights
   Parma  
Strongsville North Royalton, Broadview Heights

References

  1. 1 2 "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 24, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
  2. 1 2 "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
  3. ↑ "Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2016-06-03.
  4. ↑ "American FactFinder2". Retrieved 2013-09-13.
  5. 1 2 3 Kubasek, Ernest (1976). The History of Parma. Ernest R Kubasek and Bernard Survoy. p. 57.
  6. ↑ Kubasek, Ernest (1976). The History of Parma. Ernest R Kubasek and Bernard Survoy. p. 58.
  7. ↑ Kubasek, Ernest (1976). The History of Parma. Ernest R Kubasek and Bernard Survoy. p. 60.
  8. ↑ Kubasek, Ernest (1976). The History of Parma. Ernest R Kubasek and Bernard Survoy. p. 64.
  9. ↑ Kubasek, Ernest (1976). The History of Parma. Ernest R Kubasek and Bernard Survoy. p. 70.
  10. ↑ Kubasek, Ernest (1976). The History of Parma. Ernest R Kubasek and Bernard Survoy. p. 74.
  11. ↑ Kubasek, Ernest (1976). The History of Parma. Ernest R Kubasek and Bernard Survoy. p. 93.
  12. ↑ "Black Eye Wins as Vote Getter". Plain Dealer. 14 July 1911. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
  13. ↑ "From Green Fields to City Streets". Cleveland Plain Dealer. 2 September 1926.
  14. ↑ "Real Estate Has Made Many Rich in City". Cleveland Plain Dealer. 13 April 1919.
  15. ↑ "Thousand Acres In Latest Plot". Cleveland Plain Dealer. 30 April 1921.
  16. ↑ "Ridgewood - The New Home Community". Cleveland Plain Dealer. 4 July 1920.
  17. ↑ "Ridgewood - The New Home Community". Cleveland Plain Dealer. 11 July 1920.
  18. ↑ Horley, Robert (1998). The Best Kept Secrets of Parma, "The Garden City". Robert Horley. ISBN 0-9661721-0-8.
  19. ↑ Kubasek, Ernest (1976). The History of Parma. Ernest R Kubasek and Bernard Survoy. p. 137.
  20. ↑ Kubasek, Ernest (1976). The History of Parma. Ernest R Kubasek and Bernard Survoy. p. 142.
  21. ↑ Kubasek, Ernest (1976). The History of Parma. Ernest R Kubasek and Bernard Survoy. p. 146.
  22. ↑ Kubasek, Ernest (1976). The History of Parma. Ernest R Kubasek and Bernard Survoy. p. 153.
  23. ↑ . 4 January 1956 http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:EANX&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=1276A08771D9F94B&svc_dat=HistArchive:ahnpdoc&req_dat=0FDEC62F6DF22455. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  24. ↑ "Census Of Population And Housing". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2013-09-13.
  25. ↑ "Cleveland's urban scene gets a boost from young adults moving in". Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  26. ↑ "Businessweek - Bloomberg". Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  27. ↑ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
  28. ↑ Welcome to West Creek!
  29. ↑ Historic Henninger House Saved (OH)
  30. ↑ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015". Retrieved July 2, 2016.
  31. ↑ United States Census Bureau. "Census of Population and Housing". Archived from the original on May 11, 2015. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
  32. ↑ http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_DP02&prodType=table
  33. ↑ http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_5YR_B04003&prodType=table
  34. ↑ "Data Center Results". Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  35. ↑ "Population estimates, July 1, 2015, (V2015)". Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  36. ↑ 2008-2012 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Archived September 16, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
  37. ↑ "Top 100 Safest Cities in the U.S. 2014". Neighborhood Scout ®. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
  38. ↑ "Crime rates for Parma, OH". Neighborhood Scout ®. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
  39. ↑ "RTA 2010-2011 System Map" (PDF). Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority. Retrieved 2012-02-15.
  40. ↑ "Encyclopedia of Cleveland History: Parma". Case Western Reserve University. June 29, 2003.
  41. ↑ http://www.phillipsedison.com/properties/all/sif/all/parmatown-mall/
  42. ↑ "A Preview Of The Shoppes At Parma - Parma Observer". Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  43. ↑ "Reconstruction Begins on The Shoppes at Parma - CoStar Group". Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  44. ↑ "Parma Planning Commission approves facade changes and outbuilding for The Shoppes at Parma". Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  45. ↑ "Shoppes at Parma parking lot will turn green under landscape plan". Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  46. ↑ "Transition of Parmatown Mall into The Shoppes at Parma has begun". Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  47. ↑ "Dick's Sporting Goods and former Macy's will come down in Parmatown Mall". Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  48. ↑ "Six outbuildings are part of plan to redevelop Parmatown Mall". Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  49. ↑ Byrne, Brian (7 January 2014). "Parma Mayor Tim DeGeeter announces task force to create plan for town center". Parma Sun News. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
  50. ↑ "Ukrainian Village In Parma Ohio - About - Facebook". Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  51. 1 2 "Find Apartments for Rent and Rentals - Get Your Walk Score". Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  52. 1 2 "Northeast Ohio Areawide Coordinating Agency (NOACA) : Traffic Counts". Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  53. ↑ "Parma's Ukrainian Village will commemorate Ukrainian Independence Day with parade, festival on Saturday". Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  54. ↑ Sandrick, Bob. "Parma forms sister-city relationship with Lviv in Ukraine". Retrieved 16 April 2014.
  55. ↑ Exner, Rich. "Parma is home to Ohio's largest Ukrainian community". Retrieved 16 April 2014.
  56. ↑ "Polish Village In Parma Ohio - About - Facebook". Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  57. ↑ "Polish Village Business Directory - Polish Village In Parma Ohio". Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  58. ↑ "Slideshow: Parma shines in sunny 65th annual Polish Constitution Day parade". Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  59. ↑ "St. Charles in Parma prepares for its annual parade and carnival". Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  60. ↑ "Fourth-of-July parade on Ridge Road in Parma draws huge crowd: GALLERY". Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  61. ↑ "Parma has annual Christmas parade". Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  62. ↑ Even though rivalry may exist on the field of sports, the Spanish pen pals found connections to begin new friendships; "On the field, you think that the guys from Valley Forge and Parma are bad guys because they're playing you tough trying to get the win" said recent Normandy graduate Dan Ebinger, who will play defensive end. "But, after you meet with them, you realize that they're all actually pretty nice guys. It's pretty nice getting to know them as people instead of just judging them by how they played against you."; "Normandy vs. Valley Forge -- September 3rd, 2004". Archived from the original on November 18, 2007. Retrieved March 12, 2016. Normandy was upsetted [sic] last week against Parma. Over the years, a second rivalry has formed between Valley Forge & Normandy, the battle of Parma, a battle that would determine the better team
  63. ↑ http://www.constellationschools.com/EZ_Dept_Menu.aspx?d=18
  64. ↑ http://www.constellationschools.com/EZ_Dept_Menu.aspx?d=19
  65. ↑ http://www.constellationschools.com/EZ_Dept_Menu.aspx?d=20
  66. ↑ The Political Graveyard: Mayors of Parma, Ohio
  67. ↑ 'Wisconsin Blue Book 1899,' Biographical Sketch of Jeremiah Wallace Baldock, pg. 764
  68. ↑ "About Joke Prdouctions". Joke Productions. Retrieved January 28, 2016.
  69. ↑ Simakis, Andrea (October 10, 2010). "'Scream Queens' helps Parma native make it big in Hollywood". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved January 28, 2016.
  70. ↑ Robert Olds of Windsor and Suffield, CT and his descendants
  71. ↑ Radio station's top 10 classical pick for December is like music to this Parma mom's ears: Rick Haase. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
  72. ↑ Eskayem2 (13 May 2011). "Moon Over Parma". Retrieved 5 September 2016 – via YouTube.
  73. ↑ "YouTube". Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  74. ↑ "maxilyrics.com". Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  75. ↑ Feran, Tom; R.D. Heldenfels (1997). Ghoulardi: inside Cleveland TV's wildest ride. Gray & Company. ISBN 1-886228-18-3.

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